普通高等院校餐厅清洁生产措施探讨

高校餐厅作为在校师生的饮食场所,是高校建设的一个重要环节,其运行管理好坏直接影响到高校的整体形象,而清洁生产的实施是衡量其运行管理指标之一。以西安市某高校餐厅为例,采用问卷调查和实地调查法,运用Spass软件对数据进行处理分析,并针对餐厅消耗品、餐厅设施、餐厅饭菜、餐厅员工、餐厅厨余等提出清洁生产措施。结果表明：（1）通过清洁生产,该餐厅平均每年能够节约电费1.67万元,减少劳务成本约5.52万元,一次性消耗品增收6.75万元,共产生经济效益13.64万元,并减少10%上的剩菜剩饭;（2）通过清洁生产,提高了饭菜质量、降低了饭菜价格,吸引更多的学生到餐厅就餐,增加了餐厅收入,改善了餐厅的环境。因此,实施高校清洁生产,对于减轻学校的财政压力、建立环境友好型社会具有重要的意义。     

高校清洁生产审核及清洁生产措施研究

文章以西部某高校为调查对象,采用资料收集法和实地调查法,对该校进行清洁生产审核,得出该校清洁生产现状及存在问题,并提出相应的清洁生产措施.结果表明:(1)该校水、电等能、资源用量无精确计量,实行不限量供给,是造成浪费的原因之一.(2)通过清洁生产措施,可明显降低和减少该校能、资源用量及一次性污染排放量.因此,对高校实施清洁生产,对于减轻学校的财政压力、建立环境友好型社会具有重要的意义.     

无污染技术的研究

X38‘9702727推进中国清洁生产的技术初探/段宁…(中国国家清洁生产中心)//环境科学研究/中国环科院,一1997,10(l)一43一45环信X一6 “推进中国清洁生产”项目(B一4子项目),在27家企业开展了29轮清洁生产审计,共发现690项清洁生产技术。本文将690项清洁生产技术按投资量分为无/低费和设备更新技术,并对这两项技术进行了成本效果分析,发现无/低费技术平均每10000元投资削减C()D54.Zt/a,创经济效益101.6万元/a;设备更新技术平均每10。。o元投资削减C()I)。.6ot/a,创经济效益0.91万元/a(以净现值计);无/低费技术的投资偿还期平均为4.0个月,…     

推进中国清洁生产的技术初探

“推进中国清洁生产"项目(B-4子项目),在27家企业开展了29轮清洁生产审计,共发现690项清洁生产技术?本文将690项清洁生产技术按投资量分为无/低费和设备更新技术,并对这两项技术进行了成本效果分析,发现无/低费技术平均每10000元投资削减COD54.2t/a,创经济效益101.6万元/a;设备更新技术平均每10000元投资削减COD0.60t/a,创经济效益0.91万元/a(以净现值计);无/低费技术的投资偿还期平均为4.0个月,设备更新技术的投资偿还期平均为400个月?      

清洁生产好处多 效益环保双丰收 广州石化明年6成装置实现清洁生产

广州石化第一套清洁生产试点装置常减压蒸馏 (二 )装置在实施清洁生产方案之后 ,废弃污染物的排放量明显减少 ,含油污水减少２２．３５万ｔ／ａ,污油减少５０．７４ｔ／ａ,ＣＯＤ减少１５．４２ｔ／ａ ,含硫污水减少４．３８万ｔ／ａ ,加热炉烟气减少１８６１万ｍ３／ａ ,新鲜水用量减少１１．９３万ｔ／ａ,每年取得近３００万元的经济效益 ,实现了环保、效益双丰收。为实施清洁生产 ,广州石化采取了一系列技术措施。为改变污水汽提处理装置贮量小 ,污水处理装置停工消缺困难的局面 ,投资４０７万元建设了２个３０００ｍ３的污水罐。该厂还…     

安庆石化45条良策为清洁生产添翼

2006年3月,安庆石化采纳了一职工的合理化建议,实施了炼油装置低温热回收利用节能项目的改造,每小时可减少低压蒸汽消耗约28.5吨,节电约170千瓦,炼油综合能耗每吨原油下降了3.5千克标油,年新增效益2 000多万元.通过合理化建议的方式让职工为清洁生产献计献策,是安庆石化一项成功的做法.两年来,该企业已采纳并实施了此类清洁生产的建议45条,累计投资达2.4亿元,大幅度提高了三废资源综合利用水平,降低了"三废"排放量,企业每年增加效益1亿元以上.     

清洁生产审核在机械制造企业中的应用

清洁生产是企业实现可持续发展战略的必由之路,企业清洁生产审核是企业实施清洁生产的重要内容和有效工具。本文在对某机械制造企业进行清洁生产审核中,针对行业特点,结合企业自身情况,组织实施了3个中／高费方案和18无／低费方案,已实施方案每年可节电79．7万度,节约柴油10．1吨,节约工时费25．0万元,燃气费1．0万元,产生效益93．2万元,取得了良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

某城市污水处理厂清洁生产审核分析

针对某城市污水处理厂的清洁生产审核,依据该行业特点并结合企业自身情况,提出并实施了清洁生产无/低费方案24项、中/高费方案4项,每年可节约自来水10.52万t,节约电能182.5万kW·h,节约絮凝剂约2.8t,产生的经济效益为187.7万元,减少污染物的排放量分别为COD 431.43t、BOD5110.6t、TP 12.045t、NH3-N45.62t、TN 31.39t、SS 217.54t,出水各项指标均能稳定达标。在此基础上,进一步分析并总结了城市污水处理厂清洁生产审核过程中存在的问题,以为污水处理企业清洁生产审核提供指导。     

低碳生活专栏 中国家庭低碳生活的倡导者和实践者(八)

<正>(接上期)五、用21.用布袋取代塑料袋。尽管少生产1个塑料袋只能节能约0.04克标准煤,相应减排二氧化碳0.1克,但由于塑料袋日常用量极大,如果全国减少10%的塑料袋使用量,那么每年可以节能约1.2万吨标准煤,减排二氧化碳3.1万吨。22.减少一次性筷子使用。我国是人口大国,广泛使用一次性筷子会大量消耗林业资源。如果全国减少10%的一次性筷子使用量,那么每年可相当于减少二氧化碳排放约10.3万吨。     

废弃酸碱精制实现变压器油清洁生产

利用糠醛精制代替酸碱精制实现变压器油清洁生产，每年减少废渣排放5454t，减少加工损失5454t，取得了良好的环保效益和经济效益。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.