基于Pc-Crash的多车碰撞事故再现仿真分步方法

为降低多车碰撞事故仿真再现的难度并确保再现结果的可靠性,建立基于Pc-Crash的事故再现仿真分步方法。该方法将多车碰撞过程划分为多个独立的2车碰撞过程,对最开始的2车碰撞过程进行仿真后分别获得2车碰撞后的运动参数,进而定义新的2车碰撞仿真过程,重复此步骤,直至仿真中所有相关痕迹与事故现场痕迹相吻合为止。仿真再现一例3车碰撞事故。结果显示,基于Pc-Crash的事故再现仿真分步方法可用于仿真再现多车碰撞事故,且仿真车辆运动轨迹和损坏程度等痕迹均与实际情况相吻合。     

基于Pc-Crash的车辆侧滑事故再现方法

为准确再现车辆侧滑事故,基于Pc-Crash软件,提出一种分步再现事故的方法。该方法首先仿真事故车辆侧滑运动,获得侧滑车辆碰撞前瞬间运动状态参数;然后定义新仿真以再现侧滑车辆与事故其他参与者的碰撞;重复此2步骤,以确保仿真中痕迹与事故中痕迹最相符合。最后就一例车辆侧滑后与过往车辆发生碰撞的事故,演示该分步再现方法各步骤的实现途径。结果显示,利用Pc-Crash软件分步再现车辆侧滑事故,能较为容易地控制再现过程,保证仿真中痕迹与现实情况的一致性。     

汽车-摩托车碰撞事故车速及碰撞位置预估方法

为给汽车-摩托车碰撞事故再现提供初始碰撞车速与碰撞位置的预估值,基于Pc-Crash软件所获得的仿真试验数据及支持向量回归方法,得到碰撞车速、车辆制动距离与汽车-骑车人静止位置间距离、汽车-摩托车静止位置间距离、摩托车-骑车人静止位置间距离的回归关系模型。用案例对所得模型进行演示及验证。结果表明,相关模型中决定系数大于0.993,而剩余标准差小于0.003,回归关系显著;用支持向量回归模型所得预估碰撞车速、车辆制动距离与借助Pc-Crash软件再现得到的结果很接近,相对误差均小于2%。     

车人碰撞事故再现技术研究进展

车人碰撞事故再现已成为国内外研究热点,提高结果可信性为事故再现的核心。根据事故再现所需痕迹将再现方法分为6类,即"行人抛距"、"车辆制动距离"、"行人损伤"、"车辆变形"、"其他"以及"仿真"。通过分析各类方法的优缺点,提出可综合利用这些方法获得客观、可信的事故再现结果。然后探讨提高车人碰撞事故再现结果可信性的新发展方向:开发国产、高精度的事故再现软件,研究事故再现结果的不确定性问题,以及研究痕迹间关系在事故再现中的应用。而其中仿真所得事故再现结果的不确定性问题、车人碰撞事故再现区间不确定优化方法以及事故现场痕迹间关系为值得期待的新研究内容。     

Pc-Crash中2种车辆侧滑事故仿真方法对比研究

为研究Pc-Crash软件中Sequence模块与驾驶模型2种车辆侧滑事故仿真再现方法间的互通性,根据2种车辆侧滑事故仿真再现方法流程,分别再现同一典型单车侧滑事故,对比特定时刻及仿真全过程的输出参数值。结果发现,在0.967 s时,用不同方法所得车速、车头朝向、速度方向及车辆位置接近;2.780 s(仿真结束)时,除车速误差达2 km/h外,其他参数值均较接近;全过程仿真中,轮胎侧向力、横摆角速度、行驶速度、车头朝向等参数随时间变化曲线表明2种方法有很好的一致性;但因2种方法均通过调整轮胎转角控制车辆运动,故轮胎转角随时间变化规律存在明显差异。结果表明,2种车辆侧滑事故仿真再现方法具有良好的互通性。     

