人车碰撞事故中行人动力学响应及损伤研究

为研究行人与车辆碰撞后的抛距、运动姿态及其损伤机制,根据国家车辆事故深度调查体系(NAIS)中的2起真实案例,针对事故中常见的厢式客车和普通轿车车型,基于MADYMO多刚体仿真软件,建立符合中国人体形特征的人车碰撞多刚体模型。在此基础上进行计算机模拟试验,研究2种车型不同车速和碰撞角度对碰撞后行人动力学响应及损伤的影响。结果表明,车型和车速是影响行人抛距和损伤程度的主要因素,而碰撞角度对行人碰撞后的运动姿态有较大影响。     

行人与不同车型车碰撞事故中头部损伤来源

为更好地了解行人与不同车型车碰撞事故中头部损伤来源,选取轿车、运动型多功能车(SUV)及客车3种典型车型,以车速为变量设计仿真试验。首先借助一个真实案例验证Pc-Crash软件,然后利用该软件开展仿真试验,并用已有模型验证轿车事故中的行人抛距值,最后通过做图分析可知:3种车型事故中行人头部损伤程度均随车速的提升而加重;在相同车速下,SUV事故中行人头部损伤最严重;不同车型事故中,车辆所致损伤最高的是SUV型车,而地面所致损伤最高的是客车;轿车与SUV事故中行人头部损伤主要来源于车辆撞击,而客车事故中行人头部损伤来源较为复杂,但多数情况下来源于地面撞击。     

基于Pc-Crash的多车碰撞事故再现仿真分步方法

为降低多车碰撞事故仿真再现的难度并确保再现结果的可靠性,建立基于Pc-Crash的事故再现仿真分步方法。该方法将多车碰撞过程划分为多个独立的2车碰撞过程,对最开始的2车碰撞过程进行仿真后分别获得2车碰撞后的运动参数,进而定义新的2车碰撞仿真过程,重复此步骤,直至仿真中所有相关痕迹与事故现场痕迹相吻合为止。仿真再现一例3车碰撞事故。结果显示,基于Pc-Crash的事故再现仿真分步方法可用于仿真再现多车碰撞事故,且仿真车辆运动轨迹和损坏程度等痕迹均与实际情况相吻合。     

基于仿真的交通事故机动车驾驶人识别方法

为正确识别交通事故中的机动车驾驶人,借助仿真软件,提出一种基于仿真的机动车驾驶人识别方法。先根据事故现场痕迹,借助Pc-Crash软件仿真车辆的运动轨迹;再根据Pc-Crash仿真所得速度、位置等信息,借助Madymo软件仿真乘员的运动;然后通过分析车辆运动轨迹、人体损伤和人体最终停止位置等仿真结果确定驾驶人。最后用该方法识别了一例2车侧面碰撞事故中的驾驶人,所得结果与警方调查结果一致。借助仿真方法并充分利用事故现场痕迹,能够识别机动车驾驶人。     

基于Pc-Crash的车辆侧滑事故再现方法

为准确再现车辆侧滑事故,基于Pc-Crash软件,提出一种分步再现事故的方法。该方法首先仿真事故车辆侧滑运动,获得侧滑车辆碰撞前瞬间运动状态参数;然后定义新仿真以再现侧滑车辆与事故其他参与者的碰撞;重复此2步骤,以确保仿真中痕迹与事故中痕迹最相符合。最后就一例车辆侧滑后与过往车辆发生碰撞的事故,演示该分步再现方法各步骤的实现途径。结果显示,利用Pc-Crash软件分步再现车辆侧滑事故,能较为容易地控制再现过程,保证仿真中痕迹与现实情况的一致性。     

汽车-摩托车碰撞事故车速及碰撞位置预估方法

为给汽车-摩托车碰撞事故再现提供初始碰撞车速与碰撞位置的预估值,基于Pc-Crash软件所获得的仿真试验数据及支持向量回归方法,得到碰撞车速、车辆制动距离与汽车-骑车人静止位置间距离、汽车-摩托车静止位置间距离、摩托车-骑车人静止位置间距离的回归关系模型。用案例对所得模型进行演示及验证。结果表明,相关模型中决定系数大于0.993,而剩余标准差小于0.003,回归关系显著;用支持向量回归模型所得预估碰撞车速、车辆制动距离与借助Pc-Crash软件再现得到的结果很接近,相对误差均小于2%。     

