赤红壤的贮水量及其有效性

（１）赤红壤的贮水总量和有效水量的分布有明显的规律性．２—９月占全年的７０％左右，１０月—翌年１月占３０％左右．（２）赤红壤的有效水量占总贮水量的３１％—４４％，土壤肥力高的耕作赤红壤，其有效水量占总贮水量的３６％以上．在年降雨量小于１６００ｍｍ、蒸发量大于１１００ｍｍ的条件下．表土层有效贮水量低于萎蔫含水量出现的时间与土壤熟化程度有关，熟化度高的出现在１２月—翌年１月，熟化度低的往往出现在１０月—翌年１月．历时３—４个月．（３）赤红壤０—１００ｃｍ土体的贮水量及有效贮水量低于红壤而高于砖红壤．     

坡地绿肥对红壤与赤红壤坡地土壤的改良

红壤、赤红壤主要分布于我省低丘林地和台地,占全省土壤面积的６５％,一般土层较厚,质地偏沙或偏粘,交换量不高,养分含量多属中下水平。８０年代初,广东省从澳大利亚引进了格拉姆柱花草、库克柱花草、有钩柱花草、无钩柱花草及１８４柱花草、大翼豆等优良牧草,作为坡地绿肥试种获得成功,这为山坡地土壤改良和水土流失治理,以及为畜牧业提供优质饲料,找到了一条路子。１９８６～１９９１年,我们在揭西县作了定点试验,现将试验结果综述如下。１　格拉姆柱花草等坡地绿肥是我省山坡地果园有机肥料的重要来源,是改良山坡地土壤的重…     

红壤对SO_4~（2－）和H_2PO_4~－的吸附与竞争吸附研究

研究红壤对ＳＯ４（２－）和Ｈ_２ＰＯ(４－)的吸附与竞争吸附机理．实验结果表明，红壤吸附Ｈ２ＰＯ４－的量远远大于ＳＯ４（２－），前者几乎是后者的２倍．在两种阴离子共存体系中，Ｈ２ＰＯ４－使ＳＯ４（２－）吸附量明显减少，在浓度低时甚至出现负吸附；ＳＯ４（２－）对Ｈ２ＰＯ４－吸附量的影响很小．说明土壤对Ｈ２ＰＯ４－的吸持力较强，为高强度专性吸附，不易于被其它阴离子解吸；土壤对ＳＯ４（２－）的吸持力则较弱，为低强度专性吸附或非专性物理吸附，能够被吸持力更强的阴离子完全解吸．     

湘东丘陵区不同类型土壤活性碳组分的剖面分布与差异

土壤活性碳组分是土壤健康变化的指示器。选取湘东丘陵区3种不同母质发育的林地土壤（紫色土、板岩红壤和花岗岩红壤）,研究土壤颗粒有机碳（POC）和溶解性有机碳（DOC）的剖面分布规律,并分析POC、DOC与土壤有机碳（SOC）、土壤质地的关系。结果表明：土壤剖面POC、DOC质量分数分别介于0．29～3．87g·kg。和15．01～311．34mg·kg^-1,随剖面加深而大幅降低。土壤剖面POC储量介于8．61一16．54t·hm^-2,以花岗岩红壤最高,板岩红壤最低;而DOC储量介于380．76～1184．83kg·hm^-2,以板岩红壤最高,紫色土最低。POC占SOC的比例（POC／SOC）介于6．42％～46．25％,其中紫色土和板岩红壤POC／SOC随土层加深而降低,而花岗岩红壤则完全相反。DOC占SOC的比例（DOC／SOC）介于O．35％～3．02％,其中紫色土DOC／SOC随土层加深而降低,板岩红壤与花岗岩红壤DOC／SOC则以B层最高。由此可见,不同母质发育的土壤类型,碳库质量和脆弱程度不一。从维持地力和环境健康的角度,应对不同母质发育的土壤制定不同的开发利用方案。     

