燃煤电厂SCR脱硝装置失效催化剂处理方案探讨

随着燃煤电厂SCR脱硝装置的建设,失效的催化剂的量将急剧增长。本文通过分析燃煤电厂SCR脱硝装置使用的催化剂成分和使用过程中失效的原因,初步探讨了失效催化剂的再生和回收利用方案。认为应该对失效催化剂进行规范合理处置。     

SCR催化剂的碱金属中毒研究

催化剂是选择性催化还原（SCR）系统的重要组成部分，催化剂的寿命决定着SCR系统的运行成本，研究催化剂中毒的原因，延长催化剂的使用寿命对降低SCR系统的运行费用意义重大。本文介绍了SCR脱除氮氧化物的基本原理，并讨论了导致催化剂中毒的各种原因。     

SCR脱硝催化剂再生技术的发展及应用

催化剂是SCR烟气脱硝技术的核心,其成本占整个SCR烟气脱硝系统投资成本的40%甚至更多。催化剂的性能直接决定了SCR烟气脱硝系统的脱硝效率和氮氧化物排放量、氨逃逸量、SO2/SO3转化率、系统压力、电能消耗、还原剂消耗等,一般工业应用的SCR催化剂的使用寿命为2.4万小时,逾期需要及时更换或进行再生。文章介绍了SCR脱硝催化剂再生技术的发展现状,分析了国内SCR催化剂再生技术的发展前景,并列举了催化剂再生技术的应用案例。     

SCR催化剂失活机理分析及防治措施

选择性催化还原法(SCR)是火电厂常用的外加还原剂还原NOx将其转变为N2和O2的烟气治理方法。还原过程中,催化剂是反应核心部分,但烟气及其携带灰分的性质会致使金属氧化物催化剂失活(中毒),直接影响到火电厂运行的脱硝效率。通过对金属氧化物催化剂中毒机理的分析,提出在采用负载型复合催化剂,根据灰分选择合适催化剂载体结构的同时,适时采用后置式公用SCR布置形式等措施,可达到延长催化剂使用寿命、提高脱硝效率、减少运营成本的目的。     

炼油厂固废金属来源分析及迁移路线

以某典型炼油厂为实验样地,通过对原油炼制过程中各生产装置固体废物排放情况进行调研并检测固废中金属元素含量,对炼厂固废金属来源及迁移规律进行了分析。研究结果表明:炼厂外排固废中主要包含As、Cu、Ni、Cr、Hg、Pb、V等金属元素,其中Ni元素和V元素含量较高,覆盖面广。催化裂化装置外排固废中Ni、V两类金属元素含量较高,汽油吸附脱硫装置固废中Ni、Zn元素含量较高,催化重整装置外排固废中主要含有As、Cu、Ni、Cr、Hg等元素,柴油加氢装置外排固废中主要含有As、Pb、Cu等元素。原油中的V元素除少部分随常减压装置电脱盐废水排出外,大部分沉积在催化裂化催化剂中,并随催化柴油和直馏柴油积累在柴油加氢精制催化剂中;Ni元素主要累积在废催化裂化催化剂,并随相应工艺路线进入汽油吸附脱硫废吸附剂、重整催化剂、柴油加氢精制催化剂和柴油加氢裂化催化剂中;Zn元素的迁移路线为:催化裂化催化剂、重整催化剂中以及脱氯剂的Zn元素随催化汽油进入加氢脱硫装置,并大量沉积在汽油吸附脱硫吸附剂和柴油加氢精制催化剂中;原油中的As、Cu、Pb元素随相应的工艺路线,最终大量沉积在加氢精制废催化剂中。     

催化氧化法治理H2S和CS2恶臭废气

文章介绍了铂催化剂的性能、对H2S、CS2催化氧化的原理及实验结果,为工业规模的催化氧化除臭装置运行提供了依据。     

火电厂烟气脱硝关键技术的优化创新

燃煤烟气中的氮氧化物（NOX）脱除，国际上主要采用SCR法，但SCE催化剂制备工艺技术是制约我国脱硝技术产业化的瓶颈。对催化剂配方和成型工艺进行优化和创新研制的TZ型板式催化剂填补了国内空白。     

SCR 催化剂的砷中毒研究

催化剂是SCP系统的重要组成部分,研究催化剂中毒的原因,对延长催化剂的使用寿命及降低SCR系统的运行费用意义重大.本文介绍了煤燃烧过程中砷的迁移规律,利用实验的方法测定出氧化砷浓度与催化剂中毒的关系,建立了砷中毒后NOX反应速率的动力学方程,并利用国外几组SCR数据对方程进行了验证,计算值和实际值相吻合.文章并对如何降低砷的危害提出了建议.     

