Post‐Ike economic resilience along the Texas coast

The economic devastation resulting from recent natural disasters has spawned intense interest in programmes that promote regional resilience. The economic impacts of Hurricane Ike (September 2008) endured long beyond the storm's landfall, compounded by a national recession. This study analyses the pattern of post‐Ike industrial growth in eight coastal counties of Texas, United States, and identifies sources of resilience and potential drivers of recovery. The results indicate that post‐disaster growth patterns differ from established growth patterns. Levels of resilience vary across industrial sectors, and service sectors tend to lead a recovery. The resilience of the hotel and restaurant sector, for instance, suggests that the presence of relief workers might immunise certain sectors against a post‐disaster economic downturn. Besides the sectors that are generally resilient, each county has its own distinct sectors that, depending on the extent of the damage suffered, tend to perform strongly after a disaster, owing to the characteristics of the respective county's economy.     

海岸侵蚀灾害评估方法探讨

探讨了海岸侵蚀灾害的评估方法,以及评估指标的选取和灾级的划分,特别提出了利用综合指数进行灾害评估的建议,采用１９９２年山东省海岸侵蚀灾害的有关资料和１９９１年有关区县的经济指标,对海岸侵蚀灾害进行了评估,采用经济总损失量,单位岸线损失量,人均损失量,国民生产总值损失率,国民收入损失率,预算内收入损失率,受灾率和土地损失等指标作为评估参数,将海岸侵蚀灾害分为特大灾,大灾,中灾,小灾,轻灾五种,依法给     

Cyclone shelters and their locational suitability: an empirical analysis from coastal Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the poorest and the most disaster‐prone countries in Asia; it is important, therefore, to know how its disaster reduction strategies are organised and planned. Cyclone shelters comprise a widely acceptable form of infrastructural support for disaster management in Bangladesh. This paper attempts to analyse empirically their use during cyclones in a sample study area along the southwest coastal belt of the country. It shows how the location of a cyclone shelter can determine the social power structure in coastal Bangladesh. The results reveal that the establishment of cyclone shelters in the studied communities is determined by neither a right‐based nor a demand‐based planning approach; rather, their creation is dependent on the socio‐political affluence of local‐level decision‐makers. The paper goes on to demonstrate that socially vulnerable households (defined, for example, by income or housing conditions) are afforded disproportionately less access to cyclone shelters as compared to less socially vulnerable households.     

中国沙漠化灾害现状及其趋势分析

沙漠化灾害是危及我国广大干旱半干旱及部分半湿润地区持续发展的重大灾种之一。我国现有沙漠化土地２０．１万ｋｍ＾３，造成的年直接经济损失１７．４－２０．４亿元。年总损失达７８３－９１８亿元，受危害的２１２个县（旗、市）的沙漠化灾害程度分别是１３４个轻度、５４个中度和２４个重度，随着沙漠化灾害的不断发展，预计到２０００年时我国沙漠化土地的面积将达到２３．３万ｋｍ＾２，１０７个县（旗、市）的沙漠化灾害程度     

城市公共安全规划与灾害应急管理的集成研究

随着城市公共安全理论研究与应用的不断深入,对于安全规划与灾害应急管理的孤立研究已渐露弊端.探讨了研究城市公共安全规划与灾害应急管理的融合模式,剖析了城市公共安全规划的空间范围与应变管理空间需求之间的关系,提出了以整合观和可持续发展观构建城市公共安全规划,以空间观构建城市应急管理机制的设想.在此基础上,根据有效服务范围和资源量,提出了城市各类防救灾设施的规划标准与建构模式,以建立城市救灾单元区域.     

Measuring disaster recovery: bouncing back or reaching the counterfactual state?

How should one measure the recovery of a locale from a disaster? The measurement is crucial from a public policy and administration standpoint to determine which places should receive disaster assistance, and it affects the performance evaluation of disaster recovery programmes. This paper compares two approaches to measuring recovery: (i) bouncing back to pre‐disaster conditions; and (ii) attaining the counterfactual state. The former centres on returning to normalcy following disaster‐induced losses, whereas the latter focuses on attaining the state, using quasi‐experimental design, which would have existed if the disaster had not occurred. Both are employed here to assess two housing recovery indicators (total new units and their valuations) in Hurricane Katrina‐affected counties (rural and urban). The examination reveals significantly different outcomes for the two approaches: counties have not returned to their pre‐disaster housing conditions, but they do exhibit counterfactual recovery. Moreover, rural counties may not be as vulnerable as assumed in the disaster recovery literature.     