华南红壤坡面侵蚀水动力学机制试验研究

华南红壤区是我国发生潜在水土流失危害的重点区域之一,红壤坡地的水土流失现象较为严重。华南红壤地区气候温暖,雨量丰沛,降雨特点通常表现为强度大、历时长,暴雨或大暴雨事件频发,因此暴雨驱动因子影响作用更为显著,研究探讨华南红壤坡面侵蚀过程及动力特征有着重要的现实意义。通过室内35场不同雨强（30、60、90、120、180、210、270 mm·h-1）、不同坡度（5°、10°、15°、20°、25°）的人工模拟降雨试验,研究了华南红壤侵蚀的水动力学机制。主要取得以下研究结果：（1）红壤坡面侵蚀水流的流态大部分均处于＂层流—缓流区＂,除平均流速随着模拟雨强的增加而增加外,其他水动力参数（坡面侵蚀水流的阻力、曼宁糙率、径流剪切力、以及水流功）均会受到雨强和坡度改变的影响,但是不呈现特定的函数关系,规律不明显;（2）从水动力学角度解析了红壤坡面水蚀过程,得出了相对水深和曼宁糙率系数两种水动力因子共同组成的复合水动力特征参数,可作为表征不同雨强及坡度下的坡面水蚀侵蚀产沙的特征水动力参数指标。     

淹水对酸性红壤磷吸附解吸特性的影响——以江西省旱地红壤和水稻土为例

采用室内培养法研究了淹水对2种酸性红壤（旱地红壤、水稻土）磷吸附解吸特性及草酸可提取态P的影响。淹水培养实验中,2种土壤分别淹水0（对照）,1、2、3、4、8周,淹水培养结束后进行P吸附解吸实验,解吸实验结束后测定土样中草酸可提取态P。结果表明：与氧化状态相比,淹水后旱地红壤P吸附量减少,水稻土淹水1、2、3周P吸附量高于氧化状态,继续淹水4和8周后P吸附量减少。淹水前后旱地红壤P吸附量均大于水稻土。用简单Langmuir方程拟合P等温吸附曲线,除淹水4周外,P最大缓冲容量（MBC）随淹水时间延长而降低。结合能常数（K）淹水前后的变化规律性差。2种土壤P解吸量随加入P量增加而增加。氧化、还原状态下,2种土壤酸性草酸铵可提取P均远远大于CaCl2解吸P,虽然水稻土吸附P量低于旱地红壤,但P解吸量无论是CaCl2解吸P还是酸性草酸铵可提取P均大于旱地红壤,主要原因在于水稻土全P及速效P含量大于旱地红壤。淹水后草酸可提取态P增加,吸附P的释放和被新近形成的铁氧化物再吸附是淹水后草酸可提取态P增加的主要原因。     

广西喀斯特和红壤地区桉树人工林土壤理化性质对比研究

喀斯特地区种植桉林是恢复和改善岩溶地区生态环境及推进脱贫致富的重要措施,但其生态环境影响也是广泛关注的科学问题。选择广西桂林、扶绥两处地点,对比分析了红壤和喀斯特土壤种植桉树对土壤结构和土壤养分的影响,结果表明：（1）喀斯特地区桉林土壤容重略大于红壤、毛管孔隙度不发达,非毛管孔隙度较发达,总孔隙度小于红壤;（2）喀斯特地区桉林土壤非毛管含水量显著低于红壤,但饱和含水量基本相当;（3）喀斯特桉林土壤的全量养分多高于红壤,而一些速效养分低于红壤,尤其是钾的含量显著偏低;（4）喀斯特桉林土壤的pH值和有机质含量高于红壤。研究表明喀斯特地区种植桉树人工林并未引起土壤结构的破坏和土壤养分含量的显著降低,相反在某些方面喀斯特地区种植桉树相对于红壤还有其优势。最后,结合研究结论,该文还就喀斯特地区和红壤地区桉树人工林管理提出了一些针对性建议。     

湘南第四纪红壤吸附SO^2—4的机理研究

本文研究了湘南第四纪红粘土及其发育地旱地和水田表层土壤对ＳＯ＾２－４的吸附，结果表明这三种土壤吸附ＳＯ＾２－４的顺序为：红粘土＞旱地红壤＞红壤性水稻土，而且随介质ＰＨ的升高，ＳＯ＾２－４吸附量减少，吸附机理也发生改变，当介质ＰＨ＜ＺＰＣ时，以置换水合基（－ＯＨ２）的方式进行，ＰＨ在３．５－６．５之间时，以置换羟基（－ＯＨ）的方式为主，ＰＨ＞６．５以后，解吸占优势。     

浙江红壤和黄壤的电荷特性

本文对浙江省红壤和黄壤的电荷特性作了初步研究。结果表明，黄壤的可变负电荷量、正电荷量、有效阳离子交换量（ＥＣＥＣ）和可变电荷零点（ＰＨ０）都高于红壤。红壤和黄壤可变负电荷量占负电荷总量的半数以上。土壤的电荷特性与活性铁铝氧化物密切相关。     

