基于集成法的道路交通安全评价

为了对道路交通安全进行较为客观的定量评价,将一种新的集成评价方法运用到评价中.该方法是包括德尔斐法、层次分析法、灰色聚类法、模糊评判、矩阵方法等一系列方法的综合应用.在该方法中,德尔斐法被用于建立道路交通安全的评价指标体系,层次分析法被用来确定各评价指标间的权重,灰色聚类法被用来对专家评分进行处理,模糊评判以及矩阵方法被用在整个运算过程中.不同的理论有不同的适用性,在道路交通安全评价中的不同阶段使用不同的理论,就能获得一个直观的评价结果.最后用一个算例说明了整个思路,并证明了该法是有效可行的,且有对历史样本数据无依赖、简单直观等优点.     

基于WSR-TOPSIS的学生公寓火灾风险评价

针对学生公寓导致火灾的因素繁多且复杂的特点,为了有效预防和减少学生公寓火灾事故的发生,提出了基于WSR-TOPSIS的学生公寓火灾风险评价方法.首先,在WSR理论基础上构建学生公寓火灾风险评价体系,其次应用G1法、熵权法和方差最大化理论分别计算主观权重、客观权重和组合权重,最后使用TOPSIS法得出评价结果.将所建立的模型应用于陕西省西安市4所高校的学生公寓火灾风险评价中,得出了各评价对象的火灾风险等级和排名.研究表明,所建立的模型能够应用于学生公寓火灾风险评价中,具有可行性与合理性.     

生产安全领域科研项目成果评价指标与评价方法研究*

为了更全面、更准确地开展生产安全领域科研项目成果的评价工作,以国家对科技成果评价的相关法规与标准为指引,结合生产安全领域科研项目成果的自身特点,基于德尔菲法从“学术与技术水平”、“成果效益”和“成果影响”3个方面构建相应的多层次评价指标体系;结合生产安全领域科研项目成果特点,提出综合采用同行评议法、多维指数评价法、层次分析法、模糊综合评价法和科学计量法的评价方法选择思路,并以Yaahp作为评价方法的配套工具进行实际应用。研究结果可为生产安全领域相关科研项目成果的评价工作提供一套从指标体系到评价方法,从评价方法到评价工具的整体解决方案。     

基于模糊理论的渤海湾海水水质综合评价

综合评价渤海湾海水水质状况,分析主要水质影响因子.基于2001-2005年渤海湾海域20多个监测点的重金属、氮、磷、石油等10项污染物浓度监测数据,参照GB 3097-1997<海水水质标准>,采用模糊数学综合评价模型评价渤海湾水质污染程度.结果表明,渤海湾海水水质总体为<海水水质标准>中的3、4级,且主要污染物为无机氮.本文所采用方法强调主要污染因子对最终评价结果的影响,是比较严格的评价方法,因此其计算结果与内梅罗指数评价法同样偏保守.模糊综合评价模型可提供监测点水质对各级水质的隶属度,与内梅罗指数评价法相比,能为决策分析者提供更多有用信息,是更科学合理的评价方法.     

加油站安全评价方法与思考

本文从系统安全工程的观点,针对加油站这个特殊评价实体,分析其评价方法及思路.     

矿岩可崩性的可拓聚类预测研究

将可拓工程方法与聚类分析相结合,以矿岩的可崩性等级和影响因子构造经典域物元和节域物元,应用物元理论和可拓集合中的关联函数,建立了可拓聚类预测的简单物元模型.通过与RQD法,RMR法,MRMR法以及Q系统分级法的矿岩可崩性分级评价结果相比较,可拓聚类预测方法所获得的结果与其他评价方法的结果具有一致性,说明该方法的可行性.可拓聚类预测结果具有不仅反映事物从属级别的绝对性,而且还能反映其相对性的优点.     

隧道施工现场安全评价的费歇判别分析(FDA)模型及其应用

建立了隧道施工现场安全评价的费歇判别分析(FDA)模型,从基坑支护、施工用电、机械设备、安全管理等方面选取20个影响因素作为该模型的评判因子.充分利用隧道施工已有安全信息,根据工程施工的历史实例数据对FDA模型进行训练,将所建立的模型应用到某公司隧道施工的评价实例中.结果表明:评价结果和实际情况吻合;可以为隧道的安全施工提供理论指导,具有重要的实用价值,可在工程中推广使用;该评价方法也为隧道施工现场的安全评价提供了一条新的思路.     

