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1.
Environmental contamination from electronic waste recycling at Guiyu, southeast China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Anna Leung Zong Wei Cai Ming Hung Wong 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2006,8(1):21-33
The disposal, recycling, and part salvaging of discarded electronic devices such as computers, printers, televisions, and
toys are now creating a new set of waste problems. This study is aimed at identifying the sources and quantifying the pollution
levels generated from electronic waste (e-waste) activities at Guiyu, Guangdong Province, China, and their potential impacts
on the environment and human health. The preliminary results indicate that total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in
soil obtained from a printer roller dump site was 593 μg/kg dry weight (dry wt.) and in sediment from a duck pond, the PAH
concentration was 514 μg/kg (dry wt.). Sediment from the Lianjiang River was found to be contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls
(743 μg/kg) at a level approaching three times the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines probable effect level of 277 μg/kg.
Total mono- to hepta-brominated diphenyl ether homologue concentrations (1140 and 1169 μg/kg dry wt.) in soils near dumping
sites were approximately 10–60 times those reported for other polybrominated diphenyl ether-contaminated locations in the
world. In-house study on the open burning of cable wires showed extremely high levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans resulting in 12419 ng toxic equivalents (TEQ)/kg of waste input and 15 610 ng TEQ/kg for two separate
tests, respectively, which were about three orders of magnitude higher than those for the open burning of household waste.
High levels of Cu (712, 528, and 496 mg/kg), exceeding the new Dutch list action value, were determined for soil near the
printer roller dumping area, sediment from Lianjiang River, and soil from a plastic burn site, respectively. A more thorough
study is underway to elucidate the extent of contamination of toxic pollutants in different ecological compartments to establish
whether these pollutants are bioaccumulated and biomagnified through food chains. Assessments of human health impacts from
oral intake, inhalation, and dermal contact will be subsequently investigated.
An erratum to this article is available at. 相似文献
2.
Shin-ichi Sakai Takahiro Ukai Hiroshi Takatsuki Kazuo Nakamura Sayuri Kinoshita Takumi Takasuga 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》1999,1(1):62-74
Previous reports have focused on the emission of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs) which have a toxic mechanism
similar to that of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/DFs) released from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. Such emissions
accounted for a small percentage of all the dioxins (PCDDs/DFs and Co-PCBs) recorded at the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) level.
There is, however, very little information about Co-PCBs, such as the quantities being released and their effect on overall
environmental pollution. The aim of this research has been to clarify the substance flow of Co-PCBs from MSW incineration
processes. The results reveal that whereas the input of Co-PCBs into the MSW incineration facilities in Kyoto City was 0.13–0.29 μg-TEQ
per ton waste, the total output of Co-PCBs (the sum of Co-PCBs released from emission gas, fly ash, and bottom ash) was 4.9 μg-TEQ
per ton waste. The total output was therefore found to be higher than the total input. Over 90% of the total PCBs were decomposed
in the incineration process. In comparing the profiles of congeners and homologues, those in the MSW were found to be similar
to those detected in the atmosphere and products containing PCBs, but different from those in the MSW incineration gas.
Received: August 26, 1998 / Accepted: March 2, 1999 相似文献
3.
Brian Gullett Lukas Oudejans Abderrahmane Touati Shawn Ryan Dennis Tabor 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(1):32-37
A jet resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) monitor was tested on a hazardous-waste-fired boiler for its ability
to determine concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs). Jet REMPI is a real-time instrument
capable of highly selective and sensitive (from parts per billion to parts per trillion) detection of a broad range of aromatic
compounds, including a number of air toxic compounds. The PCDD/F toxic equivalency (TEQ) value was derived from a predetermined
correlation (R
2 = 0.74) with monochlorobenzene (MClBz). This relationship was applied to nine subsequent jet REMPI on-line measurements of
MClBz and parallel, standard extractive sampling for PCDD/F TEQ. For high waste-firing rates, with a range of PCDD/F TEQ values
between 3.9 and 6.0 ng TEQ/m3, the TEQ values predicted by jet REMPI had a relative difference of 26% with the standard EPA Method 23 results. At low waste-firing
rates (0.9–1.6 ng TEQ/m3), the relative difference increased to 219%. This limited testing shows that jet REMPI has promise as an on-line diagnostic
monitor, providing feedback on the effects on PCDD/F emissions of operating parameter changes such as fuel feed interruptions
or air pollution control failures. 相似文献
4.
