Changes in the dry tropical forests in Central India with human use

Understanding changes in forest composition and structure is important to help formulate effective policies that promote future ability of forests to provide local livelihood needs, habitat and ecosystem services. This is particularly important in dry tropical forests that are ecologically different from other forests and are heavily used by local, forest-dependent residents. In this study, we identify biophysical, demographic and use factors associated with differences in species diversity, vegetation structure (abundance at different size classes), biomass and relative abundance of species across the Kanha–Pench landscape in Central India. We sampled vegetation in twenty transects across different human and livestock population densities and frequencies of use. We found that biomass, species diversity and vegetation (abundance at different size classes) are negatively associated with increasing population density, and species composition at different size classes is significantly different at higher frequencies of use at low population densities. Lack of difference in species composition at high population densities may be due to colonization and growth of individuals at some of these sites due to creation of new ecological niches and gaps at high human use. Relative abundance of species at different size classes also varies with frequency of use and population density. Results suggest that human use is altering relative abundance of species, which may change long-term forest composition and thus alter biomass and vegetation structure of the forest. We conclude that human use is an agent in altering long-term composition that can alter availability of tree species for local use and other ecosystem services.     

行政中心驻地对县域土地利用景观格局的影响研究

使用GIS（地理信息系统,Geographic Information System）的缓冲区法、空间叠置分析法以及景观格局分析法,分析不同等级的行政中心驻地对土地利用景观格局的影响。研究结果表明：（1）耕地是丰县的景观基质,聚落（城乡建设用地）景观是丰县主要的景观类型。与行政中心的距离越近,人为景观的面积比重就越高,大于各景观类型的现状比重,表现出较强烈的空间吸引特性;相反,自然景观所占比重远远低于现状比重,反映出较明显的空间排斥效应。（2）与镇政府的距离变大,土地利用景观的破碎程度、聚集程度、斑块形状的规则程度均先减弱后增强;与县政府驻地的距离变大,景观的破碎程度呈现“减弱-增强-稳定”模式,景观形状的复杂程度变大,聚集程度先减弱后稳定,景观的多样性与异质性受两等级行政中心驻地距离的影响程度均较小。（3）镇级、县级行政中心分别在1 500 m、3 000 m范围内对土地利用景观格局的影响程度大     

Livestock losses and hotspots of attack from tigers and leopards in Kanha Tiger Reserve,Central India

Carnivore attacks on livestock are a primary driver of human–carnivore conflict and carnivore decline globally. Livestock depredation is particularly threatening to carnivore conservation in Central India, a priority landscape and stronghold for the endangered tiger. To strengthen the effectiveness of conflict mitigation strategies, we examined the spatial and temporal patterns and physical characteristics of livestock depredation in Kanha Tiger Reserve. We combined livestock compensation historical records (2001–2009) with ground surveys (2011–2012) and carnivore scat to identify when and where livestock species were most vulnerable. Between 400 and 600 livestock were reported for financial compensation each year, and most (91–95 %) were successfully reimbursed. Tigers and leopards were responsible for nearly all livestock losses and most often killed in the afternoon and early evening. Cattle and buffalo were most at risk in dense forests away from villages and roads, whereas goats were most often killed in open vegetation near villages. A spatial predation risk model for cattle revealed high-risk hotspots around the core zone boundary, confirming the significant risks to livestock grazing illegally in the core. Such ecological insights on carnivore–livestock interactions may help improve species-specific livestock husbandry for minimizing livestock losses and enabling coexistence between people and carnivores.     

A situational analysis of Cameroon’s Technical Operation Units (TOUs) in the context of the landscape approach: critical issues and perspectives

The integrated landscape approach is re-emerging in the global agenda as an approach which can give a fair deal to landscape functions such as climate change response, biodiversity conservation, food security, poverty reduction and economic growth. However, transformational change might be required to enable landscapes respond to these different functions. This is due to the sensitive nature of landscapes to local, national and global economic, social and political drivers. Based on national policy instruments, this paper presents a situational analysis of the landscape concept in Cameroon, operationalized as Technical Operation Units (TOUs) and in the context of the present institutional, social, economic and political features, it examines the rationale for a landscape approach in Cameroon. We notice potential trade-offs, indicating that the landscape approach is an opportunity for TOUs in Cameroon. Firstly, TOUs are characterized by multiple resource regimes with overlapping claims each having a legal land allocation and management plan. Secondly, TOUs are characterized by different stakeholders, with different land-use interests and motives, each controlling key components in the landscapes. Thirdly, the interests and motives of stakeholders overlap spatially and are connected to different sectoral policies at the national level. This setting might threaten decision making and the sustainability potentials of landscapes. Nonetheless, we propose areas for in-depth studies to generate knowledge and information to orientate win–win policy construction for landscapes. This is relevant for the social, ecological and economic objectives that underpin the sustainable development goals proposed in the post-2015 development agenda.     