基于Pc-Crash软件的人-车碰撞事故仿真规律研究

以Pc-Crash软件为平台,仿真分析两例实际的人-车碰撞试验。通过对比仿真结果与试验的吻合情况,并结合其他学者所提及的现象,总结了仿真中人-车接触部位、行人终止点位置及抛距、行人被车辆抛出后的运动情况等与实际情况的耦合程度的规律。发现利用Pc-Crash软件实现对人-车碰撞事故仿真时,人-车接触部位与实际情况可以耦合得很好,行人终止点位置一般总体抛距与实际情况差不多,而行人被车辆抛出后的运动情况则与实际不符,针对这些现象提出一些建议。对更好地利用Pc-Crash软件实现对人-车碰撞事故的仿真分析有一定的意义。     

一种改进的事故再现蒙特卡罗优化算法

为使事故再现结果更符合实际情况,对事故再现中的计算过程进行优化。基于蒙特卡罗方法和随机加权方法,提出一种改进的事故再现蒙特卡罗优化算法。该算法以二维碰撞模型和车辆轨迹模型为计算模型,选择碰撞点位置、碰撞前速度、法向恢复系数为优化参数,以实际车辆碰撞后运动轨迹离差最小为优化目标。分别用所提出的改进算法和Pc-Crash中的优化方法对一算例进行优化。结果表明,改进算法在准确度和稳定性等方面优于Pc-Crash中的方法。利用改进的事故再现蒙特卡罗优化算法,不仅能获得最优的事故再现结果,还能获得再现结果落在任意区间的概率。     

基于逆算法与试算法的车辆碰撞车速对比研究

为提高道路交通事故车速计算仿真再现的准确性与实用性,基于车对车碰撞事故案例,采用道路交通事故分析与再现系统(Crash View)逆算法与Pc-Crash试算法,对比分析其计算机制、模型算法、输入参数、输出误差等核心解算部分,优化车速计算算法,完成事故实际场景车速计算;Crash View系统计算相对误差约为4%,输入车辆位置、车身结构、车体姿态参数量较少且易于获取;Pc-Crash系统计算相对误差约为9%,计算时需要人工手动反复试算,调整车速、位置、姿态等预估参数。研究结果表明:采用Crash View逆算法的仿真再现系统更适用于实际交通事故车速计算; PcCrash试算法受经验公式影响较大,适用范围较小。     

乘客不是“交通警察”

日前,四川省人大常委会办公厅决定向社会征求老百姓对《四川省<中华人民共和国道路交通安全法>实施办法(草案)的修改意见。该草案对事故预防、车辆和驾驶人、道路通行、事故处理和法律责任等都作出了明确规定。草案规定,乘车人不得乘坐以下三种情况的机动车:明知驾驶人无驾驶证或者驾驶人饮酒后驾驶的;明知机动车已达报废标准或者拼装的;已满员或超载的。     

行人与不同车型车碰撞事故中头部损伤来源

为更好地了解行人与不同车型车碰撞事故中头部损伤来源,选取轿车、运动型多功能车(SUV)及客车3种典型车型,以车速为变量设计仿真试验。首先借助一个真实案例验证Pc-Crash软件,然后利用该软件开展仿真试验,并用已有模型验证轿车事故中的行人抛距值,最后通过做图分析可知:3种车型事故中行人头部损伤程度均随车速的提升而加重;在相同车速下,SUV事故中行人头部损伤最严重;不同车型事故中,车辆所致损伤最高的是SUV型车,而地面所致损伤最高的是客车;轿车与SUV事故中行人头部损伤主要来源于车辆撞击,而客车事故中行人头部损伤来源较为复杂,但多数情况下来源于地面撞击。     

基于事故逆向再现的车辆追尾事故仿真分析研究

为认定车辆碰撞事故的性质及责任，动态还原事故发生过程。提出1种逆向事故分析再现方法，经过坐标系旋转后构建确定方程组的车辆碰撞瞬间解析计算模型，并经过实车碰撞实验数据验证其计算精度与三维再现的准确性。利用Crashview软件对1起车辆追尾事故进行仿真分析，解析计算得出车辆碰撞瞬间车速和碰撞前行驶车速，实现事故二维过程重构和三维模拟再现。结果表明:计算分析车速与VDR记录车速误差在5%以内，模拟再现轨迹与事故现场实测痕迹基本吻合，所构建的方法可有效用于车辆追尾碰撞事故辅助分析鉴定，为事故过程分析提供理论依据。     

Medical investigation after a motorcoach strikes the rear of a tractor semitrailer parked on the highway; 13 fatal

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the medical conditions of 2 commercial drivers and the effects of physical barriers to occupant egress in a crash involving a tractor trailer and a motorcoach in order to assess and identify the factors that caused the crash and had a significant effect on occupant extrication.