汽车行人碰撞接触中行人运动学规律仿真研究

基于交通事故模拟分析PC-Crash软件及其内嵌多体系统动力学分析MADYMO模块,建立并验证了车辆多体模型和行人多体模型;对汽车与行人碰撞接触阶段的行人运动学具有较大影响的因素展开广泛分析,并构建汽车行人碰撞仿真试验方案;通过选取对汽车与行人碰撞接触阶段具有较大影响的因素作为仿真试验的自变量,对不同碰撞环境下汽车与行人碰撞接触过程中的行人运动学规律(包括运动姿态和对应的碰撞车速阈值)进行深入研究;汽车行人碰撞仿真与真实事故以及碰撞试验对比具有较好的规律吻合性和一致性。研究表明,笔者采用的计算机建模仿真方法在汽车行人碰撞运动学研究中具有实用价值。     

行人与轿车正碰后卷绕型运动形态仿真研究*

为研究行人与轿车正碰后卷绕型运动形态规律以及行人损伤情况,基于PC Crash和MADYMO软件进行仿真分析。分析不同发动机罩倾斜程度对行人抛距的影响,以及不同车速、行人走向、前挡风玻璃倾角对行人头部、胸腔的损伤影响,最后通过CIDAS数据库中的3起真实案例进行验证。结果表明:分段抛距公式不仅能反映行人抛距变化趋势,而且在2个分段范围内均能较好地拟合实际抛距,平均误差为4.23%,实际案例验证的结果误差在5%以内,证明实验方法的准确性。     

车人碰撞事故再现技术研究进展

车人碰撞事故再现已成为国内外研究热点,提高结果可信性为事故再现的核心。根据事故再现所需痕迹将再现方法分为6类,即"行人抛距"、"车辆制动距离"、"行人损伤"、"车辆变形"、"其他"以及"仿真"。通过分析各类方法的优缺点,提出可综合利用这些方法获得客观、可信的事故再现结果。然后探讨提高车人碰撞事故再现结果可信性的新发展方向:开发国产、高精度的事故再现软件,研究事故再现结果的不确定性问题,以及研究痕迹间关系在事故再现中的应用。而其中仿真所得事故再现结果的不确定性问题、车人碰撞事故再现区间不确定优化方法以及事故现场痕迹间关系为值得期待的新研究内容。     

基于逆算法与试算法的车辆碰撞车速对比研究

为提高道路交通事故车速计算仿真再现的准确性与实用性,基于车对车碰撞事故案例,采用道路交通事故分析与再现系统(Crash View)逆算法与Pc-Crash试算法,对比分析其计算机制、模型算法、输入参数、输出误差等核心解算部分,优化车速计算算法,完成事故实际场景车速计算;Crash View系统计算相对误差约为4%,输入车辆位置、车身结构、车体姿态参数量较少且易于获取;Pc-Crash系统计算相对误差约为9%,计算时需要人工手动反复试算,调整车速、位置、姿态等预估参数。研究结果表明:采用Crash View逆算法的仿真再现系统更适用于实际交通事故车速计算; PcCrash试算法受经验公式影响较大,适用范围较小。     

Pedestrian head impact conditions depending on the vehicle front shape and its construction--full model simulation

For the evaluation of pedestrian protection, the European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee Working Group 17 report is now commonly used. In the evaluation of head injuries, the report takes into account only the hood area of the vehicle. But recent pedestrian accident data has shown the injury source for head injury changing to the windshield and A-pillar from the hood. The head contact points are considered to fall on a parallel to the front shape of the vehicle along the lateral direction, but the rigidity of the outer side construction is different from the center area. The purpose of this study is to consider the reason for the change in injury source for recent vehicle models. The head contact points and contact conditions, speed and angle, are thought to be influenced not only by the vehicle's geometry, but also its construction (rigidity). In this study, vehicle-pedestrian impact simulations were calculated with a finite element model for several hitting positions, including the outer side areas. Full dummy sled tests were conducted to confirm the simulation results. These results show that, for impacts at the outer sides of the vehicle, the head contact points are more rearward than at the vehicle center. In addition, the speed and angle of the head contact were found to be influenced by the pedestrian height.     

一种改进的事故再现蒙特卡罗优化算法

为使事故再现结果更符合实际情况,对事故再现中的计算过程进行优化。基于蒙特卡罗方法和随机加权方法,提出一种改进的事故再现蒙特卡罗优化算法。该算法以二维碰撞模型和车辆轨迹模型为计算模型,选择碰撞点位置、碰撞前速度、法向恢复系数为优化参数,以实际车辆碰撞后运动轨迹离差最小为优化目标。分别用所提出的改进算法和Pc-Crash中的优化方法对一算例进行优化。结果表明,改进算法在准确度和稳定性等方面优于Pc-Crash中的方法。利用改进的事故再现蒙特卡罗优化算法,不仅能获得最优的事故再现结果,还能获得再现结果落在任意区间的概率。     

基于Logistic的不同车型碰撞行人事故严重程度致因分析

为定量分析不同车型碰撞行人事故严重程度影响因素,以美国北卡罗来纳州2007-2016年人车碰撞事故数据为样本,将其分为小轿车、SUV、货车碰撞行人事故3类,以事故严重程度为因变量,交通参与者属性、道路、环境条件和事故特征为候选自变量,分别建立累计logistic模型进行对比分析,探究人、车、路和环境因素对人车碰撞事故严...     