湖北省道路网络中心性与土地利用景观格局关系分析

深入理解道路网络与土地利用之间的关系有助于开展可持续的土地利用与道路网络规划。引入多中心性评价模型,对临近中心性、中介中心性、直线中心性3个指标,运用UNA对湖北省道路网络中心性进行测度;选取景观百分比,香农多样性指数,平均斑块大小,平均形状指数4个景观格局指数计算土地利用景观格局特征,并通过斯皮尔曼相关方法对两者之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明:(1)湖北省道路网络中心性格局和空间特征各异,整体上东高西低,临近中心性呈现条带状分布,中介中心性呈孔隙状分布,直线中心性呈片状分布;(2)景观层面上,土地利用景观破碎化和多样化对直线中心性最为敏感,而临近中心性与中介中心性与景观格局指数关系相对复杂;(3)在类型层面上,道路网络中心性与各类土地利用景观格局相关性各异,其中高中心性区域对林地表现为鲜明的排斥和破碎化效应,而对建设用地表现为强烈的吸引和空间集聚现象。该研究以道路网络中心性视角探讨道路网络与土地利用景观格局之间的关系,为区域空间形态和构成及其相关影响因素提供了新的视角。     

Biodiversity resilience in the Central Indian Highlands is contingent on maintaining and recovering landscape connectivity: the tiger as a case study

Corridors (variably called landscape linkages, connectors, and gateways) are expanses of a landscape that facilitate the flow or movement of individuals, genes, and ecological processes. Protected areas with their buffer zones and the corridors that connect them are cornerstones of modern conservation actions to maintain the biodiversity we have and restore what we have lost. Policy and governance to guide the establishment and management of protected areas and supporting buffer zones is well established in the Central Indian Highlands. A policy and governance structure to create the context and enabling conditions for corridor maintenance, creation, and recovery is emerging but is constrained by the reigning land-management paradigm that separates conservation from development rather than mainstreaming species and habitat conservation into the rural development agenda. Well-nourished, healthy human populations and healthy ecosystems are inextricably linked. The worsening ecological conditions in the Central Indian Highlands can trigger the emergence of a common agenda for an inclusive, caring, and environment-friendly mode of development. The alternative is the business-as-usual scenario: a continuation of worsening ecological conditions. Entry points through the biodiversity, agriculture production, resource extraction, and economic/social sectors to enable integrated sustainable landscape management are identified. These include deepening what it means to successfully conserve a species combined with explicit threat analysis for at-risk tigers and the landscapes that supports them; landscape scenario modeling to advance communication by synthesizing diverse forms of research and articulating and evaluating alternative socio-economic futures; and the use of the smart green infrastructure process as an approach to development rather than only as a way to mitigate environmental damage. Models are presented to scale up from isolated conservation interventions to collective impact that unites supportive government partners with individuals, NGOs, and economic interests to achieve viable long-term relationships in human and natural systems to value, maintain, and recover landscape connectivity.     

环太湖景观生态格局变化研究--以苏州市吴中区为例

在RS和GIS支持下,通过对1984和2002年TM影像解译,分析了研究区景观格局动态变化,并利用逐步回归方法研究了景观变化的人文驱动力。结果表明,研究区景观发生剧烈变化,特别是耕地向水域、城镇用地和其它非农建设用地转变迅速,其中耕地的减少占土地利用总减少面积的79.3%,建设用地和水域的增加分别占土地利用总增加量的63.5%和36.5%。城镇、工矿等人文景观斑块面积增大,并趋向集中;林地与耕地等自然、半自然景观类型斑块破碎度增加,分布趋于分散;耕地与城镇景观类型的斑块形状日趋复杂;耕地的突出优势变小,整体景观异质性程度上升。受区位和地形的影响,在苏州城区附近和东部平原区耕地流失强度较大,18年耕地重心向西南方向偏移了4.74 km。景观变化的人文驱动因素是人口增加、基本建设投资扩大、大量外资涌入和以旅游业为主的第三产业增长。     