灰色关联决策法在SEA替代方案比选中的应用

灰色关联决策法的灰关联度存在局部关联倾向和造成信息损失的不足.按信息熵原理,定义灰关联熵对灰色关联决策法进行改进.以《武汉市国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年总体规划纲要(草案)》为例,对其进行模拟战略环境评价,把改进后的灰色关联决策法用于替代方案的比选.结果表明,该法的思路清晰,过程简洁,能给出替代方案优劣的定量评价结果,灰关联熵比灰关联度能更真实地反映方案的差别.     

基于未确知测度和博弈论集对理论的油气管道维抢修站队选址评价

为解决油气管道维抢修站队选址评价中主观决策问题,本文应用未确知测度与博弈论集对理论,建立油气管道维抢修站队选址评价模型.从站队选址的自然环境条件、工程作业条件、工程可实施性以及工程经济性4个层次确定12项评判指标,采用直线法构造单指标未确知测度函数,基于博弈论组合赋权技术将G1法和熵权法相结合确定评价指标权重并构造多指标未确知测度向量,依据置信度识别准则对评价等级进行判定与排序.最后将该模型应用于国家管网公司所辖典型维抢修站队选址评价,模型评价结果与实际论证结果吻合.结果表明:该模型具有较高的实用性与可操作性,为站队选址评价与安全决策提供新的借鉴和参考思路.     

基于三角模糊熵-理想点法的LNG接收站选址评价模型研究

为了对LNG接收站选址进行科学评价,综合考虑了环境、政策、交通及经济4方面因素,选取自然条件、安全性及城市发展规划等14个指标作为LNG接收站选址评价指标体系;结合三角模糊熵组合赋权法确定评价指标权重,根据理想点法原理计算理想点贴近度,得到LNG接收站选址评价结果;构建了基于三角模糊熵-理想点法的评价模型,并进行评价模型实例应用。实例应用结果表明:该评价模型的评价结果与LNG接收站选址论证单位的比选结果相一致,验证了该评价模型的可行性和合理性以及评价方法的有效性。该方法为LNG接收站选址评价提供了1种新的思路。     

小城镇灾害易损性可拓评估的原理和应用

为给小城镇防灾减灾和小城镇规划等提供科学依据,本文借鉴可拓原理对小城镇灾害易损性进行了可拓评估.首先,建立了小城镇灾害易损性的可拓评估流程,结合湖南小城镇实例,选取评价指标,确定灾害易损性的分级标准;其次,构建了可拓评估的经典域、节域蝌和物元;然后提出了用简单关联函数计算指标权重;最后,计算了灾害易损性的关联函数值和关联度,评估了灾害易损性的等级并计算了其变量特征值.与模糊评估方法相比,两者平级结果总体上一致.结果表明,该方法能较真实地反映小城镇灾害易损性等级,同时也证明了将可拓原理应用于小城镇灾害易损性评估的可行性.     

A risk concept applicable for both probabilistic and non-probabilistic perspectives

In engineering risk assessments, probability is the common tool used to describe the epistemic uncertainties about unknown quantities. Probability is considered a main component of risk. However, a number of alternative approaches exist for representing and describing uncertainties in risk assessments, including possibility theory and evidence theory. For these approaches and theories a probability-based risk definition cannot in general serve as a conceptual framework for risk assessments. A broader risk perspective is required. The purpose of the present paper is to present such a perspective and show how both the probabilistic and the alternative approaches and theories can be supported by this perspective. The key feature of this perspective is that uncertainty replaces probability in the definition of risk.     

材料和结构的损伤与安全性

本文介绍了材料和结构损伤与安全性的研究进展.首先从损伤所造成危害的严重性来说明研究材料和结构损伤的重要性,介绍目前材料和构件损伤问题研究所遇到的现状.进一步对材料和结构损伤做了归纳,并介绍了几种典型损伤的研究方法,以及损伤程度对结构安全性的影响.最后指出了材料和结构损伤及安全性研究发展趋势.     

Implementation and evaluation of the Safety Element Method at four mining sites

The Safety Element Method (SEM) is a method for improvements of safety results and safety approaches in the Norwegian mining industry. The method is developed by users and researchers in co-operation. The main approach of the method is that a group of organisational members assesses the current and desired situation for their own organisation within defined areas. Based on this assessment they work out a strategy and action plan to reach the internal goals for desired achievement, i.e. the desired situation defined. This article presents the implementation of the method in four mining companies and evaluates the method for its construct validity, criterion validity, face validity, how the method functions and is accepted among the users. The results show that the opinions regarding the experiences with the method are, on the whole, positive. The method is regarded as a valuable approach towards safety improvements. Subjective assessments play a prominent role in SEM, but these assessments are supported by an extensive review of empirical data such as accident reports, interview results and a questionnaire. This means that the internal assessments correspond well to the safety results of the companies and also to the independent external reviews carried out by the researcher.     