The toxic equivalency (TEQ) values of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are predicted with a model based on the homologue concentrations measured from a laboratory-scale reactor (124 data points), a package boiler (61 data points), and operating municipal waste incinerators (114 data points). Regardless of the three scales and types of equipment, the different temperature profiles, sampling emissions and/or solids (fly ash), and the various chemical and physical properties of the fuels, all the PCDF plots showed highly linear correlations (R(2)>0.99). The fitting lines of the reactor and the boiler data were almost linear with slope of unity, whereas the slope of the municipal waste incinerator data was 0.86, which is caused by higher predicted values for samples with high measured TEQ. The strong correlation also implies that each of the 10 toxic PCDF congeners has a constant concentration relative to its respective total homologue concentration despite a wide range of facility types and combustion conditions. The PCDD plots showed significant scatter and poor linearity, which implies that the relative concentration of PCDD TEQ congeners is more sensitive to variations in reaction conditions than that of the PCDF congeners. 相似文献
5.
Mi Yan Xiao Dong Li Sheng Yong Lu Tong Chen Yong Chi Jian Hua Yan 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(3):213-218
The huge amount of medical waste (MW) has caused a tough challenge to environmental protection in China because of its serious
infectious potential. At present, incineration is the most common technology for MW disposal. Unfortunately, the medical waste
incinerator (MWI) is considered one of the major sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This study was conducted to investigate the generation and the components of MW; the
fingerprint of PCDD/Fs in MWI; and PCDD/F, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and hexachlorobenzene concentrations in residue
ash. The estimated annual production of MW was estimated to be 0.97 million tons in China in 2008; in addition, plastic and
rubber accounted for 24.5% of MW contents. PCDD/F emissions from MWI could be divided into two main groups according their
fingerprints, and the ratio of PCDFs/PCDDs was mostly over 1.5, with a mean value of 3.43. The toxic equivalent of PCDD/Fs
was over 30 times that of the value of PCBs in the residue ash, and PCDD/F contents in fly ash accounted for approximately
67% of the total output of PCDD/Fs, which was in line with the UNEP default emission factors for MWI (class 3, 63.7%). 相似文献
6.
Chun Wai Lee Dennis G. Tabor Kenneth A. Cowen 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(1):38-45
The performance of four dioxin emission monitors, including two long-term sampling devices, the Dioxin-MonitoringSystem (DMS)
and AMESA (the adsorption method for sampling dioxins and furans), and two semireal-time continuous monitors, the resonance
ionization with multimirror photon accumulation time-of-flight mass spectrometer (RIMMPA-TOFMS) and the jet resonance-enhanced
multiphoton ionization (jet-REMPI) system were tested. A package boiler burning a simulated chlorinated hazardous waste was
used for a total of nine tests. Reference samples were collected during each test and analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The PCDD/F concentrations of the reference samples
measured by EPA Method 23 ranged from 0.9 to 6.0 ng toxic equivalence (TEQ)/dry standard cubic meter. The relative accuracies
achieved by DMS, AMESA, and jet-REMPI varied from 22.6% to 78.2%, with 100% data completeness. The RIMMPA-TOFMS produced no
quantifiable results due to various difficulties associated with the instrument during the testing. The two long-term samplers
were easy to install and operate and provided a cumulative, averaged emission for the sampling period. The operations of the
two semi-real-time continuous monitors were relatively complex, but one of them provided on-site, real-time data for PCDD/F
emissions from measurement of a TEQ correlative indicator compound. This article summarizes results from the individual Environmental
Technology Verification reports for the four dioxin monitors.
This work was presented, in part, at the Fourth International Conference on Combustion, Incineration/Pyrolysis and Emission
Control (i-CIPEC) 相似文献
7.
