碱法草浆黑液微生物酸化与甲烷发酵的研究

国外利用制浆废水厌氧发酵产生沼气的研究已取得了一定的进展,但厌氧消化烧碱法草浆黑液产沼气的研究还未见报道.我国中小型纸厂多以草类为原料,其蒸煮黑液的碱度高(pH>10),对甲烷菌生长极不利.因此,在厌氧发酵之前,必须使黑液的pH降低到适合甲烷菌生长的范围.一般多采用废酸调节pH,但有局限性.如何选用一些具有特殊功能的微生     

改性Fe_2O_3脱硫剂脱除H_2S反应特性

为了提高zk-4型Fe2O3脱硫剂脱除沼气中H2S气体的速率,缩短反应的时间,首先搭建了利用容量法测量气固化学反应速率的测试装置,并使用1 mol/L的KF、NaOH、KOH碱性溶液对原始脱硫剂进行浸泡、烘干处理,然后对所得3种处理过的脱硫剂与原脱硫剂进行吸附脱硫实验研究,最终得出实验过程中H2S气体摩尔浓度的变化趋势、4种脱硫剂最大反应速率与H2S摩尔浓度的关系式、反应初期阶段相应的反应级数和4种脱硫剂的最大反应速率的排列次序,在反应初始阶段的最大脱硫速率关系依次为r(AKOH)r(ANaOH)r(AKF)r(A0)。     

铝塑包装废物热解过程能量平衡分析

热解是实现铝塑包装废物中有机物和金属铝分离的有效方法。利用外热式固定床反应系统对其进行热解实验,研究热解时物质与能量流向的变化趋势。结果表明:(1)铝塑包装废物最佳热解温度为723～773 K;(2)热解产生的可回收能量远大于反应所需能量,可以实现热解系统的自供热;(3)铝塑包装废物热解的净能源回收效率为62%～63%。     

废物交换——废物资源化的新方法

在介绍废物交换产生背景的同时，对废物交换市场各要素进行分析，阐述了废物交换的类型和模式，以信息交换为例研究了废物交换各环节，并设计了废物交换工作的评估指标。     

积极发展农村沼气工程

沼气是一种清洁卫生的能源。通过沼气这个中心环节,使农业废弃物得到充分利用。本工程以较小的投入获得了较多的产出,既提高了经济效益,又有利于改善生态环境,保护农业生态平衡。鄞县甲村乡上李家村沼气工程的建设,不仅改变了农村燃料结构,为农村提供了清洁卫生的新能源,还减轻了农业废弃物对环境的污染,促进农业废弃物的资源化利用,为发展生态农业创造了条件。     

藻渣添加对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵特征的影响

厌氧发酵是农业废弃物资源化的有效途径之一.将农业废弃物同其他富含氮元素的有机废物混合发酵能够有效地提高产气效率.以玉米秸秆为例,尝试利用藻渣作为添加剂,提高农业废弃物厌氧发酵的性能.实验主要研究了混合发酵比例对沼气产量、甲烷产量、沼渣沼液特征的影响.当玉米秸秆、藻渣和接种污泥的挥发性固体质量分数为10∶ 2∶2时,沼气产率最高可达421.0 mL/g,甲烷产率为218.7 mL/g.沼渣组分分析表明,纤维素和半纤维素降解效率分别为83.7％和68.4％,和对照相比纤维素的降解效率显著提高.结果表明,藻渣的添加能够有效地促进玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷过程.     

球形氧化铝负载Ni-Co双金属催化剂上沼气重整制氢——操作条件的影响

前期研究开发出了活性、稳定性和抗积碳性能都较好的沼气重整制氢Ni-Co/La2O3-Al2O3催化剂。在此基础上选用商业球形氧化铝作为载体(4~5 mm)并掺杂La2O3,用浸渍法制备了Ni-Co/La2O3-Al2O3球形催化剂,以CH4/CO2体积比为1的混合气模拟沼气,考察了操作条件对工业尺度催化剂沼气重整反应性能的影响。结果表明:负载活性组分的γ-Al2O3球形催化剂的沼气重整活性基本达到小试的水平。反应温度升高有利于提高催化剂的重整活性,850℃以上催化剂的活性趋于稳定。反应温度升高有利于减少催化剂的表面积碳,却加速了金属颗粒的团聚。随着空速的增加,催化剂的活性显著降低。较好的催化剂还原方式为用纯H2在700℃下还原2 h,用该方式还原的催化剂反应后金属粒径较小,平均积碳速率较低。     

