黑岱沟露天煤矿排土场果园景观生态建设研究

本文通过对黑岱沟露天煤矿开发所形成新的人工环境条件下的气候和土壤等因子分析，应用景观生态学原理，规划建设了以观赏为主的果园观生态建设。通过对所载植果树和其它乔灌木的观测研究，筛选出了适宜于排土场生长的杏树、苹果梨、１２３苹果、山桃等果树品种，以及油松、旱柳、榆树、沙棘、玫瑰和先辈乔灌木品种，完成了排土场的景观生态建设工作，为矿区大面积土地复垦提供了依据。     

梨小食心虫性外激素的一种实用合成方法与田间诱蛾活性

梨小食心虫[Crapholitha molesta(Busck)],又名东方果蠹,简称梨小,是一种世界性的果树大害虫。在我国北方地区一年发生四、五代,南方地区六、七代,严重危害梨、桃、李、杏和苹果等。以往防治这种害虫主要依靠化学农药,而害虫的抗药性不断增强,农药用量有增无减,环境和果品污染则逐渐加重。探索防治梨小食心虫等果树害虫的新方法、     

污水处理厂绿化方式分析

以绿化常识为基础结合污水处理厂的特性,论述了污水处理厂厂区绿化的组成、栽植及布局特点。充分考虑污水处理厂特定功能环境:地下管网复杂、用地性质特殊和污染源的存在,阐述了合理的绿化布局方式,使绿化建设符合生产特点,体现厂区特色,具有良好的生态功能和观赏效果。     

宁南山区退耕还林还草对土壤氮素组成及其转化酶活的影响

以宁夏南部山区柠条、山桃、苜蓿和长芒草这4种植被为研究对象,玉米(农地)为对照,测定土壤中7种氮素的含量及2种氮素转化相关酶的活性,通过冗余分析方法探究退耕还林还草对土壤氮素及其转化酶活的影响.结果表明:①与玉米地相比,长芒草地的颗粒有机氮,轻组分有机氮,微生物生物量氮和铵态氮分别增加35. 3%、83. 3%、64. 2%和110. 0%;苜蓿地的可溶性有机氮和铵态氮分别增加0. 7%和67. 5%;长芒草地的天冬酰胺酶和蛋白酶活性活性分别提高360%和144. 8%,说明退耕还草对氮素及其转化酶有一定促进作用;②山桃地的有机氮、轻组分有机氮、颗粒有机氮和可溶性有机氮分别比玉米地高3. 7%、133. 3%、70. 6%和28. 1%,柠条地的轻组分有机氮和山桃地的微生物生物量氮分别比玉米地高16. 7%和49. 6%,柠条地和山桃地的蛋白酶活性均高于玉米地,说明退耕还林对氮素及其转化酶同样有促进作用.③冗余分析(RDA)结果和环境因子解释率表明,土壤含水率,p H值和有机碳是影响宁南山区氮素分布与转化的关键因子.退耕还林还草改变了氮素相关转化酶的活性、对氮素组成有一定的促进作用,为黄土高原生态恢复和土壤质量管理提供了理论依据.     

12种常见落叶果树BVOCs排放清单和排放特征

为了解城市近郊区域植物源挥发性有机化合物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)排放情况,运用动态采样法对北京地区广泛种植的12种典型落叶果树(其中9种为首次报道) BVOCs进行野外采样和实验室分析.结果表明,果树释放物中含有烃类、醇类和醛类等9类物质,烃类含量最高,占39. 0%. 12种果树均释放异戊二烯和单萜(6种果树释放倍半萜烯),其中,桃等3种果树为高BVOCs排放树种,海棠等9种果树为中等BVOCs排放树种.果树总BVOCs(异戊二烯、单萜和倍半萜烯之和)释放速率在(2. 6±0. 1)～(14±0. 8)μg·(g·h)~(-1)之间,其中杏子总BVOCs释放速率最高[(14±0. 8)μg·(g·h)~(-1)].对不同科属及生活型果树BVOCs进行显著性分析发现,木本类果树异戊二烯释放速率[(4. 2±1. 4)μg·(g·h)~(-1)]显著高于藤本类[(0. 6±0. 2)μg·(g·h)~(-1),P=0. 03],但果树BVOCs的释放速率不具有显著的科属差异,暂不能依据果树科属关系对BVOCs释放水平进行分类.与松柏科植物不同,具有花香或脂香味的β-月桂烯(β-myrcene)、D-柠檬烯(D-limonene)和γ-松油烯(γ-terpinene)是果树释放的主要成分,β-月桂烯(β-myrcene)含量最高,占单萜总释放量的59. 3%.此外,果树还可能释放芴、菲和萘等8种具有芳香味的有毒有害大气污染物.本研究拓展了BVOCs研究领域,为丰富BVOCs数据库及BVOCs环境效应评估提供了基础数据.     

