O3/H2O2氧化页岩气产出水有机物动力学及机理研究

对O3/H2O2氧化页岩气产出水降解有机物动力学、特征污染物苯胺降解动力学及机理进行实验分析,研究结果表明：页岩气产出水有机物、苯胺降解符合一级反应动力学;臭氧分子的分解符合零级反应动力学。通过液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）分析O3/H2O2氧化苯胺降解过程中间产物,发现O3/H2O2氧化法不能完全 将页岩气产出水矿化为二氧化碳和水,只是将复杂有机物分子转化为结构简单的直链烷烃或者羧酸类物质,需与其他氧化方式相结合才可将有机物完全去除,并提出了降解返排液中苯胺的两条可能途径,为O3/H2O2氧化工艺实际应用提供理论依据。     

不同预处理方式缓解超滤膜污染的效能研究

以二级出水为处理对象,研究了活性炭(Activated Carbon,AC)吸附,生物活性炭(Biological Activated Carbon,BAC)过滤,臭氧(Ozone,O3)氧化对超滤膜污染的缓解作用及其对水中有机物的去除效果。具体考察了AC投加量和吸附时间,BAC的空床停留时间(Empty Bed Contact Time,EBCT),以及臭氧投加量等因素产生的影响。结果表明,这三种预处理方式可有效去除有机物,使水中DOC与UV254值明显降低。AC投加量由0.5 g/L增加至5 g/L,吸附时间由5min延长至8h,膜污染未得到缓解。BAC预处理随EBCT由30min延长至60min,增加了超滤膜的不可逆污染(Irreversible Fouling,IF)。臭氧投加量由0.2mg O3/mg DOC增加至0.94mg O3/mg DOC,臭氧预氧化缓解膜污染的效果越明显。臭氧投加量较低(0.48mg O3/mg DOC)时,IF随臭氧投加量的增大略有上升,而臭氧投加量增至0.94mg O3/mg DOC时,IF出现明显下降。     

Fenton及电-Fenton处理难降解有机废水技术

Fenton法与电-Fenton法属于高级氧化技术(Advanced Oxidation Technologjes,AOTs),是由H2O2与催化剂Fe2 所构成的氧化体系.在Fenton体系中,H2O2在Fe2 的催化剂作用下,能产生两种活泼的氢氧自由基(HO2·和·OH),从而引发和传播自由基链反应,加快有机物和还原性物质的氧化.本文简要介绍了Fenton法与电-Fenton反应的机理和应用在催化氧化难降解废水领域中的处理技术及研究进展.     

油田含油污水高级氧化技术研究

以气浮—过滤预处理后的污水为处理对象,通过臭氧氧化与Fenton氧化两种方法处理油田含油污水。经实验验证:Fenton在pH为4,H2O2初始浓度为0.08mol/L,Fe2+与H2O2的摩尔比为1:10,H2O2与CODCr的质量比为1:1,反应时间为60min的条件下,去除率达54.3%(CODCr100mg/L),可达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。     

UV/H_2O_2及联合技术在环境保护中的研究进展

过氧化氢为高级氧化中常用的氧化剂,和紫外光结合时,易于形成羟基自由基,氧化能力增强。UV/H2O2、UV/H2O2/O3、Fe2+/H2O2/UV高级氧化技术联合工艺,能产生氧化性极强的羟基自由基,从而能有效地分解一些单独使用H2O2不能分解或分解效率较差的有机污染物和无机污染物。UV/H2O2治理烟道气污染物NOx目前正处于研究阶段,投入使用还需进一步研究。     

光助氧化技术在水处理中应用

对UV／H2O2技术、UV／O3技术、UV／O3／H2O2技术、photo—Fenton技术以及UV／TiO2技术进行了总结,对不同技术的原理、研究进展及应用进行了评述,并对今后光助氧化技术的研究方向提出了一些建议。     

Fenton氧化法在废水处理中的应用

Fenton氧化技术在水处理中的运用正得到越来越多的关注，本文总结了Fenton氧化技术的发展和研究现状，包括Fenton试剂反应机理，影响因素（pH,[Fe^2 ]/[H2O2],反应温度，投加方式，化学絮凝），反应动力学，改良形式等，并认为Fenton氧化技术是一种很有应用前景的废水处理技术。     