红壤坡地茶园蒸腾及影响因子研究

用整株容器法研究了红壤坡地茶园的蒸腾作用。结果显示：（1）茶园蒸腾速率具有明显的早晚低、中午高的日变化特征，但在不同的日期蒸腾速率日变化曲线存在一定差异。（2）蒸腾速率受诸多田间小气候因子的影响，相关分析及多元逐步回归分析表明，气温与净辐射是影响茶园蒸腾作用的2个主要气象因子。（3）蒸腾速率与叶片气孔导度关系密切，且随着气孔导度的增加，蒸腾速率增大，最后探讨了植物蒸腾驱动力及其抑制的可能性及气孔行为的调节与水分利用。     

Sequential utilization of free amino acids, yolk proteins and lipids in developing eggs and yolk-sac larvae of barfin flounder Verasper moseri

Changes in the contents of free amino acids (FAA), M_r 170,000 lipovitellin (oLv B), that is the major yolk protein in ovulated eggs, and lipids were measured in developing eggs and yolk-sac larvae of barfin flounder (Verasper moseri) to elucidate the sequential utilization of these nutrient stocks before the first feed. Hatching takes place on the 10th day after fertilization at a water temperature of 8°C, and the hatched larvae absorb almost all of their yolk masses within 21 days after fertilization. The total FAA content showed no change during the first 4 days, then decreased to about 13% of the initial level by the 13th day after fertilization. During the consumption of FAA, non-essential amino acids tend to decrease earlier than essential amino acids. The native molecular weight and immunoreactivity of M_r 170,000 oLv B did not show any change during the first 16 days after fertilization, though the sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of oLv B showed a serial change. The oLv B contents, measured by quantitative immunodiffusion using antiserum against oLv B of ovulated eggs, were approximately stable during the 13 days after fertilization, then decreased rapidly until the end of yolk-sac absorption. Phospholipids (PL), which seem mostly to bind with lipovitellin-proteins, decreased gradually after hatching coincident with the decrease in oLv B and M_r 330,000 lipoprotein. From these results, we conclude that there are three periods for sequential nutrient utilization in barfin flounder embryos and larvae: (1) pre-FAA utilization period, 0-4th day; (2) FAA utilization period, 4th-13th day; (3) oLv B and PL utilization period, 16th-21st day post-fertilization.     

论自然保护区的共同管理

自然保护区是我国可持续发展的重要事业之一,近几年来发展迅猛,取得了丰硕成果.但是,自然保护区的建设和管理还处在初级阶段,存在许多困难和问题.本文分析了自然保护区管理上存在的困难和问题,探讨了如何实施共同管理,旨在为自然保护区建设和管理提供现实依据.     

辽宁西南典型城市冬季大气细颗粒物水溶性无机离子污染特征及来源解析

本研究于2018年12月3日-2019年1月1日在辽宁省西南典型城市葫芦岛市和朝阳市分别布设3个城区采样点,在区域传输点龙屯水库布设1个采样点,采集大气细颗粒物PM2.5样品(n=201).使用离子色谱检测样品中的Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、NH4+、SO42-、F-、Cl-和NO3-的质量浓度.观测期间PM2....     

Integrating empirical and heuristic knowledge in a KBS to approach stream eutrophication

The nutrient enrichment of rivers and its consequences are among the most severe water quality problems in Europe, causing eutrophication and other problems. The decision-making processes involved in the management of these problems require extensive human expertise from people who deal directly with day-to-day stream problems, as well as empirical knowledge based on scientific research. This means that eutrophication is a complex problem, the optimal management of which requires an integrated and multidisciplinary approach. This approach can be taken using a Knowledge-Based System (KBS) built upon the concepts and methods of human reasoning. Accordingly, a KBS was developed within the STREAMES project. In this KBS most of the knowledge needed for managing eutrophication problems was organised and structured in the form of a decision tree (DT). The methodology specially developed to build this KBS, as well as the internal structure of the eutrophication decision tree, is presented here. The good DT obtained led to consider the KBS a suitable tool to support the management of eutrophication.     