Sixty years of habitat decline: impact of land-cover changes in northern Italy on the decreasing ortolan bunting <Emphasis Type="Italic">Emberiza hortulana</Emphasis>

Habitat loss and degradation are main global threats to biodiversity, and land-use changes in agriculture-dominated landscapes are crucial for an important portion of biodiversity, especially in Europe. We evaluated the effects of land-use changes (1954–2012) on a threatened species, the ortolan bunting, in an agricultural area crucial for its conservation in Italy. We built a distribution model for ortolan bunting in current landscapes and then re-projected it to past scenarios (1954 and 1999–2000). We evaluated the most important land-use changes occurred and estimated their effects on habitat suitability. Bunting occurrence was mostly affected by the extent of grassland (positively; used as foraging/breeding ground), shrubland (quadratic effect; perches/shelter), forest and urbanized land (negatively), and by solar radiation (positively) and slope (quadratic), consistent with other studies carried out especially in southern Europe. The potential distribution of the species was much larger in the past: the estimated decline in suitable habitat is 44–72 % (since 1999–2000/1954), coherent with historical data suggesting strong decline and contraction. Changes in suitability (1954–2012) were mostly associated with changes in the cover of forest, vineyards and abandoned areas (negatively), and shrubland (positively). Land-use/land-cover changes are the main drivers of species occurrence and of habitat decline. The heterogeneous landscape of hilly/low-mountain sites in this area, characterized by a mix of habitats offering complementary resources to ortolan buntings and other species of conservation concern, is currently threatened by abandonment and intensification, but its maintenance may be promoted by a correct definition of Rural Development Programme measures.     

Land cover changes in the Lachuá region,Guatemala: patterns,proximate causes,and underlying driving forces over the last 50 years

Identifying the patterns of land cover change (LCC) and their main proximate causes and underlying driving forces in tropical rainforests is an urgent task for designing adequate management and conservation policies. The Lachuá region maintains the largest lowland rainforest remnant in Guatemala, but it has been highly deforested and fragmented during the last decades. This is the first paper to describe the patterns of LCC and the associated political and socioeconomic factors in the region over the last 50 years. We estimated spatial and temporal variations in LCC from a random sample of 24 1-km² landscape plots during three time periods (1962–1987, 1987–2006, and 2006–2011) and evaluated how they were related to some important proximate causes and underlying driving forces. During the study period, 55 % of forest cover disappeared, at an annual rate of 1.6 %. The deforestation rate increased from 0.6 % (during the first study period) to 2.8 % (last period), but there was very high spatial variation. Landscape plots located outside conservation areas and close to roads lost between 80 and 100 % of forest cover, whereas the forest cover in landscapes located within protected areas remained intact during the study period. The establishment of new human settlements, roads, and annual crops was the main proximate cause during the first period, but during the second and third periods, open areas were mainly created to establish cattle pastures. Because ~75 % of forest cover has disappeared outside the protected areas, the conservation of this biodiversity hot spot will depend on the expansion of protected areas, and the promotion of forest regrowth and alternative biodiversity-friendly land uses in the landscape matrix.     

河流廊道的城市景观生态意义分析——以四川省邛崃市为例

为更好地理解河流廊道对城市景观生态的意义，研究计算了四川省邛崃市景观类型多样性空间聚类特征和河流廊道景观格局特征。结果表明：（1）局部空间自相关指数Getis Ord Gi*显示研究区土地利用景观类型多样性存在高值聚类区，其形状与研究区河流廊道分布格局近似。（2）河流廊道主要与农田和林地景观毗邻，其两侧300 m缓冲区内主要景观类型为农田和林地，且林地破碎度小；而道路廊道主要与农田和建设用地毗邻，其两侧缓冲区内主要景观类型为农田和建设用地，其景观更为破碎化。（3）地形因素对研究区西部山区土地利用景观格局影响较大，景观类型多样性统计热点区域分布于西部河流台地。邛崃市河流廊道在提高该地区土地利用景观类型多样性中起到积极作用，需要保护邛崃市河流廊道景观多样性，加强河流与自然景观的连通性     

Fine-grain spatial patterning and dynamics of land use and agrobiodiversity amid global changes in the Bolivian Andes