北京山区泥石流灾害保险的风险评判方法研究

泥石流是北京山区主要的自然灾害,在1989-1999年期间,泥石流灾害造成的经济损失高达3.09亿元.对泥石流灾害保险风险的评判是首先按北京山区各区县的泥石流危险度分区划分风险区,然后对各风险区进行灾害危险性和灾害易损性评判.在危险性评判中,按各风险区的泥石流危险度等级赋予危险度评判指标值.在易损性评判中,选择国内生产总值、固定资产、人口密度和人口自然增长率等4个因素作为评判指标,并分为两个层次进行评判.第一层次是经济易损性与社会易损性评判,第二层次是泥石流灾害易损性评判.最后用泥石流灾害保险风险分析数学模型,计算出各风险区的泥石流灾害保险风险度,并由此绘制了北京山区泥石流灾害保险风险区划图.     

基于格网GIS的豫北地区干旱灾害风险区划

以豫北地区32个市县为研究区域,从造成干旱灾害的4个因子,即致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露性、脆弱性和防灾减灾能力4个角度出发,选取了包括气象、土壤、人口、社会经济在内的17项指标,在格网GIS技术的支持下,对评价体系中的各指标进行10 km×10 km尺度的网格化表达。应用自然灾害风险指数法,熵组合权重法和加权综合分析法,建立了干旱灾害风险评价模型;通过选取典型案例年,运用最优分割理论确定了干旱灾害风险阈值,并利用GIS技术绘制了豫北地区的干旱灾害风险区划图。结果显示:豫北地区的高风险区主要集中在濮阳市区、濮阳县、清丰县、南乐县、新乡市区;而西部的济源市、孟州市,以及原阳县风险较轻。     

中国自然灾害灾后响应能力评价与地域差异

灾后恢复是减灾管理的重要环节。从灾害系统角度界定了恢复性的概念；构建了由地均粮食产量、单位面积上拥有的病床床位数、人均城乡居民储蓄存款余额、地均财政收入、人均财政收入、基本建设投资和综合通行能力等指标组成的评价指标体系；提出了灾后恢复能力指数模型；对全国县域单元进行了灾后恢复能力评价。结果表明：我国灾后恢复能力指数Z值呈现“东高西低”的地域差异；贫困县域Z值普遍偏低，西藏、新疆西部、西南云贵地区、北方农牧交错带应是当前进行恢复能力建设的重点区域；城市Z值普遍较高，其地域差异与城市经济水平相对应。研究结果可为自然灾害救助区划提供依据，为减灾县域管理决策提供支持。     

工程区台风大风灾害评估方法的研究与应用——以苏通大桥为例

针对国家重大项目施工和运营中规避台风大风灾害风险的特殊需求,以国家重点工程苏通大桥为例,研究了工程区局地环境下台风大风灾害风险的分析评估方法。利用1949~2007年桥位地区影响台风资料,用气候统计学方法分析了苏通大桥桥位工程区影响台风的时空分布,并用蒙特卡罗模拟方法对8级以上台风大风对桥位区可能造成的灾损指数进行计算。结果表明:①影响桥位区的台风年均2.5个,其中出现8级以上阵风的严重影响台风年均0.78个,工程区从5月下旬~11月下旬均可能受台风袭击,7月上旬~9月中旬是桥位区影响台风的多发期,而8月份几率最大,台风大风主要出现在偏东南和偏北方向;②蒙特卡罗方法模拟的桥位区8级以上台风大风的期望灾损指数达到0.282 1,约占全省台风灾害期望灾损指数的48%,潜在的经济损失达到20 675万元。采用气候统计学原理和蒙特卡罗模拟方法,可以满足局部特殊环境下的对工程区气象灾害风险分析的需要,其结果可以作为施工管理和规避灾害风险的依据。     