Finite Element Analysis of Knee Injury Risks in Car-to-Pedestrian Impacts

In vehicle–pedestrian collisions, lower extremities of pedestrians are frequently injured by vehicle front structures. In this study, a finite element (FE) model of THUMS (total human model for safety) was modified in order to assess injuries to a pedestrian lower extremity. Dynamic impact responses of the knee joint of the FE model were validated on the basis of data from the literature. Since in real-world accidents, the vehicle bumper can impact the lower extremities in various situations, the relations between lower extremity injury risk and impact conditions, such as between impact location, angle, and impactor stiffness, were analyzed. The FE simulation demonstrated that the motion of the lower extremity may be classified into a contact effect of the impactor and an inertia effect from a thigh or leg. In the contact phase, the stress of the bone is high in the area contacted by the impactor, which can cause fracture. Thus, in this phase the impactor stiffness affects the fracture risk of bone. In the inertia phase, the behavior of the lower extremity depends on the impact locations and angles, and the knee ligament forces become high according to the lower extremity behavior. The force of the collateral ligament is high compared with other knee ligaments, due to knee valgus motions in vehicle-pedestrian collisions.     

Finite element analysis of knee injury risks in car-to-pedestrian impacts

In vehicle-pedestrian collisions, lower extremities of pedestrians are frequently injured by vehicle front structures. In this study, a finite element (FE) model of THUMS (total human model for safety) was modified in order to assess injuries to a pedestrian lower extremity. Dynamic impact responses of the knee joint of the FE model were validated on the basis of data from the literature. Since in real-world accidents, the vehicle bumper can impact the lower extremities in various situations, the relations between lower extremity injury risk and impact conditions, such as between impact location, angle, and impactor stiffness, were analyzed. The FE simulation demonstrated that the motion of the lower extremity may be classified into a contact effect of the impactor and an inertia effect from a thigh or leg. In the contact phase, the stress of the bone is high in the area contacted by the impactor, which can cause fracture. Thus, in this phase the impactor stiffness affects the fracture risk of bone. In the inertia phase, the behavior of the lower extremity depends on the impact locations and angles, and the knee ligament forces become high according to the lower extremity behavior. The force of the collateral ligament is high compared with other knee ligaments, due to knee valgus motions in vehicle-pedestrian collisions.     

Situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds in Japan

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds in Japan. We focused on vehicles with 4 or more wheels. Such characteristics included daytime or nighttime conditions, road type, vehicle behaviors preceding the accident, and vehicle impact locations.

Methods: Pedestrian fatality data on vehicle–pedestrian accidents were obtained from the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis of Japan (ITARDA) from 2005 to 2014. Nine vehicle classifications were considered: Trucks with gross vehicle weight (GVW) ≥7.5 tons and <7.5 tons, buses, box vans, minivans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), sedans, light passenger cars (LPCs), and light cargo vans (LCVs). We compared the situational daytime or nighttime conditions, road type, vehicle behaviors preceding the accident, and vehicle impact locations for accident-involved vehicles traveling at low and higher speeds across all vehicle types.

Results: The results indicate that pedestrian fatalities involving vehicles traveling at low speeds occurred more often under daytime conditions across all vehicle types. At signalized intersections, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when vehicles were traveling at low speed, except when the accidents involved box vans or SUVs. Similarly, when vehicles turned right, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when vehicles traveling at low speed were involved across all vehicle types. In terms of the frontal right vehicle impact location, the relative proportions of pedestrian fatalities were significantly higher when trucks with GVW ≥7.5 tons or <7.5 tons, sedans, or LCVs traveling at low speed were involved.

Conclusions: The situational characteristics of fatal pedestrian accidents involving vehicles traveling at low speeds identified in this study can guide targeted development of new traffic safety regulations or technologies specific to vehicle–pedestrian interactions at low vehicle travel speeds (i.e., driver alert devices or automated emergency braking systems). Ultimately, these developments can improve pedestrian safety by reducing the frequency or severity of vehicle–pedestrian accidents for vehicles turning right at intersections and/or reducing the number of resultant pedestrian fatalities.