Our research addresses the gap in scientific research on the fine-grain spatial patterns and social–ecological interactions of land use and agrobiodiversity. The spatial dimension of agrobiodiversity dynamics potentially strengthens the social–ecological resilience and food security of smallholders by buffering risk and vulnerability. Our research integrates the scientific theories, concepts, and methods of spatial externalities, social–ecological interactions, geospatial land and global change sciences, and political ecology. We designed a case study of the Arbieto-Tarata landscape in the Bolivian Andes that comprises a globally significant agrobiodiversity hot spot of Andean maize. The Arbieto-Tarata landscape, which contains nearly 8000 fields at 2500–2800 masl, is representative of mixed-use smallholder agri-food systems amid global changes. Our research predicts spatial spillover and edge effects of combined social and environmental factors leading to the clustering of same-crop fields. Findings reveal significant levels of the predicted clustering between 2006 and 2012. The degree of this clustering is found to differ among geographic and environmental sub-areas reflecting fine-grain variation of local causal linkages. Extra-local causal linkages include high levels of migration, water resource shortages, and urbanization. Results show the influences of informal and formal coordination in the spatial clustering of same-crop fields. This field-level coordination improves the efficiency of resource allocations and lowers costs of production. It enables the viability of high-agrobiodiversity Andean maize in smallholder land use and agri-food systems amid global changes. The article discusses the broader policy and scientific implications of these findings including scaling up and support of the social–ecological resilience of agrobiodiversity globally.     

Cropland patchiness strongest agricultural predictor of bird diversity for multiple guilds in landscapes of Ontario,Canada

The potential for agricultural landscapes to support biodiversity may vary greatly based on agricultural land use. Current knowledge suggests that agricultural composition and intensity are dominant drivers of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, with variable effects of agricultural configuration and landscape diversity. The aim of this study was to determine the relative effects of agricultural composition, intensity, configuration, and landscape diversity on the species diversity of six distinct bird guilds on the landscape scale in a large and complex landscape in Ontario, Canada. We found that agricultural configuration, specifically patchiness of croplands, and to a lesser degree forage lands, was the strongest predictor of bird diversity for three of the six bird guilds considered (forest, shrubland, and town). The effects of increased cropland patchiness were variable, with forest and shrubland bird diversity increasing from small to moderate patchiness, and town bird diversity declining from moderate to high patchiness. Grassland birds, a group of considerable conservation concern, increased near linearly with increased agricultural land cover in the landscape, highlighting the need to consider agricultural lands in conservation planning for this species group. Woodland bird diversity declined significantly with all increasing measures of agricultural intensity, including the proportion of high-intensity agriculture and larger patches of agricultural land. Wetland birds were unique from the other guilds, showing primarily a strong association between diversity of land cover types and guild-level bird diversity. Surprisingly, increased cover of agricultural lands, which we predicted to be a dominant driver of guild-level bird diversity declines due to habitat loss, had weak, non-significant effects relative to the other land use variable being tested, except for the positive association with grassland birds. Our findings suggest that a mix of management strategies should be employed to consider the varying effects of agricultural lands on different bird guilds, such as the inclusion of agricultural land in conservation strategies for grassland species and further managing the configuration of agricultural lands to enhance biodiversity of agricultural landscapes.     

All that glitters is not gold: the effect of top-down participation on conservation knowledge,attitudes and institutional trust in a Central Indian tiger reserve

Researchers and policymakers emphasize that people’s involvement in forest management can secure their support of conservation initiatives. However, the evidence on the effectiveness of top-down participation is weak. This study uses cross-sectional household data from 16 villages in the buffer zone of Pench Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh) in India to contribute to the evidence base of such assumption. Using a propensity score matching to control for observable bias, we evaluate the effects of two state-driven incentive-based participatory projects, i.e. the Joint Forest Management and Ecodevelopment, on selected social outcomes. Specifically, we measured local people conservation knowledge, biodiversity attitudes as well as trust in and satisfaction with the tiger reserve management authorities. We found that the effects of participatory management on conservation knowledge were positive, but negligible. We found no significant effects on local people’s biodiversity attitudes, trust and satisfaction with the tiger reserve management authorities. Top-down and externally induced participation may explain our results. Our findings clearly indicate that the effectiveness of participatory conservation interventions is conditional on the level and nature of local participation. Top-down participatory projects may not be sufficient to generate local support of conservation and in some cases, they may even exacerbate local conflicts.     