屋顶绿化二氧化碳减排效益的研究

屋顶绿化不仅能够美化城市环境,而且对城市二氧化碳减排具有一定作用。文章利用自行设计的熏气装置对几种常见屋顶绿化植物进行CO2熏气实验,测定其对CO2的吸收速率和影响因素;实验结果表明,红叶石楠、红继木和石榴等绿化植物对CO2具有显著的吸收能力,其中红叶石楠的吸收速率最高,达7.058 L/(m.2d),绿化植物对CO2的吸收速率受屋面温度影响较大,温度超过34℃时吸收速率快速减小;在实验观测基础上,结合武汉城市区域气候特征、建筑物荷载能力、屋顶绿化可用面积等信息,分析得到武汉市进行规模化屋顶绿化之后,每年可吸收转化CO21.696×106t,相当于一个194 MW火力发电厂一年的CO2排放量,屋顶绿化的发展前景较可观。     

炼油厂的绿化

绿化是美化厂容创造文明生产条件之一。绿化能够改善人类生活环境,保持生态平衡,早已为人们的生活实践所认识与利用.一、绿化的作用1.遮阳:树木的躯干和树冠对直射阳光能起遮挡作用,其遮阳效果随树木的种类,树冠的高矮、形状,树叶的大小及其疏密的程度的不同而变化。长势良好的树木能挡住太阳直射光的40～90%.     

乌鲁木齐市节能减排效益分析

本文以乌鲁木齐市近年煤耗、人口及环境空气质量变化数据为基准,结合乌鲁木齐市近年已采取的大气、生态环境治理措施以及未来拟定继续采取的系列措施,分析乌鲁木齐市节能减排形势,取得的效果、面临的困难和未来的发展变化趋势.     

风雨兼程铸基石 节能减排促发展——国电新疆红雁池发电有限公司

国电新疆红雁池发电有限公司是国家大型工业企业,公司前身是新疆红雁池发电厂、新疆红雁池第一发电有限责任公司,地处乌鲁木齐市南郊,因居红雁池水库北侧而得名.公司目前总装机容量42万千瓦.2001年由原新疆红雁池发电厂和原新疆红雁池四期发电有限责任公司组建成新疆红雁池第一发电有限责任公司,2003年1月划归中国国电集团公司,后更名为国电新疆红雁池发电有限公司.     

乌鲁木齐市表层土壤Pb的化学形态分布及潜在生态危害评价

研究了乌鲁木齐市不同功能区表层土壤Pb 的含量及其化学形态分布,并采用Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中Pb的潜在生态危害进行评价.结果表明:土壤中w（Pb）的平均值为50.9 mg/kg,变幅为27.9～113.7 mg/kg.w（Pb）在各功能区表现为商业区（65.5mg/kg）>交通密集区（61.0 mg/kg）>工业区（55.6 mg/kg）>居民区（45.9 mg/kg）>文教区（41.2 mg/kg）>绿化风景区（35.9 mg/kg）;不同功能区表层土壤Pb化学形态存在差异,Pb 元素的化学形态总的分布趋势是残渣态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态.其中,工业区和交通密集区是以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态为主,分别占52.33%,28.59%和42.96%,38.69%;居民区、商业区、文教区和绿化风景区主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主.各功能区土壤中Pb的金属活性表现为工业区＞交通密集区＞文教区＞商业区＞绿化风景区＞居民区.乌鲁木齐市土壤的Pb污染处于中等到强污染之间,达到轻微生态危害水平.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.