Methods: Physical evidence from the scene, video evidence, commercial driver information, phone records, toxicology findings, autopsy results, and personal medical information were reviewed.

Results: On October 23, 2016, at 5:16 a.m., a motorcoach carrying a driver and 42 passengers struck the rear of a stopped semitrailer occupied by its driver in the center-right lane of Interstate 10 at highway speed outside Palm Springs, California. The motorcoach driver and 12 passengers died; 11 passengers were seriously injured.

All traffic had been stopped on I-10 early that morning to allow electrical lines to be strung over the highway. Security camera footage showed that the truck arrived at the end of a traffic queue 2?min before traffic flow resumed. Physical evidence indicated that the truck’s parking brake was still engaged at the time of the collision about 2?min later. The truck driver had a body mass index (BMI) between 45.6 and 50?kg/m², which placed him at very high risk of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea; he also inaccurately recalled that he had been stopped for 20–25?min and had placed the vehicle in gear just before the collision.

The motorcoach driver was on the return leg of an overnight trip to a casino. Based on his phone records, known driving time, and security camera footage, at the time of the collision he had had 4?h of sleep opportunity in the preceding 35?h. There was no evidence that the motorcoach driver attempted any evasive action before the collision. In addition, postmortem testing revealed a hemoglobin A1C of 11.4%, indicating poorly controlled diabetes; this was apparently undiagnosed prior to the crash.

The motorcoach was equipped with a single loading door at the front of the vehicle; it was rendered inoperable by the collision. Emergency egress was initially carried out through the emergency exit windows, but they repeatedly swung shut, impeding passengers’ efforts to exit. Emergency responders eventually cut open the bus wall to create a larger means of egress. Overall, it took almost 3?h to extricate the occupants from the vehicle.

Conclusions: The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the probable cause of the accident was the truck driver’s falling asleep, most likely due to undiagnosed moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea, and the motorcoach driver’s failure to identify the stopped truck as a hazard requiring evasive action, most likely as the result of fatigue. Additional easy-to-use emergency exits would have decreased the time to extricate the occupants.     

交通事故现场警务取证区块化溯源分析方法*

为突破以现场为中心的取证模式，研究基于交通事故过程导向的交通事故现场警务取证系统化方法，以审判为中心理念重构警务取证的新模式，应用区块链溯源方法的思想与技术，提出警务取证区块化溯源分析方法。结果表明:交通事故现场警务取证，应当以交通事故认定的交通事故构成的“七何”要件为证明标准；警务取证包括交通事故全过程的道路交通系统、交通事故现场、交通事故事实3个区块节点；取证具体涉及交通安全风险控制系统的8个系统要素，现场系统的7个系统要素，以及交通事故元素的2个事实要素。该方法的双向溯源技术可确保警务取证的成效，有效提升取证执法效能。     

从道路交通事故统计分析对比谈预防措施

笔者通过对比我国与世界上部分发达国家近十年来在道路交通事故方面的统计数据 ,并根据经济发展水平与机动车保有量的正比例关系及当前我国道路交通事故现状 ,分析得出道路交通安全事故的发生 ,与人、车辆、道路、环境信息及管理等因素具有密切关系 ,其中人 (尤其是驾驶员 )作为交通行为的主体 ,是道路交通事故诱因中一个关键性因素。由此 ,作者提出了要有效预防和减少道路交通事故的发生 ,必须将人、车、路、环境信息和管理等诸因素作为一个有机整体系统思考 ,且在未来的道路交通发展中应引入交通稳静化理念 ,以实现道路交通的安全、畅通与高效     

Improving the Chest Protection of Elderly Occupants in Frontal Crashes Using SMART Load Limiters

Objective: To determine whether varying the seat belt load limiter (SBL) according to crash and occupant characteristics could have real-world injury reduction benefits in frontal impacts and, if so, to quantify those benefits.

