初始氨氮浓度对钝顶螺旋藻生长及其去除率的影响

螺旋藻是一种经济价值很高的微藻,研究氨氮对钝顶螺旋藻生长及其去除水中氨氮效率的影响,探讨其在废水处理中的可行性具有重要意义。结果表明,以硫酸铵作为氮源时,钝顶螺旋藻的对数期一般在4～6 d,随着氨氮浓度的升高对数期略有提前。钝顶螺旋藻对硫酸氨的耐受浓度为0.5 g/L,相应的氨氮浓度为106 mg/L。培养4～6 d时氨氮浓度下降幅度最大,培养结束时氨氮去除率为67.7%～82.5%,当硫酸铵投加量为0.4 g/L时,氨氮去除率最高,达82.6%。因此,螺旋藻可用于去除废水中的氨氮,具有很好的应用前景。     

沼液SBR处理出水养殖螺旋藻

养猪沼液氮磷等营养物质丰富,可作为廉价的螺旋藻培养基,但其成分复杂,尤其是高氨氮等因素严重抑制螺旋藻的生长.采用序批式生物反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)降低沼液中的氨氮浓度,通过改变进水中化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)与总氮(total nitrogen,TN)的比值,研究了沼液中的亚硝态氮及硝态氮的保留情况,为螺旋藻生长提供氮源.通过对比螺旋藻在不同工况出水中的生长情况,以及氮元素的保留情况,筛选出最佳SBR工况.摇瓶试验结果表明,当进水COD/TN=3.0,出水中氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮浓度分别为51.2、91.6、213.1 mg·L~(-1),此时螺旋藻具有较快生长速率,产率达到0.084 g·(L·d)~(-1).在此基础之上,通过放大螺旋藻培养规模至120L,研究了螺旋藻在室外大棚中的生长情况及螺旋藻对沼液中氮、磷元素的去除,结果表明螺旋藻在室外依然生长良好,培养10 d后,产率为(0.075±0.003)g·(L·d)~(-1),螺旋藻蛋白含量达到60%左右,养殖出水中氨氮去除率达到99%.     

投加介体强化低温污水生物反硝化脱氮的研究

冬季低温条件下,污水脱氮效果容易变差。研究了在低温(10±1)℃条件下,投加介体1,2-萘醌-4磺酸(NQS)对生物反硝化脱氮的影响。实验结果表明:当硝态氮的浓度为65~85 mg/L,温度控制在(10±1)℃条件时,生物的反硝化脱氮性能变差,但投加介体后可以显著改善这种性能,硝态氮的浓度从开始的84.27 mg/L降为64.34 mg/L,与空白实验硝态氮去除率的15.78%相比,投加介体可以使硝态氮的去除率提高到23.65%,脱氮速率达2.66 mg NO_x~--N/(g VSS·h)。     

碳源在电子废水处理中的机理及环保意义

本文通过实验室小试和现场试验相结合的方法,对某电子厂生产过程中产生的高浓度有机工业废水进行了系统地研究。首先,考察了不同种类及浓度的葡萄糖、蔗糖等单糖作为碳源时对COD去除率的影响;其次,分别采用乙酸钠、丙醇、丁醇以及乙醇作为单一碳源,与葡萄糖共同作用于活性污泥法工艺后,分析比较各组出水水质指标变化情况并探讨了各种碳源单独使用或混合投加时可能存在的最佳配比关系;最后,将三种碳源按照一定比例加入到A/O工艺中进行实际运行效果验证。研究结果表明,当葡萄糖投加量小于20g·L^-1时,随着葡萄糖投加量增加,COD_cr去除率先升高再降低,但总体上都高于未添加碳源前的进水值;当葡萄糖投加量大于20g·L^-1时,随着葡萄糖投加量继续增大,COD_cr去除率反而下降。综合考虑,确定最适葡萄糖投加量范围为20～35g·L^-1。     

有机碳源对一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的影响

试验通过在进水中投加有机碳源(白糖),研究有机碳源对一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的影响。试验结果表明:进水COD浓度对一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能产生明显的影响。当进水中COD浓度约为50mg/L时,即可导致系统总氮去除率大幅度下降,出水总氮去除率由不添加COD的87.8%降至76%,氨氮去除率由不添加COD的98.8%降至85%;当进水COD浓度上升至约100mg/L时,出水总氮的去除率由不添加COD的87.8%降至69%,氨氮去除率由不添加COD的98.8%降至77%;当进水COD浓度约为100mg/L时,并将调节槽曝气量由原来的0.4L/min增至0.6L/min,系统出水水质明显得到优化,总氮去除率恢复到未投加COD时的水平。有效地控制一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器内有机碳源的量,能明显地提高系统的脱氮效果。     

