中国有机食品开发及农业产业化

本文简要介绍了有机食品和农业产业化的基本概念，分析了二者间的统一性，这对正确指导我国有机食品的开发有一定的现实意义。     

通过可持续认证推动农林牧渔领域自然资源保护

1992年里约环境发展大会后可持续发展成为各国和各界的共识,但经历了二十年的发展,自然资源保护与可持续发展之间的矛盾仍然存在,特别是农林牧渔等领域自然资源的合理开发利用仍待进一步发展。我国作为国际农林牧渔产品的重要消费国和贸易国,在积极推动国内资源的可持续利用同时,也可以通过国际贸易在全球自然资源可持续利用中发挥积极作用。可持续认证作为应对资源保护与经济发展这一矛盾的较为有效的市场手段,经过近二十年的发展已经涵盖了农林牧渔领域的多个产品,在国际上的发展势头强劲,对于自然资源的保护和可持续利用发挥了对政府政策的补充作用。但可持续性认证在我国国内的企业和消费者中还没有得到广泛认识,其通过市场机制引导企业实践可持续经营、落实企业社会责任的作用在国内还没有得到有效的发挥。因此,本研究的目的是通过对可持续认证的分析,为在我国农林牧渔领域更好地发挥其市场推动力提出政策建议。本研究首先综述了可持续认证在国际上的发展历程、产生的影响,详细论述了森林、棕榈油、野生海产品等可持续认证已经在全球贸易中占有一席之地,并在欧美等较发达国家和地区获得了消费者的支持;其次,本研究对可持续认证在农林牧渔领域的进一步发展所面临的挑战进行了剖析,肯定了可持续认证在调动企业和消费者的积极性、推动农林牧渔领域资源保护方面的正面作用,也指出认证对资源保护的预期效果没有完全达到、同一产业内认证体系可靠性参差不齐,着重强调了可持续认证在发展中国家的发展面临的困难,使其对自然资源保护的应有效果受到影响。在此基础上,本研究分析了我国农林牧渔领域在资源利用方面面临的国际和国内压力,尤其是我国在国际贸易中举足轻重的地位和进口大宗产品产地的生态脆弱性使中国在全球资源的可持续利用和保护中可以发挥重要作用,论证了可持续认证在我国的推广有利于提升中国企业的国际形象、促进贸易杠杆发挥资源保护的撬动作用、保障企业在海外开发中的长期效益,同时也有利于我国国内自然资源的可持续利用,明确得出在我国农林牧渔领域推动可持续认证的必要性。本研究建议我国政府部门应关注农林牧渔领域可持续认证在国际和国内的发展,收集相关的信息和案例可用于相关的国际谈判和对企业的指导。同时政府应鼓励国内外认证体系在中国开展认证工作,并为同一产业中的不同体系创造公平的竞争环境。另外,政府应积极支持国内农林牧渔产业的企业、专家、协会等参与到国际认证体系的建立过程中,将中国可持续发展的良好操作范例或规范国际化。政府自身的消费行为对全社会有明确的引导作用,所以在政府采购中应优选可持续认证产品,引导企业加入可持续经营的实践。     

中国企业实施可持续发展战略的态势分析

本文从绿色食品标志认证、环境标志产品认证、环境管理体系（ＩＳＯ１４０００）认证和推进清洁生产等四个方面分析了中国企业参与实施可持续发展战略的现状,指出了与国外工商企业的差距,并就进一步引导中国企业界的广泛参与提出了相应的对策与建议。     

我国将出台生态住宅标准

日前在深圳召开的“第四届中国绿色生态住宅新技术论坛”上，中华全国工商业联合会住宅产业商会和国家环境保护总局首次介绍了中国首部生态住宅标准的编制工作情况，该标准将指导中国环境标志生态住宅认证工作的开展。这是全球范围内首次对住宅这一特殊产品进行认证的项目，预计将在2006年全面接受认证申请。     

中国乡村发展面临的挑战与长期性管理策略

分析研究了当前我国乡村发展所面临的严峻的挑战性问题，如乡村非农化进程停滞，城乡差异扩大带来的问题等；尤其是乡村生态破坏和环境污染危及到农业生产环境的安全和城乡居民的生存基础的情况，指出21世纪中国乡村发展相当迫切而艰巨；在可持续发展思想的框架下，提出了长期性管理策略，即类型管理、目标管理、乡村制度性投入的管理模式，并考虑了实现乡村可持续发展的制度创新与保障问题；随后针对乡村发展管理，构想了实施对策：即，1）积极推进城市化，缩减乡村人口总量；2）开展农业行业标准的制定和修订工作；3）推进乡村产业的科技创新步伐；4）强化生态环境观念，实行空间开发管制、尤其是生态脆弱地区。此外还需强调环境教育机制和广泛的公众参与机制。     