In the combustion facilities, halogens (Cl, F, Br, I) should be considered with regard to the control of the compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), halogenated polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and volatile heavy metals formed as a result of incomplete combustion and caused adverse environmental effects. In this study halogens were observed in Izmit Hazardous and Clinical Waste Incinerator (IZAYDAS). Halogen contents of the combustion menu, flue gas, fly ash, bottom ash and filter cake were measured and their distributions in these exit streams were determined. Results showed that the major part of the halogens was partitioned to solid residues, i.e., bottom ash and filter cake which represents the removal by wet scrubbers. Fly ash and flue gas fractions of halogens were much lower due to the reduced formation of volatile compounds. 相似文献
8.
The formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) from carbon that was produced by the pyrolysis of paper fibers and from
wood charcoal was investigated experimentally. Fibers obtained from filter paper were pyrolyzed at 300° and 800°C to produce
low- and high-temperature carbon samples. The two types of carbon and wood charcoal were mixed with silica (SiO2) and trace copper oxide to produce three synthetic fly ash samples. Experiments to measure the formation of PCCDs/Fs from
the three ash samples were conducted using a bench-scale reactor. The two carbon samples derived from paper fibers generated
more PCDDs/Fs than was generated by the wood charcoal. The PCDDs/Fs generated by the low-temperature carbon and by the wood
charcoal were dominated by the lower-chlorinated PCDFs. Such unique homologue distribution patterns are very similar to those
generated by the open burning of household waste. The high-temperature carbon generated more highly chlorinated PCDDs/Fs.
The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the de novo formation of PCDDs/Fs from residual carbon is discussed. Paper and paper
products contained in household waste are likely to be the source of unburned carbon that contributes to high PCDD/F emissions
in the open burning of household waste. 相似文献
9.
Ghodrat Maryam Rhamdhani Muhammad Akbar Khaliq Abdul Brooks Geoffrey Samali Bijan 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(1):386-401
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - In this paper, a detailed thermodynamic analysis of processing of electronic waste (e-waste), particularly printed circuit boards (PCB), through... 相似文献
10.
Repartition of PCDD and PCDF in the emissions of municipal solid waste incinerators between the particulate and volatile phases 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Littarru P 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2006,26(8):861-868
The present paper refers to the results of a research project on the polychlorinated dibenzyil-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans repartition in particulate and volatile phase in emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators. The distribution of such micropollutants between the different phases is analyzed in terms of absolute weights and in terms of 2, 3, 7, 8 TCDD Equivalents. This paper shows that more than half of the total content of PCDD/Fs emitted are adsorbed in the fly ash, with the remaining part in the volatile phase. Such repartition is inverted if the PCDD/Fs are expressed in terms of 2, 3, 7, 8 TCDD Equivalent. 相似文献
11.
12.
Hospital solid waste incinerator (HSWI) fly ash contains a large number of carbon constituents including powder activated carbon and unburned carbon, which are the major source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in fly ash. Therefore, the removal of carbon constituents could reduce PCDD/Fs in fly ash greatly. In this study, the effects of the main flotation parameters on the removal of carbon constituents were investigated, and the characteristics of the final product were evaluated. The results showed that loss on ignition (LOI) of fly ash increased from 11.1% to 31.6% during conditioning process. By optimizing the flotation parameters at slurry concentration 0.05 kg/l, kerosene dosage 12 kg/t, frother dosage 3 kg/t and air flow rate 0.06 m3/h, 92.7% of the carbon constituents were removed from the raw fly ash. Under these conditions, the froth product has LOI of 56.35% and calorific values of 12.5 MJ/kg, LOI in the tailings was below 5%, and the total toxic equivalent (TEQ) of PCDD/Fs decreased from 5.61 ng-TEQ/g in the raw fly ash to 1.47 ng-TEQ/g in the tailings. The results show that column flotation is a potential technology for simultaneous separation of carbon constituents and PCDD/Fs from HSWI fly ash. 相似文献
13.
Tar pond wastes from Sydney, Nova Scotia, containing 50 ppm or more of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were treated in a pilot‐scale rotary kiln. In order to use the existing feed system attached to the rotary kiln, the wastes were first oven‐dried. Stack gas sampling was conducted during the test, which included measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), semi‐volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), HCl, and metals. The purpose of this study was to determine emissions from treatment of the tar pond waste using rotary kiln technology. It was found that the dried sludge could sustain combustion in the kiln without any supporting fuel. The emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) were higher than the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) air emissions guidelines, and the reasons for this are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
14.