基于问卷调查的四川民众地震灾害响应能力分区评价

基于前期对四川省德阳市民众地震灾害认知与响应特点与规律的问卷调查数据及分析结果,构建了以性别、年龄和受教育程度为核心评价参数的县市社会民众地震灾害响应能力的综合评价模型;然后将该评价模型应用于四川省,实现了对四川省社会民众地震灾害响应能力大小的分县市计算与评价。结果表明,四川省东部县市民众的地震灾害响应能力普遍比西部县市民众大,省会成都市周围的区、县(市)居民的地震灾害响应能力普遍较强,西部三个自治州民众的响应能力普遍较差,其中,成都市青羊区民众的响应能力最强,凉山彝族自治州金阳县民众的能力最弱,全省呈现出以成都市各区县(市)为中心向周围地区递减的总体趋势。     

河南省冬小麦晚霜冻害风险区划

基于河南省冬小麦遥感种植面积数据、DEM数据和111个气象站1971-2010年逐日最低气温资料,采用基于GIS的逐日最低气温空间插值技术,根据冬小麦晚霜冻灾度指标及其等级划分标准,计算各空间单元轻霜冻、中霜冻和重霜冻日数,综合考虑霜冻害日数和冬小麦实际种植面积比例因素,构建冬小麦晚霜冻害风险评价指数,分析河南省冬小麦不同等级晚霜冻害日数及其风险的区域特征.结果表明:河南省冬小麦轻霜冻日数高值区主要分布在河南省北部、东部和西部丘陵山区,中霜冻和重霜冻高值区以分布在西部丘陵山区为主,霜冻日数最大值分别为67 d、48 d和120 d；轻霜冻风险较高的区域主要分布在河南省除郑州地区以外的驻马店和南阳盆地以北地区,中霜冻主要分布在东部和西部丘陵山区,重霜冻主要分布在河南省西部丘陵地区,风险指数最大值分别为28％、18％和17％.总体上看,河南省冬小麦晚霜冻害日数和风险空间分布特征明显；轻霜冻日数及其风险的覆盖面积最大,其次为中霜冻,重霜冻最小；河南省的东部、北部和西部丘陵山区为晚霜冻害的主要防御区域,各级霜冻之间以防御轻霜冻为主.     

From fatalism to resilience: reducing disaster impacts through systematic investments

This paper describes a method for reducing the economic risks associated with predictable natural hazards by enhancing the resilience of national infrastructure systems. The three-step generalised framework is described along with examples. Step one establishes economic baseline growth without the disaster impact. Step two characterises economic growth constrained by a disaster. Step three assesses the economy's resilience to the disaster event when it is buffered by alternative resiliency investments. The successful outcome of step three is a disaster-resistant core of infrastructure systems and social capacity more able to maintain the national economy and development post disaster. In addition, the paper considers ways to achieve this goal in data-limited environments. The method provides a methodology to address this challenge via the integration of physical and social data of different spatial scales into macroeconomic models. This supports the disaster risk reduction objectives of governments, donor agencies, and the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.     

上海市水灾风险分析

利用1949-1990年上海市郊水灾历史灾情资料,分析其时空分布特征显示,自1949年以来,水灾受灾指数和相应粮食减产率呈阶段性下降,尤其自1977年水利控制片贯彻实施后,二者呈大幅度下降。各区县中,综合考虑水灾频次和受灾面积两个因素,得出南汇灾情最为严峻。最终,针对历史灾情资料缺乏、小样本数据使用传统统计模型进行风险分析精度不高的特点,基于信息扩散原理,利用正态信息扩散技术将单一的样本观测值变为一模糊集的模糊数学方法,对各区县受灾指数进行了风险分析,结果显示:南汇、浦东在受灾指数较低时,超越概率较高,即风险较高;崇明、金山在任一受灾指数下,风险都显示最高,受灾指数达0.8的超越概率为0.03345和0.01243,分别达到30年一遇和100年一遇。     

Estimating the mitigation effect of Tokai earthquake measures on housing damage: a counterfactual approach

This paper evaluates the mitigation effect of Tokai earthquake measures on housing damage using a counterfactual approach. It focuses on those measures that stimulate ex‐ante investment in disaster prevention in the supposedly affected area, including earthquake‐proof retrofitting and improved housing construction; the effect of the measures on housing losses is estimated monetarily. The study compares factual disaster damage computed using a real distribution of houses with counterfactual damage to a hypothetical housing distribution that would occur if the measures were not implemented. The key findings are: (i) the disaster mitigation effects of Tokai earthquake measures on housing amount to approximately JPY 18 billion (USD 0.18 billion) for Yamanashi Prefecture and JPY 0.26 trillion (USD 2.6 billion) for Shizuoka Prefecture, which would be at the centre of the event; (ii) a before–after comparison biases estimates of the mitigation effect; and (iii) statistically, the measures do not mitigate the housing damage predicted for an earthquake in Tokai.     