费通法治理糠醛废水的研究

利用Fe2+提高过氧化氢氧化能力的方法称为费通法,即Fe2+— H2O2法。使用费通法处理糠醛废水,可明显改善糠醛废水的可生化性。试验结果表明:当初始pH值小于3、Fe2+投加量为H2O2/Fe2+=6时,CODCr去除效果最好;双氧水投加量H2O2/CODCr值为0.5～2.0时,CODCr去除率可达到50%～75%,处理后废水的可生化性明显提高,BOD5/CODCr由0.15升至0.3以上。     

UV/H_2O_2高级氧化技术在水处理中的研究进展

本文主要讨论了UV/H2O2高级氧化技术去除有机物的机理,在有机废水、饮用水处理中的应用进展。UV/H2O2工艺对水中生物难降解的有机污染物具有很好的处理效果,其主要影响因素包括污染物的初始浓度、紫外光波长及强度、H2O2投加浓度、pH、光照时间、浊度、水中存在的阴离子等。     

常用氧化剂性能研究

用四种常用的氧化剂:高锰酸钾、漂白粉、NaClO和H2O2/Fe2+对大港油田港深11井酸化废水进行了处理。考察了氧化剂的投加量、氧化时间和pH值对酸化废水色度和COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明,在最佳条件下,H2O2/Fe2+对酸化废水的色度和COD的去除率最高;用高锰酸钾处理废水,其COD去除率较高,但脱色效果差;而漂白粉和NaClO的脱色率较高,但其氧化能力有限。建议油田用氧化法处理废水时应采用H2O2/Fe2+催化氧化体系。     

臭氧在"臭氧-生物活性炭"饮用水处理工艺中的作用研究

本文通过分析饮用水深度处理中试工艺各处理单元出水水质指标的变化研究臭氧在臭氧生物活性炭工艺中的作用。试验结果表明：在中试工艺中，臭氧具有很好的氧化、杀藻和消毒的作用；并且两级臭氧氧化分别对常规处理单元和颗粒活性炭去除污染物具有一定的促进作用。     

臭氧处理生活污水的应用研究

随着水质污染日益严重和可利用水资源减少，人们越来越重视污水回用技术的应用。传统的氯气处理工艺难以满足污水处理回用的要求，臭氧技术被认为是更适合用于未来水处理领域的新兴技术。本文主要研究臭氧对生活污水的处理。实验表明，臭氧对降低COD、去除亚铁离子等有显著的效果。     

值得推荐的一种消毒、漂白剂——臭氧

本文阐明了臭氧在水处理、造纸漂白、农业等方面的作用。尤其在当今人们强烈关注健康和注重环境保护的形势下,研究臭氧的作用和推广其应用有重要的现实意义。     

臭氧－生物活性炭工艺处理化工污水中试研究

针对兰州石化公司污水处理厂二级生化处理出水可生化性较低,色度比较高的问题,通过采用臭氧-生物活性炭工艺(O3-BAC)对污水处理厂二沉池出水进行深度处理,分析了该工艺对CODCr、氨氮、色度的处理效果。结果表明:处理后出水CODCr为26.7mg/L,氨氮为0.18mg/L,色度约5倍,效果良好。     

Sensitivity analysis of ground-level ozone concentration to emission changes in two urban regions of southeast Texas

Air pollutant emission is one of the predominant factors affecting urban air quality such as ground-level ozone formation. This paper assesses the impact of changing emission inventory scenarios, based on combinations of point, mobile, area/non-road and biogenic sources, on the tropospheric ozone concentration in two southeast Texas urban areas, i.e. Houston-Galveston and Beaumont-Port Arthur, during the rapid ozone formation event (ROFE) on August 25, 2000. The EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with 1999 national emission inventory (NEI99) estimates and updated SAPRC99 chemical mechanism are used in the sensitivity analysis for twelve different emission scenarios. Based on model results, it is found that the point source emission of NOx and VOC contributes the greatest ozone peak in the ROFE. Removing Texas point sources of VOC and NOx emission from the inventory results in a reduction in peak O3 concentration by 128 and 70 ppbv in Houston urban area, respectively. Similar but less drastic impact from point source is also observed in the Beaumont-Port Arthur area. The effect on peak ozone concentration due to mobile, area and non-road sources emissions are less significant compared to that of point source emission. Reducing VOC emission appears to be more effective than reducing NOx emission in lowering peak O3 concentration in the studied region. Although biogenic emission can contribute up to 37 ppbv of peak ozone level over a large area, the affected area is away from the urban region of concern, and should not be the main cause for O3 non-attainment in the two urban areas. Removing CO emission from mobile sources does not lead to significant reduction (< 1 ppbv) in ozone concentrations. The modeled data also show that the transport of O3 precursors from adjacent states can cause a significant ozone plume near Beaumont due to its proximity to the state border based on the conditions during the August 25, 2000 O3 episode.     

