不同统计方法对高原和高纬度地区低温极值结果的影响

目的 研究不同统计方法下高原和高纬度地区低温极值的特征。方法 利用高原和高寒地区国家级地面气象观测站2010～2020年间的小时温度数据,研究不同严酷月基准条件下两地低温工作极值的变化情况。结果 3种严酷月基准条件下,高原地区低温严酷月相同,工作极值没有发生变化;高纬度地区低温严酷月发生变化,导致工作极值最大差值达到3.2℃。另外,3种条件下高原地区的低温工作极值均高于高纬度地区。结论 装备在典型地区服役过程中的环境工作极值统计应明确严酷月基准条件。     

敦煌地区干热与干冷环境特征研究

目的 建立大气环境干热、干冷环境特征的表征方法,以便定量表征大气环境干热、干冷的严酷性,为高分子材料及产品在该地区的老化试验与评估提供参考。方法 设置温度-相对湿度组合为临界值,统计给定时期内温度高于临界温度、相对湿度低于临界相对湿度的时间为干热时间,统计给定时间内温度低于临界温度、相对湿度低于临界相对湿度的时间为干冷时间,并以干热时间、干冷时间占给定时期总时间的百分比来表征干热、干冷环境特征,研究临界条件、数据间隔时间对干热、干冷特征的影响。结果 以25 ℃RH40%、5 ℃ RH40%为临界条件分别统计干热时间和干冷时间的月、年百分比,可表征大气环境的干热、干冷特征。敦煌6、7月份为干热严酷月,月干热时间百分比超过40%,1、2月份为干冷严酷月,月干冷时间百分比可超过70%。结论 临界温度、临界相对湿度、统计年份、数据间隔时间等对统计结果有较大的影响。     

最低气温对兰州市呼吸系统疾病就诊人次的影响研究

通过2013年1月1日~2017年7月31日兰州市呼吸系统疾病逐日就诊资料和气象资料,采用分布滞后非线性模型（DLNM）方法,分析0~30d滞后影响,研究极端低温对不同年龄（<15岁、16~45岁、46~60岁、>60岁）和性别人群呼吸系统疾病就诊人次的影响.结果发现：日均最低温度对相对危险度（RR）的最大RR变化范围为0.89~1.41,变化趋势整体呈现出V字型,在低温附近,温度越低,RR越高;滞后0~4d,极端低温代表的冷效应影响最为显著;滞后5~19d,在日均最低温度0℃附近,出现新的峰值,冷效应对RR的贡献有所下降,热效应对RR的贡献完全消失;滞后20~30d,日均最低温度为-10℃时,出现RR最小值,0℃温度点附近维持RR峰值;滞后22d时,滞后影响完全消失.在极端低温条件下,呼吸系统疾病对低龄人群表现出长期滞后性和高发性,对高龄人群表现出短期滞后性.男性比女性患病的滞后效应更长,患病风险更大.     

基于常规环境试验装备的HALT技术应用研究

目的 探索军用装备极限边界条件考核试验方法.方法 引入HALT技术,在前期装备试验各类故障案例统计的基础上,选择装备上应用普遍和故障发生较频繁的继电器为研究对象,探索应用常规环境试验设备,设计HALT试验,研究继电器极限边界条件下可靠性考核的技术和方法.结果 在进行低温–30℃和高温70℃步进应力以及在–70～120℃...     

一种确定湖泊水质基准参照状态浓度的新方法

在确立湖泊营养物基准的过程中,湖泊水体参照状态的确定是十分重要的一个步骤.本文基于广义极值分布理论,发展提出了一种确定湖泊参照状态浓度的新方法.该方法克服了频率分析法等描述性统计方法存在的数据分组可能造成人为误差和不便于统计推断,难以进行可信度评价的缺陷,能有效地推断给出参数和物质浓度置信区间.将该方法应用到太湖的水质基准参照状态中,通过对太湖湖心两个站点1995～2006年总氮(total nitrogen,TN),总磷(total phosphorus,TP)和叶绿素a(chlorophyll a,Chl-a)的数据进行分析,其年最小值的相反数符合广义极值分布,验证了方法的可行性.推荐采用25%分位点的值作为太湖总氮,总磷和叶绿素a的参照状态,即太湖的参照状态是:总氮0.71 mg·L-1,总磷0.025 mg·L-1,叶绿素a为1.81μg·L-1,并分别得出了它们各自的95%置信区间.     