镇海炼化首创工艺大幅降低二氧化硫排放浓度

镇海炼化国内首创“硫磺装置加氢催化剂预硫化尾气再脱硫”操作技术,该工艺使硫磺装置开工阶段二氧化硫排放浓度下降7倍以上。     

燃煤机组SCR脱硝催化剂的研究进展

选择性催化还原(SCR)是目前控制氮氧化物排放的主要技术。本文介绍了锅炉炉后脱硝系统的布置位置及工艺条件、已经工业化的氨选择性高温还原钒催化剂的特点,以及近年来低温脱硝催化剂的研究现状。指出我国脱硝催化剂应提高还原剂的选择性,开发新型低温催化剂应重点考察烟气中的水、二氧化硫及硫酸氢铵等对催化剂的影响。     

Electrochemical treatment of aqueous wastes containing pyrogallol by BDD-anodic oxidation

In this work, the electrochemical oxidation of pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) on boron-doped diamond anodes has been studied. The voltammetric results showed that pyrogallol oxidation takes place in the same potential region as that of phenol where the supporting electrolyte is stable. Synthetic wastewaters containing pyrogallol have been treated in a bench-scale electrolysis plant. This plant operates in a discontinuous mode by recirculating the waste continuously through a single-chamber electrochemical flow cell. The complete mineralization of pyrogallol and the electro-generated pollutants is obtained in the electrolytic device. HPLC analyses show the formation of carboxylic acids as the main intermediates. The efficiency of the electrochemical process was found to depend mainly on the pollutant concentration present in the waste and on the applied current density. The high efficiency of this technology can be explained in terms of the direct electro-oxidation at the BDD surface and the oxidation carried out by hydroxyl radicals and other electro-generated oxidants.     

Biotechnology is compatible with sustainable agriculture

Biotechnology can provide appropriate new tools for use in solution of specific problems in sustainable agriculture. Its usefulness will depend in large part on the degree to which sustainable agriculturists understand the utility of biotechnology and apply it toward ends they deem important. Biotechnology can give little assistance to sustainable agriculture in the short term. It can be more useful in the medium term, and it could be highly useful in the long term as an integral part of the art and science of plant breeding and other components of sustainable agriculture systems.     

室内有毒易爆气体的检测

随着城市生活水平的提高,室内装修装饰日益普及.各种新材料的引入,使得室内的各种有害气体总量日益增加.长期生活在这样的环境下,会对人体健康产生极为不利的影响.居民生活用煤气,在给人们生活带来便利的同时,作为一种可燃性、有毒气体,也具有极强的危害性.因此,研制一种能检测多种有害气体的实用仪器,具有很大的应用价值.本仪器为便携式多功能仪器,采用可充电电池供电,可以检测ppb的挥发性气体,显示气体浓度值,也可检测煤气,并具有声光报警功能.     

微生物法和微生物生态法的评价和选用

微生物法和微生物生态法作为生物治理方案的两大类型，已日益受到环保工作者的重视。这两种类型的治理方法各有特点，各有利弊。如何选择使用？主要取决于污染场所中污染形成的时间长短、污染程度、污染物浓度、污染物中是否含有污水、是否需要快速治理等。应明确指出的是，采用生物治理法虽可在多种情况下大大降低污染物的浓度，但从长远来看，还不能单纯依靠降低污染物的排放浓度，而是应从低浓度污染物对人和环境产生的长期影响着眼，制定出一套治理标准，这样才能准确评价生物治理技术在环境保护中所起的真正作用。     

Innovative approaches to rural development: Moving from state-controlled towards market-based land reform

Among the world's poor, approximately 75% of those in extreme poverty live and work in rural areas and two‐thirds of them depend mainly on farming or farm labour for their livelihood. Policies to grant the rural poor secure access to land and water for irrigation — and to improve the economic efficiency of small‐scale agriculture — can thus play a critical role in the implementation of rural development strategies, including efforts to combat rural poverty. Since inadequate access to arable land is probably the most important cause of rural poverty, redistributive land reform is increasingly seen as crucial for socio‐economic development and poverty alleviation in many developing countries with substantial amounts of (unused) arable state land or (under‐utilized) large private landholdings. This article argues that market‐based land redistribution schemes, such as the one being implemented in South Africa, can be considered one of the most innovative approaches to land reform that have emerged over the last decade. These schemes thus provide a useful alternative to more conventional, state‐controlled land redistribution programmes. The article concludes, however, that when countries opt for market‐based approaches to land redistribution, the State still has an important role to play, without necessarily deciding which land parcels change hands.     