大中城市震害预测与辅助决策的空间分析

利用GIS的空间分析功能，对大中城市防震减灾示范研究成果进行了空间区划分析，给出了城市高危害街区的计算方法和结果，同时给出了各种结构类型房屋破坏面积、人员伤亡和无家可归人口数在各个街区的空间分布结果，以及基于此空间分布结果的医疗救护、人员疏散和物资供应等辅助决策分析。该分析的主要意义在于能充分了解大中城市潜在震害的空间分布，为震前采取相应预防措施和震后开展应急救灾工作提供了方便。     

Unpacking the post‐Haiyan disaster resettlement narratives of young Filipino women informal settlers in Tacloban City,Philippines

Post‐disaster resettlement narratives encapsulate the complex mobile–spatial processes that are embedded in a post‐disaster context. The existing literature on disaster relocation and resettlement accords primacy to the logistical, practical, structural, and physical dimensions of residential transitioning. Building on this knowledge, this study conducted a spatial narrative inquiry to generate a link to mobile–spatial realities interspersed in diverse temporal trajectories. It did so by tracking the embodied rhythms of people and objects evoked through the retelling of post‐disaster resettlement stories by 12 young Filipino women informal settlers. The key findings are organised in three spatial narratives: ‘house near the sea'; ‘there at the bunkhouse'; and ‘here in Ridgeview'. These narratives are anchored in the overarching dimensions that underpin Filipino informal settlers’ experiences of (not) moving in and out of disaster resettlement areas. Lastly, the findings are explained in the light of the theoretical, empirical, and practical implications of disaster resettlement specific to informal settlers.     

Social capital's role in recovery: evidence from communities affected by the 2010 Pakistan floods

Pakistan suffered large‐scale flooding in summer 2010 that caused damage amounting to approximately USD 43 billion, claimed the lives of at least 1,700 people, and negatively affected some 20 million others. Observers have debated the degree to which social capital plays a role in recovery after a catastrophe of this magnitude. Using new survey data on 450 residents impacted by the disaster, this study found that, controlling for various confounding factors, the social capital levels of victims serve as robust correlates of life recovery. Other important variables connected with recovery include education and income, family size, occupation, material damage suffered, stability of home, and trauma experience. The findings point to a number of relevant policy recommendations, most notably that during and following major shocks, disaster managers should work to keep the social networks of victims intact so that they can benefit from interaction with family, friends, and neighbours.     

地质灾害控灾因素的遥感地质分析--以藏南拉轨岗日地区为例

以实地调研数据为基础,在综合分析TM影像所提供的空间及光谱信息之后认为:(1)拉轨岗日变质核杂岩带通过其接触带中的断裂体系直接控制相应的地质灾害,通过所形成的构造地貌和特征水系对地质灾害的孕育、规模和强度产生间接影响;(2)拉轨岗日变质核杂岩带各个组成变质核杂岩的接触带及其外延的盖层区域因受构造变动的影响而成为崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等地质灾害的易发区域;(3)研究拉轨岗日变质核杂岩带的结构形式及成因模式可对地质灾害易发区域的圈绘起到指导作用.     

Microfinance institutions and a coastal community's disaster risk reduction,response, and recovery process: a case study of Hatiya,Bangladesh

Several researchers have examined the role of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in poverty alleviation, but the part that they play in disaster risk reduction remains unaddressed. Through an empirical study of Hatiya Island, one of the most vulnerable coastal communities of Bangladesh, this research evaluates perceptions of MFI support for the disaster risk reduction, response, and recovery process. The findings reveal no change in relation to risk reduction and income and occupation aspects for more than one‐half of the clients of MFIs. In addition, only 26 per cent of them have witnessed less damage as a result of being members of MFIs. One can argue, though, that the longer the membership time period the better the disaster preparedness, response, and recovery process. The outcomes of this study could help to guide the current efforts of MFIs to enhance the ability of coastal communities to prepare for and to recover from disasters efficiently and effectively.