成都市大气中O3污染水平及来源分析

根据2009年夏季成都市区大气中O3的监测结果,对大气中O3的浓度、分布进行了分析,并与2001年夏季成都市区的监测结果比较,分析臭氧污染水平的变化。结合同期NO2、VOCs监测结果,研究O3与两种前体物之间的相互关系。结果表明,近年来成都市区O3浓度呈上升趋势;O3浓度与NO2浓度变化趋势相反,表现为消耗NO2型光化学污染。     

臭氧—活性炭技术处理石油微污染地下水*

在实验室及中试条件下研究了臭氧-活性炭技术对石油微污染地下水的处理效果。通过石油类和高锰酸盐指数两个指标,考察了臭氧投加量、pH值、过滤速率等操作参数对污染物的去除效果。结果表明:臭氧投加量和活性炭过滤速率是最主要的影响因素,pH值对处理效果影响不显著。中试条件下适宜的臭氧投加量应为8mg/L左右,最佳过滤速率在10m/h附近。采用臭氧氧化与活性炭过滤组合工艺,当进水石油类浓度在1.5mg/L以下时,出水石油类低于0.3mg/L,高锰酸盐指数低于3.0mg/L。     

循环冷却水处理中臭氧的杀菌作用

臭氧作为强氧化剂可以用于循环冷却水的处理中.试验研究了影响臭氧杀菌的基本因素,冷却水的pH和水温对处理效果基本没有影响.臭氧的杀菌能力取决于水中的剩余臭氧浓度,臭氧的消耗量与系统中的微生物数量有关.当水中剩余臭氧浓度为0.05mg/L和接触时间为14min时,可以使臭氧的灭菌力达99%.即在循环冷却水系统中,投加0.05mg/L臭氧,就可以控制系统中微生物的生长.由此确定了循环水处理过程中为控制系统中微生物的生长所需维持的最低臭氧浓度.     

Collateral geochemical impacts of agricultural nitrogen enrichment from 1963 to 1985: a southern Wisconsin ground water depth profile

In this study, we used chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) age-dating to investigate the geochemistry of N enrichment within a bedrock aquifer depth profile beneath a south central Wisconsin agricultural landscape. Measurement of N(2)O and excess N(2) allowed us to reconstruct the total NO(3)(-) and total nitrogen (TN) leached to ground water and was essential for tracing the separate influences of soil nitrification and ground water denitrification in the collateral geochemical chronology. We identify four geochemical impacts due to a steady ground water N enrichment trajectory (39 +/- 2.2 micromol L(-1) yr(-1), r(2) = 0.96) over two decades (1963-1985) of rapidly escalating N use. First, as a by-product of soil nitrification, N(2)O entered ground water at a stable (r(2) = 0.99) mole ratio of 0.24 +/- 0.007 mole% (N(2)O-N/NO(3)-N). The gathering of excess N(2)O in ground water is a potential concern relative to greenhouse gas emissions and stratospheric ozone depletion after it discharges to surface water. Second, excess N(2) measurements revealed that NO(3)(-) was a prominent, mobile, labile electron acceptor comparable in importance to O(2.) Denitrification transformed 36 +/- 15 mole% (mol mol(-1) x 100) of the total N within the profile to N(2) gas, delaying exceedance of the NO(3)(-) drinking water standard by approximately 6 yr. Third, soil acids produced from nitrification substantially increased the concentrations of major, dolomitic ions (Ca, Mg, HCO(3)(-)) in ground water relative to pre-enrichment conditions. By 1985, concentrations approximately doubled; by 2006, CFC age-date projections suggest concentrations may have tripled. Finally, the nitrification induced mobilization of Ca may have caused a co-release of P from Ca-rich soil surfaces. Dissolved P increased from an approximate background value of 0.02 mg L(-1) in 1963 to 0.07 mg L(-1) in 1985. The CFC age-date projections suggest the concentration could have reached 0.11 mg L(-1) in ground water recharge by 2006. These results highlight an intersection of the N and P cycles potentially important for managing the quality of ground water discharged to surface water.