生态系统评价的回顾与展望--从北美生态区域评价到新千年全球生态系统评估

生态系统评价对于生态系统的可持续经营以及社会可持续发展具有重要意义。本文简要介绍了在生态区域评价的发展过程中具有重要意义的一系列事件，阐述了生态系统评价在北美和全球的发展过程、生态系统评价的有关概念、内容及其对于生态系统可持续经营的重要意义，同时还介绍了我国参与新千年生态系统评估的一些行动，并对中国的生态系统评价提出看法。     

生态旅游对农户家庭收入影响研究——基于倾向得分匹配法的实证分析

参与生态旅游经营已成为保护区周边社区家庭重要的生计,生态旅游经营收入是社区家庭重要的收入来源。本文基于中国7省40个保护区周边社区农户调查数据,研究了家庭参与生态旅游经营对人均纯收入以及人均非农收入的影响,以期能为生态旅游经营的家庭收入效应提供新证据,为缓解保护与发展的矛盾、健全生物多样性保护制度、完善生态旅游发展政策提供实证支撑。研究结果表明:1倾向得分匹配法消除了家庭选择性偏差后,估计出参与生态旅游经营对家庭人均纯收入的收入效应为20%左右,而对人均非农收入的收入效应为47%左右。使用多元线性回归高估了生态旅游经营对家庭人均纯收入的影响,大致高估了8%左右,使用Heckman模型也高估了生态旅游对家庭人均非农收入的影响,大致高估了17%左右。2户主性别、受教育程度、是否为村干部、身体状况、家庭负担比以及耕地面积对农户家庭参与生态旅游经营行为产生显著影响。3结合当前的生态扶贫政策背景,政府以及社会可能高估了生态旅游经营对周边社区家庭收入的影响,追求立竿见影的扶贫效果往往在短期内会获得一定的收效,但是缺乏长期驱动力,最终导致治标不治本的扶贫。因此,政府要合理规划地方生态旅游产业发展,创建一个更有利于社区参与的生态旅游开发模式。一方面,让周边社区家庭参与到生态旅游经营的管理和决策工作中,在生态旅游管理中拥有自主权和决定权;另一方面,建立生态旅游参与的外部约束机制,保障周边社区的利益。     

英国环境管理的公众参与及其对中国的启示

鼓励公众参与环境管理是当今国际社会重要的政策导向之一。本文从法律赋予公民环境权、环保团体在环境保护中发挥重要。作用、环境影响评价中强调公众参与三方面来介绍英国公众参与环境管理的一些做法，探讨其对中国环境管理中公众参与的启示。     

中国城市生活垃圾公众参与管理与政府管制互动模型构建

城市生活垃圾问题是21世纪最重要的环境问题之一,甚至已成为人们生活的公害。城市生活垃圾处理是21世纪最有前景的产业之一,城市生活垃圾管理水平也已成为衡量一个国家、一个城市文明和现代化程度的重要标志。历经20多年的发展,中国城市生活垃圾管理水平不断提高,但相比日趋严重的生活垃圾问题和数量庞大的生活垃圾产量,仅凭政府的力量无法保障城市生活垃圾减量化、资源化和无害化管理目标的实现,因而有必要借助公民、企业和社会组织等力量的加入。该文基于中国城市生活垃圾公众参与管理与政府管制互动关系的现实基础分析,剖析中国城市生活垃圾公众参与管理与政府管制的演变及特征,分析了中国城市生活垃圾各个阶段公众参与管理与政府管制互动模型,并衍生到分析城市生活垃圾管理的收集、运营及处理的三大环节。同时,根据公众参与城市生活垃圾管理的不同程度以及政府管制程度的强弱,构建公众参与城市生活垃圾管理的三种模型,即公众诱导式参与模型、公众合作式参与模型和公众自主式参与模型,分析了三种模型的特点、优缺点及各利益主体的职责,以梳理解决城市生活垃圾管理问题中政府和公众的职责,推动政府和公众的互动合作,改善城市生活垃圾管理,促进中国城市生活垃圾管理减量化、资源化、无害化目标的实现。     

信息

中国环保产业大有前途　　 2 0 0 0年 12月 13日 ,国家环保总局局长解振华在中德 2 0 0 0年环境合作大会上应参会的中德企业界代表要求发表演讲时说 ,随着中国加入ＷＴＯ、实施西部大开发战略和南水北调工程的启动 ,中国的环保产业展示了十分广阔的发展前景。中国环保市场具有很大的发展潜力。据权威机构预测 ,未来 5年 ,中国环保产业的产值年增长率将保持在 15 %左右。解振华说 ,中国加入ＷＴＯ、实施西部大开发、南水北调等战略将为环保产业的发展提供更多的机会。中国加入ＷＴＯ后 ,作为发展中国家 ,将更充分地享受到发达国家在环境保护…     

Organic certification for shrimp value chains in Ca Mau,Vietnam: a means for improvement or an end in itself?