Sludge as dioxins suppressant in hospital waste incineration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yan M Li X Yang J Chen T Lu S Buekens AG Olie K Yan J 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(7):1453-1458
Nitrogen containing compounds such as ammonia, urea and amines can effectively inhibit the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Sewage sludge accumulates both sulfur and nitrogen during wastewater treatment so it could be used to reduce PCDD/Fs formation. Indeed, it is observed in this study that the gas evolving from the sludge drying process can significantly suppress chlorobenzene (CBz) and PCDD/Fs formation from fly ash collected from a hospital waste incinerator. For instance, the reduction of hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) and PCDD/Fs amount was 92.1% and 78.7%, respectively, when the drying gas evolving from 2g sludge flew through 2g fly ash. These tests were conducted in the frame of projects devoted to hospital waste incineration. The disposal technology for hospital waste (HW), developed in this institute, features rotary kiln pyrolysis combined with post-combustion followed by flue gas cleaning. Hence, some preliminary tests were devoted to investigate dioxins suppression by co-pyrolysis and co-combustion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and sludge in lab scale. More experimental research will be conducted to appropriately assess these effects of sludge on PCDD/Fs emissions during co-pyrolysis/combustion of HW and sludge. 相似文献
15.
The increasing growth in generation of electronic waste (e-waste) motivates a variety of waste reduction research. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are an important sub-set of the overall e-waste stream due to the high value of the materials contained within them and potential toxicity. This work explores several environmental and economic metrics for prioritizing the recovery of materials from end-of-life PCBs. A weighted sum model is used to investigate the trade-offs among economic value, energy saving potentials, and eco-toxicity. Results show that given equal weights for these three sustainability criteria gold has the highest recovery priority, followed by copper, palladium, aluminum, tin, lead, platinum, nickel, zinc, and silver. However, recovery priority will change significantly due to variation in the composition of PCBs, choice of ranking metrics, and weighting factors when scoring multiple metrics. These results can be used by waste management decision-makers to quantify the value and environmental savings potential for recycling technology development and infrastructure. They can also be extended by policy-makers to inform possible penalties for land-filling PCBs or exporting to the informal recycling sector. The importance of weighting factors when examining recovery trade-offs, particularly for policies regarding PCB collection and recycling are explored further. 相似文献
16.
Pulverization of waste printed circuit boards 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A new pulverization method to reduce the volume of waste printed circuit boards is reported. About 50% of printed circuit boards with integrate circuits (ICs) could be pulverized by our method in one 20-min batch, but boards without ICs could not be pulverized. By repeating the process three times, about 95% of printed circuit boards with ICs could be made into a fine powder with particles less than 106µm. A weight-drop test was also performed to examine the strength of the printed circuit boards and clarify the mechanism of pulverization. When a weight was dropped on the solder-welding side of the board ruptures occurred more easily than when the weight was dropped on the IC-mounted side. With a heavy weight, the IC was fractured more easily when the potential energy was low. Where the stress was concentrated, two types of rupture location were found on printed circuit boards with ICs. One was where the IC was connected to the printed circuit board. The other was where the surface had undulations. It also became clear that the fracture of printed circuit boards depends on the impacting weight rather than on the potential energy. 相似文献
17.
Masaaki Tabata Abdul Ghaffar Akifumi Shono Keiichi Notomi 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(2):356-362
Dioxins like polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCSDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are mainly emitted from waste incinerators (WIs) and have become an international research focus because of its serious concerns over the adverse health effects. The detoxification of PCCDs/Fs and PCBs is very difficult because of their stable chemical structure. A significant hydrodechlorination/detoxification of polychlorinated 1-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were achieved in fly ash by using an aqueous mixture of calcium hydroxide and sulfur. Two different fly ashes were studied: originating from municipal waste incinerator (FA1) and industrial waste incinerator (FA2). They were heated with the aqueous mixture at 150 °C for 30 or 60 min with agitation. Higher decomposition (87%) and detoxification (87.7%) of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were achieved at 150 °C with two runs; every run was for 30 min, compared to one run for 60 min. FA2 gave higher decomposition and detoxification as compared to FA1, which might be due to higher metal content that played a catalytic role to decompose and detoxify the PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs. The decomposition and detoxification of PCDFs in fly ash was higher than PCDDs and was augmented with increasing number of chlorides on aromatic compounds. As the highly significant decomposition and detoxification of higher concentration of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were achieved in 1 hour without additive catalyst and at low temperature of 150 °C, therefore, the developed method is cost effective and most suitable to apply on commercial/industrial level. The detail results of hydrodechlorination/detoxification of PCDD, PCDFs at different conditions are described and its mechanism is discussed. 相似文献
18.
