环境影响评价中事故风险评价的初步探讨

文章对环境影响评价中的事故风险评价做了初步的探讨,给出了事故风险评价的方法与步骤.环境风险有些并不能通过措施来预防和控制,其对环境、社会和经济安全构成的危害非常重要.要产生偶然的影响必然具备两个条件:一是有发生的可能性,二是将产生对环境有害的影响后果.事故风险评价不同于正常的环境影响评价,除可能导致的环境影响后果外,发生环境事故风险的可能性(即发生概率)也是评价的重要内容之一.事故风险评价的第一步就是分析项目潜在的事故风险的形式和种类,然后才能求出它们发生的概率和环境影响后果两种属性.评价事故风险是否可以接受,必须综合事故的环境影响后果和事故发生概率两方面的因素.     

对废液库环境风险评价方法的思考

结合具体实例,按照《建设项目环境风险评价导则》要求,对氨碱法制纯碱过程中产生的废液库进行环境风险评价,针对环境风险的风险识别、源项分析、事故类型确定、后果计算及风险管理措施与评价等方面进行了初步探讨.由于计算事故的泄漏时间及泄漏量时存在不确定性,可根据实际情况分析给出假定事故源强.不同阶段的溃坝概率是不同的,水库初蓄水期的溃坝概率较高.本项目环境风险应急预案的制定必须根据实际情况,应侧重于坝址下游人群安全.建议主要从事故发出预警、群众疏散、抢险与救助以及救援物资的供给等方面进行考虑.     

炼油厂环境风险评价研究——以中化泉州1200万t/a炼油项目为例

环境风险评价在建设项目环境影响评价工作中日益受到重视,是化工类项目的审查重点。根据HJ/T169-2004《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》,以拟新建中化泉州1200万t/a炼油项目为例,对其事故风险进行了识别。在统计国内外相关事故的基础上,给出了事故概率和事故源项,定量评价了火灾爆炸和毒物泄漏对环境的影响,并提出了切实可行的风险防范措施。按照中石化的相关规定,对项目产生的事故废水进行了核算,并提出了事故水三级防控措施。     

城市天然气利用工程的环境事故风险评价

根据作者的工作经验并结合工程实例,对天然气综合利用中环境事故风险评价的方法作一初步探讨.     

石油化工项目环境风险评价实例分析

环境风险评价是石油化工项目环境影响评价的一项重要内容。笔者以某拟建沥青厂为例,利用有关事故统计资料类比分析和世界银行推荐的爆炸危害关系式,对石油化工项目环境风险半定量评价进行了初步探讨。结果表明,该厂发生泄漏事故不会波及外环境,爆炸事故将造成厂区严重破坏并对局地大气环境产生一定影响。      

HepG2细胞对垃圾渗滤液经SND/UF/RO处理前后的毒性评估

垃圾渗滤液含有高浓度难降解毒性污染物及致癌、致诱变和致畸物质,其较为成熟的处理工艺主要有硝化反硝化（SND）、超滤（UF）和反渗透（RO）等.目前,关于SND/UF/RO技术对渗滤液处理前后的毒性降低情况尤其与细胞凋亡相关的研究较缺乏,故本文选用HepG2细胞为评价对象,研究经SND/UF/RO处理前后垃圾渗滤液的细胞毒性、遗传毒性.细胞毒性结果表明,经SND/UF/RO处理后,暴露在浓度为30%渗滤液中HepG2细胞活力从38.3%上升至88.4%;同时,凋亡试验和细胞周期分析表明,经SND/UF/RO处理后的出水清液无法诱导细胞发生凋亡,但可将细胞阻滞在G2期诱导细胞内染色体畸变.这是由于出水清液对HepG2细胞有明显的氧化损伤,但渗滤液原液可诱导细胞凋亡且阻滞细胞停留在S期而影响其增殖.微核试验数据显示,出水清液的遗传毒性是阴性对照组的2倍,彗星实验佐证了出水清液对细胞内DNA有微弱损伤.实验表明,SND/UF/RO工艺可将垃圾渗滤液原液的毒性减少约95%,出水清液仍具有微弱的细胞毒性和遗传毒性.因此,需对经SND/UF/RO处理后的排放液毒性高度重视.     

化工企业环境风险评价实践研究

环境风险评价已成为可能发生事故风险的化工企业环境影响评价中重要而不可缺少的组成部分。文章根据《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》要求,结合化工企业风险评价案例,阐述了化工企业环境风险评价的技术要点。化工企业环境风险评价一般包括风险识别、源项分析、后果计算以及事故风险防范措施(包括事故应急池),其中源项分析是化工企业风险评价的重点和难点。同时,在化工企业环境风险评价实际工作中,还应根据当地大气、地表水条件、周边人口分布等情况选择合适的参数和模型进行预测评价。     

尾矿库环境风险模糊综合评价研究

摘要：将模糊数学综合评判模型与尾矿库环境风险中对污染事故有影响的因子相结合,建立了尾矿库环境风险固有风险性评价的模糊综合评判模型。在该模型里,就尾矿库环境风险固有风险性评判的评价指标的选取、评价等级划分以及权重的确定等进行了研究。     

制药建设项目环境风险评价探讨

环境风险评价是制药建设项目环境影响评价中必须涉及的一项重要内容,是对制药企业环境影响的不确定性及其环境后果进行调查和确定的过程,具有复杂性、综合性和不确定性三大特征。该文以重庆某制药建设项目为例,从风险识别、风险预测及评价、风险事故防范措施及应急预案等方面,论述了环境风险评价的基本概念及一般程序,对制药建设项目环境风险评价的特点、工作内容、工作方法等进行了初步探讨。     

环境风险评价研究进展

重大环境污染事故常伴有人员伤亡,给社会、经济、人群健康和环境带来巨大破坏,环境风险评价是预防环境污染事故并提供有效应急措施的必要工作.对环境风险评价发展的三个阶段:健康风险评价、事故风险评价和综合风险评价进行了总结,并分析其研究进展、评价方法和研究不足之处,最后探讨了环境风险评价与环境风险管理的关系.结果表明,在未来几十年内,区域环境风险、长期环境风险、不确定性处理和环境毒理学、环境流行病学等方面将成为环境风险评价的重点研究领域.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.