Drivers of change in mountain farming in Slovakia: from socialist collectivisation to the Common Agricultural Policy

The transformations in Slovak agriculture from the 1950s to the present day, considering both the generic (National and EU) and site-specific (local) drivers of landscape change, were analysed in five mountain study areas in the country. An interdisciplinary approach included analysis of population trends, evaluation of land use and landscape change combined with exploration of the perceptions of local stakeholders and results of previous biodiversity studies. The generic processes active from the 1950s to 1970s were critical for all study areas with impacts lasting right up until the present day. Agricultural collectivisation, agricultural intensification and land abandonment had negative effects in all study areas. However, the precise impacts on the landscape were different in the different study areas due to site-specific attributes (e.g. population trends, geographic localisation and local attitudes and opportunities), and these played a decisive role in determining the trajectory of change. Regional contrasts in rural development between these territories have increased in the last two decades, also due to the imperfect preconditions of governmental support. The recent Common Agricultural Policy developments are focused on maintenance of intensive large-scale farming rather than direct enhancement of agro-biodiversity and rural development at the local scale. In this context, local, site-specific attributes can and must form an essential part of rural development plans, to meet the demands for management of the diversity of agricultural mountain landscapes and facilitate the multifunctional role of agriculture.     

上海城市景观生态格局演变与生态网络结构优化分析

为了优化上海城市生态网络结构,综合应用景观格局、景观格局指数以及景观生态网络分析方法,提出上海城市生态品质提升途径。首先,应用面向对象的遥感图像分类方法获得了2008年和2015年上海市建设用地、农业用地、水域和绿地等景观类型分布,应用Fragstats软件获得景观格局指数,比较了城市景观格局和景观格局指数的演变;其次应用最小成本路径方法构建城市生态网络,与城市道路交通网络叠置,确定了生态网络结构的间断点;最后与《上海市基本生态网络规划》比较,提出了城市生态网络发展建议。本研究获得如下结论:(1)2008～2015年,上海市建设用地、农业用地、绿地和水域的面积比例由38∶51∶5∶6演变为46∶39∶7∶8。(2)上海市景观格局日趋破碎化、复杂化,连通性下降;建设用地的优势景观类型地位强化,郊区建设用地呈现破碎化入侵,农业用地面积减少且破碎化;绿地系统面积增大,但连通性不足,结构待优化。(3)经最小阻力分析获得上海市105条潜在生态廊道线路,在浦东新区、奉贤区、金山区、松江区和青浦区具有较好的环状度;经叠置分析识别出上海市骨干生态廊道的62个间断点,主要分布在青浦区、松江区、浦东新区以及奉贤区。(4)经比较分析发现,城市生态网络规划的生态网络骨架基本保持,但局部的生态网络结构存在问题,上海西北部和北部的生态廊道空间萎缩,东南部生态空间出现碎片化。     

Landowner perceptions of the value of natural forest and natural grassland in a mosaic ecosystem in southern Brazil

The forest–grassland mosaics of southern Brazil have been subject to many land use and policy changes over the decades. Like many grasslands around the world, the Campos grasslands are declining with few conservation efforts underway. In contrast, forests receive much attention and many incentives. It is hypothesized that perception of land cover has the potential to shape ecosystems. Here we conduct a questionnaire to further our understanding of decision-making practices that alter landscapes (Campos grassland, Araucaria forest, agriculture and plantation) and direct land policies in the region. Our analysis reveals that plantations are significantly less desirable than the other landscape types. However, plantation land use has increased by 87 % over the past few decades, as a result of industry and government incentives. The proportions of other landscape types have remained consistent over the past two decades. Restoration of native vegetation is not a priority of landowners and restoration would require a financial incentive.     

基于最小累积阻力模型的农村居民点用地生态适宜性评价——以都江堰市为例

农村居民点用地是乡村聚落景观的重要组成部分，其新建或重建过程从空间上来看是其与内部和周围环境之间相互竞争控制与覆盖的过程。在我国城市化加速推进的背景下，农村居民点用地却不降反升，其空间布局与扩张对自然生态环境的影响及反馈还考虑不足。借鉴景观生态格局的相关理论与方法，运用最小累积阻力模型，以都江堰市为例进行农村居民点用地的生态适宜性评价与分析。结果表明：（1）近十年来，研究区各土地生态适宜性分区空间分布相对集中，生态较适宜与高度适宜区域有一定程度的收缩，而较不适宜与不适宜区域则扩张明显，“一减一增”的鲜明对比表明人类活动对当地景观生态格局的干扰在明显增强；（2）不同时间段农村居民点用地的生态适宜性变化存在明显差异，在生态不适宜区，农村居民点的数量与面积始终保持了较高的增长势头，而中等适宜及以上等级区域的农村居民点数量与面积则经历了先增加后减少的变化趋势；（3）农村居民点用地的生态适宜性处于不断变化之中，2005~2010年和2010~2015年，分别有559.39和781.11 hm2的农村居民点生态适宜性等级发生了变化。研究结果对于加强当地重要生态景观单元的保护，协调人与土地、人与自然之间的矛盾，提高农村土地资源的利用效率和制定村庄建设发展规划等具有一定的实践指导意义。     