污泥厌氧消化前处理技术研究现状及展望

污泥厌氧消化产生的沼气用于发电是一种具有广阔应用前景的垃圾资源化方法.厌氧消化前采用不同的预处理方法能促进污泥内微生物细胞的分解、加速胞内物质的释放、加快污泥的水解速率,这是增强污泥厌氧消化性能的关键.综述了当前研究和应用较多的物理法、化学法和生物法等污泥预处理技术,分析了各种方法的原理、特点、处理效果及应用前景.     

模拟医疗废物在管式电阻炉上的热解特性研究

在管式电阻炉上对由聚丙烯、面巾纸、纱布、医用脱脂棉、一次性口罩、医用乳胶手套等按一定比例组成的模拟医疗废物在氮气气氛进行了热解研究。重点探讨了10 K/min，20 K/min，30 K/min和40 K/min等不同升温速率对热解产物分布、产气特性和热解过程的影响。结果表明，随着温度升高，模拟废物的热解产生气体的主要成分逐渐由CO₂和CO转变为C₃H₆、CH₄、C₂H₆、C₂H₄和C₃H₈。同时，热解处理对模拟废物的减量化效果比较明显，固体残留率仅为5.61%～7.02%。而且，加热速率对模拟医疗废物热解过程的影响较大。     

污水管道厌氧发酵处理研究

工业废水和生活污水通过厌氧发酵处理,比采用单一的好氧性方法处理节省动力,减少活性污泥的生成量,还可以制取沼气,是一种污水净化与污水中生物质能利用相结合的有效途径。有些国家的城市污水厂一直是用有机废物作为生产沼气的主要来源。但城市人口集中,用水量大,一般污水浓度低而数量大,需要大容积处理装置,占地面积较多,且低     

污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物产甲烷条件优化研究

研究了21、37和47 d产甲烷物料代替新鲜污泥接种于污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物的厌氧发酵产甲烷情况,发现接种47 d产甲烷物料的消化系统在最佳接种量50%条件下的产甲烷效能显著优于接种新鲜污泥的消化系统,不仅提高了产甲烷率,还大大缩短了消化时间。并且3种消化系统产甲烷率和比产甲烷率均为47 d37 d21 d,分别为3.78、3.88、6.15 mL/g和0.172、0.277、0.559 mL/(g·d),完成产甲烷过程的消化时间为47 d37 d21 d。在一定的消化时间范围内,产甲烷菌被驯化时间越长,接种于产氢余物中的产甲烷效能越好。     

高氨氮对厌氧生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响

研究了高浓度氨氮对厌氧膜生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响。结果表明,COD去除率、沼气产量、沼气产率、辅酶F420和最大比产甲烷活性均随氨氮浓度的增加而减小;当氨氮浓度<3600mg/L时,不会对厌氧膜生物反应器的运行产生明显的影响;氨氮对厌氧污泥产甲烷活性的50%抑制浓度为4350mg/L;高浓度氨氮会造成系统VFA浓度增加;当氨氮浓度由4800mg/L降低到2000mg/L后,受重度抑制的厌氧微生物的活性可以在20d里恢复到未受抑制时的活性水平。     

高氨氮对厌氧生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响

研究了高浓度氨氮对厌氧膜生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响。结果表明，COD去除率、沼气产量、沼气产率、辅酶F420和最大比产甲烷活性均随氨氮浓度的增加而减小；当氨氮浓度〈3600mg/L时，不会对厌氧膜生物反应器的运行产生明显的影响；氨氮对厌氧污泥产甲烷活性的50％抑制浓度为4350mg／L；高浓度氨氮会造成系统VFA浓度增加；当氨氮浓度由4800mg／L降低到2000mg/L后，受重度抑制的厌氧微生物的活性可以在20d里恢复到未受抑制时的活性水平。     