Eco-certification has been used as a tool to mitigate adverse effects of aquaculture production and might thus be understood as a private approach to sustainable ecosystem management. In production forests in Ca Mau, Vietnam, where mangrove have suffered degradation despite legal protection, different projects have targeted reversing this trend by means of private certification using the ‘Naturland’ organic standard as a reference. So far the outcomes have, however, been proven unsatisfactory. With the aim to better understand the reasons for these poor outcomes, a survey of forty households was conducted in a production forest in Rach Goc commune, Ngoc Hien District. We evaluated farmers’ perceptions on mangrove management, the drivers guiding shrimp farming, and whether there was a difference between participants and non-participants in a former ‘Naturland’ organic project. To complement the survey, a range of stakeholders involved in shrimp value chains were interviewed to better understand the terms and benefits of certification. The results of this survey suggested that, when applied to shrimp–mangrove farming systems in production forests in Ca Mau, ‘eco-certification’ and associated benefits are not very satisfactory. The survey results revealed that certified farms do not show significant differences to non-certified farms in terms of social and environmental benefits. As far as the implementation process was concerned, the survey results showed that a failure to integrate local farmers as participants consequently resulted in households becoming ‘objects’ for certification and not project partners with equal weight and power. It appears that rather than being a tool for improvement, ‘Naturland’ certification for shrimp–mangrove farming systems in Ca Mau’s production forests has become an end in itself.     

Environmental management of pesticidal POPs in China: past, present and future

China, the largest developing country in the world, has been undergoing rapid economic growth in the past two decades. Synchronously, large quantities of persistent organic chlorinated pesticides have been used in agriculture and non-agriculture areas. Accompanying with incomplete management framework, the improper use and disposal of pesticides have caused serious pollution problems. In this study, we discussed: (1) ten persistent organochlorine pesticides in terms of historical production, consumption and number of manufacturers, import and export; (2) the current management framework of pesticidal persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with respect to legal system and government administrative system; (3) the existing problems in the management of pesticidal POPs; and proposed recommendations for countermeasures. Based on the available information, it can be concluded that records on the historical production and consumption quantities of pesticidal POPs are incomplete which makes a difficulty in the management. Although China has come a long way in developing a modern legal system, the current system is still considered weak and inefficient; and many challenges are ahead. The government administrative system has also been reformed and improved, but over-lapping jurisdictions still exist and are ineffective in managing pesticidal POPs program. To address these existing problems in pesticidal POPs management, it was suggested that more investigations should be conducted to collect information on pollution sources of pesticidal POPs, to evaluate their environmental risks, to identify new alternative chemicals and to complete management framework of pesticidal POPs in China. Furthermore, the public should be encouraged to participate in managing hazardous pesticidal POPs in China, and international cooperation and communication should be established and strengthened imperatively as well.     

Can coffee certification schemes increase incomes of smallholder farmers? Evidence from Jinotega,Nicaragua

This paper investigates the impact of Fairtrade and organic certification on household income of smallholder coffee farmers in the Jinotega Municipality of Nicaragua. Using a sample of 233 coffee farming households and employing endogenous switching regression model and propensity score matching method, the results found that Fairtrade and organic certification standards have different effects on the certified farmers; while Fairtrade farmers had experienced yield gains, organic farmers had the price advantage. However, the overall impact of these certification standards on the total household income is found to be statistically not significant. While some of the Fairtrade-certified cooperatives have used the social premium in creating community-level infrastructure, there is a need for more investment. The major constraint the organic-certified farmers face is lack of availability of adequate organic inputs such as manures and organic herbicides.     

Genetically modified organisms in agriculture: can regulations work?

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been recognised to be economically beneficial to subsistence farmers and have been projected as essential tools for addressing challenges in hunger, environmental sustainability and international development. Yet the uncertainty of their effects on human health and the undesirable ecological consequences of these organisms have raised concerns on the rapid pace of their production. Regulating the release of these organisms is a critical environmental issue. The Cartagena protocol on bio-safety, the principle legal arrangement for the regulation of these organisms, has ratifications from only 157 countries and has proven to be a weak regulator. Countries like India and Brazil have seen the proliferation of unapproved stealth GM varieties which make regulation even more difficult. In this paper, we explore the debate surrounding the introduction of GM organisms and analyse the effectiveness of existing legal regimes to regulate their use.     