Shin-ichi Sakai Yasuhiro Hirai Hirofumi Aizawa Shizuko Ota Yasuhiro Muroishi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2006,8(1):56-62
Atmospheric emissions of deca-brominated diphenyl ether (DBDE) in Japan were estimated based on the material flow of DBDE
products and their emission factors. In 2002, the demand for DBDE in Japan was 2200 ton/year and the stock level was about
60 000 ton. The DBDE flow into the waste stream was estimated to be about 6000 ton/year and the flow out through second-hand
product exports was more than 700 ton/year. Home appliance recycling facilities dismantle and crush domestic wastes containing
about 600 ton of DBDE annually. Material recycling of crushed plastics is not commonly practiced as yet. Emission factors
from plastics processing (2 × 10−9–1 × 10−7), textile processing (9 × 10−7), home appliance recycling (8 × 10−9–5 × 10−6), and waste incineration (1 × 10−7–2 × 10−6) were estimated using field measurement data. The DBDE emission rate through house dust during the service life of final
products (2 × 10−7–9 × 10−7 per year) was estimated using the DBDE concentration in dust and the amount of dust in used televisions. Emission factors
from previous studies were also used. The estimated total DBDE emission was 170–1800 kg/year. These results suggest the necessity
of characterizing emissions during the service life of products, which is essential information for formulating an appropriate
e-waste recycling strategy. 相似文献
19.
Behavior of PCDD/Fs during open burning of municipal solid waste in open dumping sites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lawin Bastian Junya Yano Yasuhiro Hirai Shin-ichi Sakai 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2013,15(2):229-241
Open dumping sites in Surabaya and Palembang, Indonesia, have been studied to investigate emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), as well as the resulting soil contamination that might be caused by open burning of municipal solid waste. The emission factors of the waste residue, accounting for the ratio of waste burned, have also been characterized. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in soil from Palembang were 61–310 pg-TEQ/g (dry weight) and 6.3–32 pg-TEQ/g, respectively. In Surabaya, very low levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs, ranging from 0.075 to 0.098 and 0.00032 to 0.095 pg-TEQ/g, respectively, were observed in soil for an open dumping site that included a top cover layer of soil above the compacted waste. The large difference in concentrations can be explained by the fact that open burning of waste is the source of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs. The emission factors for the residue for PCDD/Fs ranged from 27 to 140 pg-TEQ/g, and a sensitivity analysis found that the maximum emission factor to the residue could be 5600 pg-TEQ/g. Our results indicate that emissions of PCDD/Fs can be controlled by modifying the open dumping process to one that involves depositing soil layers on top of the compacted waste. 相似文献
20.
Characterization and mass balance of dioxin from a large-scale municipal solid waste incinerator in China 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The input and output samples from existing large-scale municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) were collected and analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-р-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in this study, aiming to evaluate PCDD/F characteristic and the corresponding mass balance through the whole system. The grate-type MSWI is equipped with semi-dry scrubber, activated carbon injection, and bag filter as air pollutant control devices (APCDs). Results showed that on the output side, the stack gas, bottom ash and fly ash presented their mean dioxin levels of 0.078 ng I-TEQ/Nm(3), 12.94 ng I-TEQ/kg and 858 ng I-TEQ/kg, respectively, and showed large similarities in congener profiles. Instead, on the input side, the municipal solid waste (MSW) presented a mean dioxin level of 15.56 ng I-TEQ/kg and a remarkable difference in congener profiles compared with those of the output. The dioxin mass balance demonstrated that the annual dioxin input value was around 5.38 g I-TEQ/yr, lower than the total output value (7.62 g I-TEQ/yr), signifying a positive dioxin balance of about 2.25 g I-TEQ/yr. 相似文献