微量金属元素及其配合物对厨余垃圾甲烷发酵的影响

生物可利用的微量金属元素不仅能够保证污染物以最大的速率转化，而且还可以使某些特殊的转化得以发生，并提高微生物对有毒污染物质的耐受能力。在研究厨余垃圾总固体浓度(total solid, TS)、接种量和C/N比对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵影响的基础上，重点探讨微量金属元素钴及其配合物丝氨酸对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵甲烷产量及关键酶含量的影响。结果表明，当TS为0.5%、接种污泥量为100 mL/L和C/N比为20∶1时，厨余垃圾厌氧发酵的甲烷产率较高，为367 mL/g COD；添加2 μmol/L的微量金属元素钴-配合物丝氨酸时，甲烷产率则提高到432 mL/g COD，相应地，辅酶M的含量由空白实验的41.21 μmol/g VSS提高到54.64 μmol/g VSS，辅酶F₄₂₀的含量由0.31 μmol/g VSS提高到0.48 μmol/g VSS。     

Reduction of greenhouse gases from anaerobic piggery wastewater treatment by bromochloromethane in Taiwan

This work establishes methods of reducing the amount of methane produced from the anaerobic treatment of piggery wastewater by either reducing the storage time before solid/liquid separation or inhibiting the activity of methanogens in anaerobic wastewater treatment system. Experimental results showed these two methods can be adopted effectively to reduce methane production resulting from anaerobic piggery wastewater treatment. First, the wastewater must be processed using solid/liquid separation immediately after washing pig houses. This process can reduce by 62% the biogas production and indirectly decrease the methane production from the anaerobic wastewater treatment reactor. Second, adding 10 mg L(-1) bromochloromethane (BCM) daily into the anaerobic wastewater treatment reactor can significantly reduce the amount of biogas and methane produced during the anaerobic fermentation process. Furthermore, biogas production can be completely inhibited after 4 days. Adding BCM (< or =10 mg L(-1)) to wastewater only slightly affected the efficiency of the anaerobic wastewater treatment process. Results in this study can provide the basis for further research on reduction of the amount of methane produced from anaerobic wastewater treatments.     

Performances of mesophilic anaerobic digestion systems treating poultry mortalities

Abstract

A closed‐loop anaerobic digestion system consisting of a leachbed (LB) and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) was tested as an alternative for the disposal of poultry mortalities. This paper compares the performances of three LB‐UASB treatment systems with different initial moisture contents in the LBs. Each LB was loaded with one chicken and 5, 10 or 18 liters of water. The LBs initially carried out the hydrolysis/acidification phase while the UASBs the methanogenesis phase. Due to repeated inoculation by the UASBs, the LBs with 10 and 18 liters of water started producing methane on day 5, while the one with 5 liters of water on day 19. However, methane production rates were low before day 40 for the LB with 10 liters of water and day 60 for the other LBs. Methane production gradually improved as the LBs continued to receive ungranulated sludge from the UASBs. The LBs eventually became balanced methane reactors. Continued balanced fermentation in the LBs resulted in leachates with very low substrate concentrations that could no longer support high‐rate methanogenesis in the UASBs. Consequently, methane production rates from the UASBs decreased quickly while that from the LBs reached peak levels. Cumulative methane production from each LB eventually exceeded that from its connecting UASB. After 118 days of digestion, 414, 437 and 470 liters of methane were produced from the three systems, respectively. Cumulative methane production from the LBs with 5 and 18 liters of water accounted for 63% of the total methane produced from their respective systems. The LB with 10 liters of water produced 75% of the total methane from that system. Methane yields ranged from 0.485 to 0.554 m³ (Kg TS) ¹. About 86% of the initial dry weight was biodegraded. All three systems performed very well with little operational problems. Overall, the system that started with 10 liters of water in the LB performed the best. Strategy for enhancing system performances and implementing farm applications are discussed.     