State-of-the-art sustainability analysis methodologies for efficient decision support in green production operations

Over the last three decades, new concepts, strategies, frameworks and systems have been developed to tackle the sustainable development issue. This paper reviews the challenges, perspectives and recent advances in support of sustainable production operations decision-making. The aim of this review is to provide a holistic understanding of advanced scientific analysis methodologies for the evaluation of sustainability, to provide efficient decision support. Over 100 publications have been analysed, and a characterisation of state-of-the-art sustainability analysis methodologies has been produced, which includes life cycle assessment and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), along with their applications to three key areas of production operations: sustainable design, sustainable manufacture and sustainable supply chain management. Distribution of existing work is discussed and future research directions are elicited from the literature. The paper finds three trends in supporting sustainable production operations decisions: (a) sustainability analysis has moved to whole life cycle assessment from single-stage assessment, (b) sustainability analysis has shifted away from single criterion to MCDA and (c) sustainability analysis has evolved from stand-alone approaches to integrated systematic methodologies. The paper concludes that integrated sustainability analysis can provide more efficient and effective support to complex decision-making in sustainable production operations.     

经济发展与土地资源保护:问题、原因及对策

正确处理经济发晨与土地资源保护的关系．既是当前一个重要的理论课囊．又是重大的实践问题。近年来。各地在处理经济发展与土地资源保护关系方面创造了许多宝贵的经验．取得了显着成效，但还存在一些突出问题。本文深入分析当前经济发展与土地资源保护方在存在的突出问题．并认真剖析其原因．提出了一系列有关对策。     

农户经营行为对农村生态环境影响研究

农户生产经营行为关系到生产资源的合理利用与配置,影响到农村生态系统保护及其可持续发展。本研究以武汉城市圈及长株潭城市群内的650个农户为有效样本,分析了农户经营行为对农村生态环境及其五种表现形式的影响。结果表明:①劳动力投入行为中收入来源、家庭人均收入对农业面源污染有显著负面影响,家庭常住人口、家庭人均年收入对生活垃圾污染分别有显著正、负面影响;②农户文化程度越高,越能认识到农村生态环境污染问题;③经营规模越大,农业面源污染越严重,而对其它四类表现形式影响不显著;④农业投资力度越大,为提高产量而会造成越严重的农业面源污染及水质污染;⑤农户经营组织行为中,有机肥施用行为会造成农业面源污染,这些未施用的有机肥又会加剧生活垃圾污染,而且有机肥使用越多,农业面源污染及水质污染也就变弱。另外,参加技术培训会降低农业面源污染和水质污染。可见,农户经营行为更多地是在影响农村生态环境中的农业面源污染、水质污染及生活垃圾污染,对空气噪音污染及工业转嫁污染的影响并不明显。     

现代建筑装饰材料发展的环境问题思考

建筑装饰材料在我国一直保持着旺盛的市场需求和高的发展速度，它反映了经济的发展，科技的进步和人民生活水平的提高，然而建筑装饰材料的发展在美化人民生活环境的同时，也在一定程度上破坏着人类的生存环境，文章系统分析了各主要类型建筑装饰材料的生产，施工，应用废弃处理的整个寿命周期中存在的主要资料环境问题，指出了其对可持续发展的严重影响，探讨了引发这些问题的可能原因，文章最后提出了建筑装饰材料发展中产生的环境问题的解决对策和建议。     

国外水电环境认证制度对我国的借鉴意义

水电工程建设和运行对生态环境系统的影响是世界范围内十分关注的问题,中国水电事业的发展也开始进入生态制约阶段。建立水电工程的生态环境保护标准,推行生态环境认证制度,是降低水电工程不利生态影响的重要措施之一,国际上在这方面已经进行的实践对我国具有重要的借鉴意义。概要介绍了瑞士“绿色水电认证”和美国“低影响水电认证”的主要内容、技术标准和运行机制,并且对两者进行了比较和分析。在此基础上,分析了我国建立水电环境认证程序和推行水电生态环境保护标准的必要性及可行性,并且讨论了推行水电环境认证中可能存在的问题。     

长江流域粮食生产态势与潜力

通过大量的资料分析了长江流域在进入９０年代后的粮食生产的消费态势。粮食生产过程中存在的主要问题,及其对讹诈 影响,资料分析表明,长流域七省一市的粮食生产表现为,粮食单产略有提高,粮食总产徘徊,粮食消费量与居民的经济收入密切相关。