基于最小累积阻力模型的贵阳市景观生态安全格局构建

贵阳市是我国典型的喀斯特地区,水土流失严重,生态环境脆弱。在生态重要性、景观连通性和生态需求分析的基础上进行生态源地识别,根据土地覆被状况、人为干扰程度和夜间灯光数据构建了生态阻力面,基于最小累积阻力模型识别生态廊道网络,在此基础上构建了贵阳市域和市区的景观生态安全格局。结果表明:(1)贵阳市最重要和重要生态斑块总面积5 393.43 km2,主要分布在西部和北部;生态用地斑块的景观连通度总体较高,其中园地最好,林地最差;生态需求较高的区域主要分布在人口密集的城市建成区周边。生态源地占总面积的18.56%,集中分布于北部及西南部红枫湖、百花湖等区域;(2)贵阳市生态廊道总长为933.58 km,其中关键廊道长287.6 km,沿东北向西南方向延伸。现状廊道遍布市域,主要为河流水系;潜在廊道和关键廊道98%都为林地,主要分布于北部和西部生态环境较好的山地丘陵区;(3)市区景观生态安全格局中,生态源地主要集中在百花湖、红枫湖、香纸沟、相思河等风景区,花溪湿地和南明河作为市区关键廊道纵贯南北。最后,在此基础上提出了"保护和建设并重、区县间统一规划的"生态系统管理对策,为贵阳市生态环境建设提供切实可行的科学指导。     

山区县乡公路建设对沿线景观格局的影响研究——以昆明市东川区蒋家沟小流域为例

公路建设对区域的各种生态过程、灾害活动等影响引起广大学者的关注,目前对小尺度区域公路沿线景观格局的影响效应研究较少。利用3S技术对云南省昆明市东川区蒋家沟小流域内县乡级公路沿线三期影像的景观进行分类和制图,运用Fragstats3.3软件和景观指数计算方法,从斑块和景观两个层次上研究公路建设前后景观格局的变化。结果表明:(1)不同时期建设公路及全部公路沿线均出现坡耕地显著减少、梯田显著增加的趋势;在不同距离梯度上,针叶林、灌丛、坡耕地景观百分比不断降低,梯田、草地面积增加。(2)公路沿线景观格局动态变化则表现为:在斑块层次上,1973年前建设公路沿线景观形态更复杂,破碎化程度高,1973年后建设公路沿线阔叶林、针叶林斑块数量增加,破碎化趋势明显;在景观层次上,公路沿线景观多样性增加,景观内部连通性降低,整体景观格局破碎化加剧,但1973年前建设公路沿线空间连接性有所提升,1973年后建设公路沿线则表现出空间连接性下降的趋势,公路全线两侧150 m范围对景观水平指数的影响最大。     

城市主要功能用地景观格局的演变特征——以江苏省淮安市为例

基于GIS平台，提取了淮安市主城区城市用地的矢量数据，借助Fragstats3.3软件，计算了主要功能用地的景观格局指数，并对城市功能用地景观格局演变的特征进行了分析。研究表明：自1982年以来，城市功能用地斑块数量增多，斑块面积逐渐增大，面积差异不断缩小，用地斑块空间聚集程度渐渐上升，连通性水平逐步提高，功能用地斑块的形状特征与规整性变化明显；居住用地呈现出大分散、小集中的空间格局特征，斑块面积由小变大，斑块之间距离增大，密度降低，用地斑块的规整性与形态变化较大；工业用地由分散布局逐渐趋向于集中，斑块面积规模由小变大，完整性与集聚程度不断提高，相互连通性明显增强，斑块形态复杂性低；城市公共设施用地表现出大分散、小集中特点，用地斑块面积由大变小，面积差异较大，斑块形态与规整性变化明显