Aerobic treatment of swine manure to enhance anaerobic digestion and microalgal cultivation

Aerobic treatment of swine manure was coupled with anaerobic digestion and microalgal cultivation. A 14-day aerobic treatment reduced the total solid content of swine manure by >15%. Ammonia and carbon dioxide were stripped by the air supplied, and this off-gas was further used to aerate the culture of Chlorella vulgaris. The microalgal growth rates in Bristol medium and the wastewater with the off-gas increased from 0.08 to 0.22 g/L/d and from 0.15 to 0.24 g/L/d, respectively. Meanwhile, the aerobically treated swine manure showed a higher methane yield during anaerobic digestion. The experimental results were used to establish a demonstration unit consisting of a 100 L composter, a 200 L anaerobic digester, a 60 L tubular photobioreactor, and a 300 L micro-open raceway pond.     

添加NaOH对水生植物固体厌氧发酵产甲烷的作用

为了提高木质纤维素生物质的甲烷产率,固体厌氧发酵以及预处理技术得到了广泛应用。本研究以水生植物菹草为例,探讨了厌氧固体发酵同步碱处理提高甲烷产率的可行性。采用2种来源的微生物(厌氧污泥和牛粪),初始生物质浓度为20%TS(total solid,总固体重量),考察不同的NaOH添加量(基于反应体系总TS 0%、2.0%、3.5%和5.0%)对菹草厌氧发酵产气和固体水解效率的影响。结果表明,与对照实验组相比,初始NaOH加入量为3.5%时,接种污泥和牛粪的实验组中甲烷总产量分别为787.1 mL和1 165.4 mL,与对照实验组相比(619.1 mL和834.8 mL),分别提高了27.1%和39.6%,而且接种牛粪的实验组中单位挥发性固体(VS)产甲烷率最高,为186.5 mL/g。对发酵后的木质纤维素残渣组分进行分析,结果表明,NaOH有助于促进菹草中纤维素及半纤维素的分解,以及木质素结构的破坏,从而提高了菹草厌氧发酵产气产甲烷效率。     

Reduction of Greenhouse Gases from Anaerobic Piggery Wastewater Treatment by Bromochloromethane in Taiwan

Abstract

This work establishes methods of reducing the amount of methane produced from the anaerobic treatment of piggery wastewater by either reducing the storage time before solid/liquid separation or inhibiting the activity of methanogens in anaerobic wastewater treatment system. Experimental results showed these two methods can be adopted effectively to reduce methane production resulting from anaerobic piggery wastewater treatment. First, the wastewater must be processed using solid/liquid separation immediately after washing pig houses. This process can reduce by 62% the biogas production and indirectly decrease the methane production from the anaerobic wastewater treatment reactor. Second, adding 10 mg L^?1 bromochloromethane (BCM) daily into the anaerobic wastewater treatment reactor can significantly reduce the amount of biogas and methane produced during the anaerobic fermentation process. Furthermore, biogas production can be completely inhibited after 4 days. Adding BCM (≤10 mg L^?1) to wastewater only slightly affected the efficiency of the anaerobic wastewater treatment process. Results in this study can provide the basis for further research on reduction of the amount of methane produced from anaerobic wastewater treatments.     

Thermal destruction of benzene

The thermal destruction of benzene in methane/air flue gas is studied experimentally using an atmospheric laminar flow reactor in laboratory scale. The reactor is operated at four different fuel equivalent ratios (phi = 0.06, 0.1,0.5, 3.7), and temperatures in the range from 850 to 973 K and realises a residence time of 5 s. Stable-species concentrations are measured by gas chromatography (GC) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), where phenol, acetylene, formaldehyde, acrolein, methane and acetaldehyde are the major hydrocarbon products besides CO and CO2. The augmentation of the temperature from 850 to 973 K increases the benzene conversion rate from 55% to 99%. The experimental results for one fuel equivalent ratio (phi = 0.5) are compared to the benzene model proposed by Emdee et al. (J. Phys. Chem. 92 (1992) 2151-2161). A fair agreement is observed for the benzene consumption and the CO production throughout the temperature range considered here. The small hydrocarbons are not very well matched, which requires further research on the sub-models. Our experimental results on laboratory scale provide a database for the modelling of benzene oxidation in waste incinerators.