Methods: Real-world UK accident data were used to identify the target population of vehicle occupants and frontal crash scenarios where improved chest protection could be most beneficial. Generic baseline driver and front passenger numerical models using a 50th percentile dummy were developed with MADYMO software. Simulations were performed where the load limiter threshold was varied in selected frontal impact scenarios. For each SBL setting, restraint performance, dummy kinematics, and injury outcome were studied in 5 different frontal impact types. Thoracic injury predictions were converted into injury probability values using Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ age-dependent thoracic risk curves developed and validated based on a methodology proposed by Laituri et al. (2005). Real-world benefit was quantified using the predicted AIS 2+ risk and assuming that an appropriate adaptive system was fitted to all the cars in a real-world sample of recent frontal crashes involving European passenger cars.

Results: From the accident data sample the chest was the most frequently injured body region at an AIS 2+ level in frontal impacts (7% of front seat occupants). The proportion of older vehicle front seat occupants (>64 years) with AIS 2+ injury was also greater than the proportion of younger occupants. Additionally, older occupants were more likely to sustain seat belt–induced serious chest injury in low- and moderate-speed frontal crashes. In both front seating positions, the low SBL provided the best chest injury protection, without increasing the risk to other body regions. In severe impacts, the low SBL allowed the driver to move dangerously close to the steering wheel. Compared to the driver side, greater ride-down space on the passenger side gave a higher potential for using the low SBLs. When applying the AIS 2+ risk reduction findings to the weighted accident data sample, the risk of sustaining an AIS 2+ seat belt injury changed to 0.9, 4.9, and 8.1% for young, mid, and older occupants, respectively, from their actual injury risk of 1.3, 7.6, and 13.1%.

Conclusions: These results suggest the potential for improving the safety of older occupants with the development of smarter restraint systems. This is an important finding because the number of older users is expected to increase rapidly over the next 20 years. The greatest benefits were seen at lower crash severities. This is also important because most real-world crashes occur at lower speeds.     

驾驶人视觉注意力需求与驾驶行为特性的关系

采用驾驶模拟系统平台,以不同车道类型及不同交通流状态(自由流/稳定流/不稳定流/强制流)为虚拟试验场,应用心理试验设计方法,测试得到21名被试在不同交通流状态下的视觉注意力需求及驾驶行为。对5种车道类型及4种交通流状态下被试驾驶时的视觉注意力需求特性和驾驶行为特性数据进行分析,得到不同车道不同交通流状态下的视觉注意力需求变化情况。利用多元回归方法分析了不同交通流状态下驾驶人视觉注意力需求与驾驶行为之间的关系,并构建了基于驾驶行为特性的驾驶人视觉注意力需求预测模型。结果表明,驾驶人视觉注意力需求与制动次数、油门踏板位移和车辆轨迹偏差之间存在相关关系。     

Exploring the factors affecting motorway accident severity in England using the generalised ordered logistic regression model

ProblemThe severity of motorway accidents that occurred on the hard shoulder (HS) is higher than for the main carriageway (MC). This paper compares and contrasts the most important factors affecting the severity of HS and MC accidents on motorways in England.MethodUsing police reported accident data, the accidents that occurred on motorways in England are grouped into two categories (i.e., HS and MC) according to the location. A generalized ordered logistic regression model is then applied to identify the factors affecting the severity of HS and MC accidents on motorways. The factors examined include accident and vehicle characteristics, traffic and environment conditions, as well as other behavioral factors.ResultsResults suggest that the factors positively affecting the severity include: number of vehicles involved in the accident, peak-hour traffic time, and low visibility. Differences between HS and MC accidents are identified, with the most important being the involvement of heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) and driver fatigue, which are found to be more crucial in increasing the severity of HS accidents.Practical applicationsMeasures to increase awareness of HGV drivers regarding the risk of fatigue when driving on motorways, and especially the nearside lane, should be taken by the stakeholders.