The ecology of two sandy beaches in south west India. II. Notes on Emerita holthuisi

The mole crab Emerita holthuisi Sankolli occurred on two beaches, at Shertallai and at Cochin, in southwest India. Observations on the size-frequency of samples for Shertallai suggest that there were two main periods of recruitment, one in the pre-monsoon,months of February and March, and one during the monsoon, although there may have been some recruitment throught the year. At Cochin, E. holthuisi was present in the pre-monsoon period, but disappeared from the beach during the monsoon.     

Leaching toxicity characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash

The continuously increasing production of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) has promoted its utilization as construction material and raised environmental concern. The physico-chemical properties and leaching behavior of MSWIBA were studied, and ecotoxicological testing using a luminescent bacterium bioassay was performed to assess the ecological pollution risks associated with its leached constituents. The MSWIBA was leached by two types of leachants, H₂SO₄/HNO₃ and HAc solution, at different liquid to solid ratios and contact times. The concentrations of heavy metals and anions in the leachates were analyzed. Multivariate statistical analyses, including principle component analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, were used to evaluate the contributions of the constituents to the toxicity (EC₅₀) of the MSWIBA leachate. The statistical analyses of the ecotoxicological results showed that the Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, F⁻ and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were closely correlated with the EC₅₀ value, and these substances were the main contributors to the ecotoxicity of the MSWIBA leachate. In addition, the cluster of these variables indicated similar leaching behaviors. Overall, the research demonstrated that the ecotoxicological risks resulting from MSWIBA leaching could be assessed before its utilization, which provides crucial information for the adaptation of MSWIBA as alternative materials.     

Water shortage: a serious problem in sustainable development of China

SUMMARY

Water crises have occurred in more than 400 cities in China at the beginning of 2000. Investigation and statistical data suggest that there are five main problems in the management and utilization of water resources in China. These are (1) insufficient capacity and inhomogeneous space-time distribution of natural resources, (2) outdated construction of water conservancy projects and supply engineering, (3) unreasonable industrial water consumption, (4) increased water pollution and (5) incomplete management of the river basin and waterworks in city. It is necessary to take steps corresponding to the above-mentioned reasons to mitigate and even dispel the pressure on water resources for sustainable development of China as quickly as possible.     

The effects of shark cage-diving operations on the behaviour and movements of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at the Neptune Islands, South Australia

The attraction or provisioning of sharks for the purpose of tourism is a lucrative and popular industry that remains controversial regarding its possible risks to target species and impacts on local ecosystems. The long-term impacts of such activities on the behaviour and movement patterns of sharks have typically been difficult to establish as most studies investigate contemporary behaviour concurrent with existing operations and thus have no comparative base from which to compare effects. We compared patterns of residency and behaviour of acoustic-tagged white sharks at the Neptune Islands in South Australia between periods before and after an abrupt and sustained doubling of cage-diving effort that occurred in 2007. The number of sharks reported by cage-dive operators significantly increased after 2007. Comparisons also revealed there were significant increases in sharks’ periods of residency, the periods spent within areas where shark cage-diving operations occur and changes in sharks’ diel pattern of habitat use. Changes were site-specific with no significant differences in shark behaviour revealed over the same period at an island group 12 km from regular shark cage-dive sites. The results suggest that cage-diving operations can lead to long-term changes in the site-specific behaviour of a highly vagile shark species which may need to be considered in the context of their conservation and in managing the impacts of the industry.     

Environmental conflicts in mineral development

In the 1980s conflicts over the extraction and use of natural resources will increase. While some of these controversies are unavoidable, many are manufactured when people choose inappropriate methods for responding to problems. This paper explores five ways industry creates its own problems and how it can avoid doing so. They are: failure to provide adequate information to the public; relying on stereotypes in making decisions; ignoring a problem, hoping that it will disappear; assuming that technical solutions are sufficient to solve a problem; depending on archaic techniques for conducting business with the public. Specific tools for managing environmental conflict are suggested.     

Reproductive periodicity of meiobenthic copepods: Seasonal of continuous?

Much of the literature on meiofauna reproductive periodicity suggests continuous reproduction throughout the year. Field data collected over a two-year period in the North Inlet area, South Carolina (USA) indicate that the dominant meiobenthic copepods at each station sampled are in a reproductive state all year whereas less abundant species have distinct seasonal reproductive periods. Reproduction throughout the year is not restricted to, nor does it encompass all of, the interstitial copepods with a low number of eggs. In those species where seasonality is evident, there is a temporal separation of the most closely allied copepods, and when one species is present the other is absent. Alternation of reproductive cycles in these species reduces competition and allows for maximum resource utilization.