A Reply to My Critics

Critics of my book, Sustainability, have raised many objections which are addressed. In general, I emphasize that the book is an integrative work; it must be long and complex beause it attempts a comprehensive treatment of problems of communication, of evaluation, and of management action in environmental discourse. I explain that I depend upon the pragmatists and on work in the pragmatics of language because the current language of environmental policy discourse is inadequate to allow deliberative processes that can reach consensus and cooperative actions. I revise my account of risk analysis somewhat, and defend my broad approach to the concept of sustainability. Finally, I discuss applications of my book to the current situation in environmental policy discourse.     

DROUGHT,TREE RINGS,AND RESERVOIR DESIGN1

Droughts constitute one of the most important factors affecting the design and operation of water resources infrastructure. Hydrologists ascertain their duration, severity, and pattern of recurrence from instrumental records of precipitation or stream‐flow. Under suitable conditions, and with proper analysis, tree rings obtained from long living, climate sensitive species of trees can extend instrumental records of streamflow and precipitation over periods spanning several centuries. Those tree‐ring “reconstructions” provide a valuable insight about climate variability and drought occurrence in the Holocene, and yield long term hydrological data useful in the design of water infrastructure. This work presents a derivation of drought risk based on a renewal model of drought recurrence, a brief review of the basic theory of tree‐ring reconstructions, and a stochastic model for optimizing the design of water supply reservoirs. Examples illustrate the methodology developed in this work and the supporting role that tree‐ring reconstructed streamflow can play in characterizing hydrologic variability.     

四川省水电行业环境监理试点工作实践与探讨

长期以来,我国对水电工程建设的环境管理实行环境影响评价和"三同时"制度,主抓环保审批和竣工验收两个环节,在工程施工阶段的环境管理相对薄弱,因此在水电资源开发的同时,也带来了一定程度的环境污染和生态破坏。为实现水电开发与环境保护的协调可持续发展,本文作者以某梯级电站为例,结合所参与的水电建设项目,对水电建设环境监理进行梳理和探讨,以期为水电建设项目环境监理的发展提供一定的理论及技术支持。     

Multiscale approach to the security of hardware supply chains for energy systems

While the cybersecurity field has focused primarily on software and network security, threats and vulnerabilities of hardware device supply chains are growing concerns. Of particular importance and interest in this vein is the way in which semiconductors and other electronic devices are increasingly deployed to support energy distribution, storage, and control at a variety of scales. Future smart grid supply chains must be secured to prevent cyber attacks from affecting energy infrastructure, and the societal and economic functions on which they depend. This perspective paper calls for a multiscale approach to address modeling and decision-making for energy system hardware supply chains. A multiscale approach, as discussed in this paper, can facilitate resilience of supply chains across the life cycles of these systems, through low- and high-tech techniques to monitor and act on the supply chain. This can incorporate both qualitative and quantitative factors to suit the variety of stakeholders, geographic scales, organizational levels, and planning and operational time horizons.     

THE (POLITICAL) SCIENCE OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN THE ECOSYSTEM AGE1

ABSTRACT: Ecosystem management has become an important unifying theme for environmental policy in the past decade. Whereas the science of ecosystem dynamics suggests that it will remain difficult to define ecosystem borders and all of the natural and anthropogenic effects that influence them, the politics of ecosystem management require that a national ecosystem delineation standard be adopted. Moreover, a political framework for ecosystem management decision making must be designed in such a way as to complement the hierarchical, interrelated nature of ecosystems generally. This paper advocates that a watershed-based ecosystem delineation standard is the most politically suitable because it will be easily understood by the public and watersheds have a long history as a medium of environmental policy. The paper then proposes that the political framework for watershed-based ecosystem management must depend heavily on state and local autonomy, subject to federally prescribed standards and goals. The Coastal Zone Management Act provides a model for how a national ecosystem management policy can work within state and local watershed cultures and economies.