4×250 kW发电机组低温环境适应性试验研究

目的研究某大功率发电机组的低温环境适应性。方法将发电机组放置于高低温综合环境模拟试验室,室温降至–55℃,保温48 h,而后升温至–40℃,保温12 h,恢复常温。结果经检查,机组用时11′20″低温启动成功,其低温持续工作的稳态电压调整率为–0.880%,稳态频率调整率为–0.036%,稳态电压波动率为0.175%,稳态频率波动率为0.080%。试验过程中,样机塑料件、橡胶件、金属件未出现故障。结论该发电机组的启动性能、电气性能、结构材料等满足低温环境适应性要求,也为其他发电机组的低温环境适应性考核提供了指导方法。     

漠河自然环境试验站

漠河自然环境试验站是国防科技工业自然环境试验研究中心的外场站之一,建于1987年,所处地理位置与气候环境独特,是我国唯一典型的高纬度、低温高寒环境试验站,是被首批确定的国防科技工业自然环境重点试验站网之一.2007年4月通过国家科技部"野外台站示范站"验收.2008年2月24日,国防科工委领导为"国防科技工业环境试验与观测网漠河自然环境试验站"揭牌.     

DBD降解氮中甲苯气体产生的二次有机副产物检测

为了研究低温等离子体降解有机废气过程中产生的二次有机副产物的形成机理及其影响因素,以介质阻挡放电(DBD)产生的低温等离子体降解氮中甲苯气体为研究对象,利用质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪(PTR-TOF-MS)实时在线检测降解尾气中有机副产物的成分及其浓度,分析了二次有机副产物形成的机理,探讨了影响二次有机副产物生成的关键因素.研究发现,氮中甲苯低温等离子体降解尾气中主要的有机副产物为HCN和CH3CN,其浓度与待降解甲苯的平均可资用能有关.由平均可资用能的测试分析可知,在DBD有机物降解装置、电源输入功率、降解气体流量等参数确定的情况下,待降解有机物存在一个浓度极值,大于该浓度极值将使得降解尾气中有机副产物的浓度明显增加.在低温等离子体降解装置参数确定的情况下,控制待降解有机物的浓度是减少有副产物产生的有效手段和方法.     

通过日记温度湿度数据统计年润湿时间——4次、24次数据法对比研究

与常规方法不同，根据全国58个基准气象台站10年的日记温度湿度数据采用每天2点、8点、14点、20点的4次数据统计了各台站3种临界相对湿度(80％、70％、60％)时的年润湿时间，并对比分析了24次(每天整点)数据的统计结果。研究表明：从这两种数据所统计的相应有效年润湿时间非常接近，而且随着临界相对湿度值的降低，这种趋势更为明显，证实了采用4次数据统计年润湿时间是可行的。这样可以充分利用全国550多个基本气象台站所上报的4次温度湿度数据来研究全国润湿时间分布规律，为评估我国各地的大气腐蚀等级奠定了基础。     

我国自然环境低温分布统计分析

目的为我国低温服役地区的装备设计及防护维修提供一定的指导。方法统计我国北方及高原地区125个气象站点连续多年的低温数据。参照MIL-STD-810G和DEF STAN 00-35,结合我国低温环境以及现有气象数据实际情况,对我国低温环境进行分类,并对低温环境统计数据进行分析。结果将我国低温环境划分为6种类型:微微寒(C0),-9℃;微寒(C1),-19~-10℃;中寒(C2),-29~-20℃;寒(C3),-39~-30℃;严寒(C4),-49~-40℃;极寒(C5),-50℃。结论给出了我国大陆低温地区的低温分布图,对低温条件下服役的武器装备的研制有一定的指导意义。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.