Predictability of clinical assessments for driving performance

PROBLEM: As the number of older drivers grows, it is increasingly important to accurately identify at-risk drivers. This study tested clinical assessments predictive of real-time driving performance. METHOD: Selected assessment tools considered important in the identification of at-risk older drivers represented the domains of vision, cognition, motor performance, and driving knowledge. Participants were administered the battery of assessments followed by an on-road test. A univariate analysis was conducted to identify significant factors (<.05) to be included in a multivariate regression model. RESULTS: Assessments identified as independently associated with driving performance in the regression model included: FACTTM Contrast sensitivity slide-B, Rapid Pace Walk, UFOV rating, and MMSE total score. DISCUSSION: The domains of vision, cognitive, and motor performance were represented in the predictive model. SUMMARY: Due to the dynamic nature of the driving task, it is not likely that a single assessment tool will identify at risk drivers. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: By standardizing the selection of clinical assessments used in driving evaluations, practitioners should be able to provide services more efficiently, more objectively, and more accurately to identify at-risk drivers.     

Making sense of organizational change: Is hindsight really 20/20?

This qualitative study explores the conceptual links between 2 different approaches to managerial cognition, sensemaking and cognitive bias, in the context of organizational change. A longitudinal case study utilizing both real‐time assessments and retrospective sensemaking data from interviews with 26 hospital employees at 3 points in time was undertaken. Patterns related to individuals' retrospective accounts and real‐time assessments were identified and used to construct 4 prototypical narratives. Data analysis revealed that organizational change was not a markedly negative experience for most informants, which is contrary to the prevailing theme in the literature. This and other findings are discussed in terms of sensemaking and cognitive bias. This study makes 2 contributions to our understanding of how individual's experience and make sense of organizational change over time as (a) little is known about how the process of change unfolds over time at the individual level and (b) extant research has not investigated the extent to which individuals' retrospective sensemaking about organizational change reflects or diverges from their real‐time assessments over the course of the change. More broadly, the study provides insights and focused advice for management researchers regarding the use of retrospective data to understand individuals' perceptions of situations that have already occurred.     

Hassles on the job: a study of a job intervention with urban bus drivers

Epidemiological, psychophysiological and survey data all converge on the conclusion that driving a bus in an urban area is extremely stressful, posing serious health risks. We show that reductions in job hassles while operating buses largely account for the salutary effects of a job environment intervention designed to lessen traffic congestion, diminish passenger demands on drivers, and generally ease bus operation. This study also makes methodological contributions to the stress and health literature. Independent observers' assessments of changes in job hassles caused by a field intervention predict, in a longitudinal design, multimethodological markers of stress including blood pressure, heart rate, and a standardized self‐report index of stress. The value of utilizing job re‐design studies to more rigorously investigate stress and health is discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Risk assessment tools incorporating human error probabilities in the Japanese small-sized establishment

Although it has been estimated that as many as 80% of all occupational accidents have human errors as a cause, no risk assessment tools incorporating human-related elements have been developed for small companies. Human error probability (HEP) and human error analysis (HEA) have been used for large-scale, safety-critical industries for last three decades, but these tools are not suitable for smaller, more general industries that comprise the majority of accident settings.Here, we describe and verify a risk assessment tool that includes human-related elements for small companies. The tool expands on traditional risk assessment methods, such as matrix, risk graph and numerical scoring method, by adding human-related elements. The tool is easy-to-use in occupational environments, and includes assessments of human behavior and potentially outdated machinery at work place.     

Reconstructing human contributions to accidents: the new view on error and performance

PROBLEM: How can human contributions to accidents be reconstructed? Investigators can easily take the position a of retrospective outsider, looking back on a sequence of events that seems to lead to an inevitable outcome, and pointing out where people went wrong. This does not explain much, however, and may not help prevent recurrence. METHOD AND RESULTS: This paper examines how investigators can reconstruct the role that people contribute to accidents in light of what has recently become known as the new view of human error. The commitment of the new view is to move controversial human assessments and actions back into the flow of events of which they were part and which helped bring them forth, to see why assessments and actions made sense to people at the time. The second half of the paper addresses one way in which investigators can begin to reconstruct people's unfolding mindsets. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: In an era where a large portion of accidents are attributed to human error, it is critical to understand why people did what they did, rather than judging them for not doing what we now know they should have done. This paper helps investigators avoid the traps of hindsight by presenting a method with which investigators can begin to see how people's actions and assessments actually made sense at the time.