菌株Diaphorobacter polyhydroxybutyrativorans SL-205的反硝化特性

为强化硝酸盐污染水的反硝化脱氮,研究了反硝化新菌株Diaphorobacter polyhydroxybutyrativorans SL-205~T利用不同碳源的缺氧反硝化性能,以及利用固体碳源聚羟基丁酸戊酸共聚酯(PHBV)的好氧反硝化特性.结果表明,在缺氧状态下,菌株SL-205~T分别以乙酸钠、琥珀酸钠和PHBV为唯一碳源时,硝酸盐去除率均达到99%以上;当初始硝态氮浓度为315mg/L时,PHBV的最适投加量为2.0g/L.菌株SL-205~T能利用PHBV进行好氧反硝化,当反应进行到36h时,硝酸盐去除率达到94.54%,平均反硝化速率为8.69mg/(L·h),并且在反应结束时没有亚硝酸盐和氧化亚氮的积累.以上结果为该菌株在废水脱氮处理中的应用奠定了实验基础.     

不同碳源对活性污泥反硝化能力的影响研究

针对城镇污水处理中碳源不足影响系统脱氮能力的问题,分别以乙酸钠、葡萄糖作为外源性碳源,考察其对活性污泥反硝化脱氮能力的影响。研究结果表明:在碳源投加量分别为50,100,200 mg/L条件下,单位(g)NO-3-N去除增量所需乙酸钠/葡萄糖的投加量分别为8.24 g/49.02g、9.62g/22.57g、—/21.07g。乙酸钠可用作城镇污水脱氮除磷过程中的高效外源性碳源,但从污水处理运行经济性来看,需根据系统实际需去除NO-3-N的量,合理确定碳源投加量。     

碳源调控下复合垂直流人工湿地脱氮研究

碳源是制约生物脱氮效率的重要因素.我国城市污水碳源不足,需要考虑补充碳源提供反硝化电子供体.在复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)系统中,通过湿地特有的通气管补充碳源到湿地底部,改善了湿地内部微生物环境,强化了湿地脱氮功能,对氮的去除效率有显著提高.结果表明,葡萄糖作为外加碳源提高系统的反硝化能力要优于羧甲基纤维素(CMC),投加葡萄糖的系统比未补充碳源的系统脱氮效率有显著提高(p0.05).通过投加不同量的葡萄糖进行对比实验,发现对于处理量60 L.d-1的IVCW系统最佳葡萄糖投加量为1.5 g.此时C6H12O6∶NO3--N的质量比仅为4.3,这个投加量远低于在进水中为满足反硝化所需调控的C/N,因此通气管投加碳源的方式可节约外加碳源成本.此外,在进水前4h投加碳源要优于进水时加入碳源.     

不同C/N比和碳源种类条件下的SNAD生物膜脱氮性能

通过批试实验研究了C/N比和碳源种类对SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮性能的影响.SNAD生物膜反应器以生活污水为进水,以鲍尔环为生物膜载体,具有良好的SNAD脱氮性能.以乙酸钠为碳源,研究了COD/NO_2~--N比对SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮性能的影响.随着C0D/NO_2~--N比的增加,厌氧氨氧化亚硝态氮去除量占总亚硝态氮去除量的百分比逐渐减小.C0D/NO_2~--N比分别为1、2、3、4和5实验组对应的厌氧氨氧化亚硝态氮去除量占总亚硝态氮去除量的百分比分别为87.1%、52.2%、29.3%、23.7%和16.3%.当C0D/NO_2~--N比为0~2时,厌氧氨氧化亚硝态氮去除量占总亚硝态氮去除量的百分比大于50%,SNAD生物膜可以实现良好的耦合脱氮.控制C0D/N0_2~--N为5,研究了碳源种类对SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮性能的影响.以甲酸钠、乙酸钠、丙酸钠和葡萄糖为碳源实验组对应的厌氧氨氧化亚硝态氮去除量占总亚硝态氮去除量的百分比分别为16.3%、37.1%、74.1%和76.8%.当以丙酸钠或葡萄糖为外加碳源并且C0D/NO_2~--N=5时,SNAD生物膜可以实现良好的耦合脱氮.     

三种反硝化滤池深度脱氮中试

以污水厂实际二级出水为处理目标,通过中试试验研究了陶粒滤料反硝化生物滤池、固定床反硝化砂滤池和连续过滤连续反冲砂滤池的特性。以甲醇作为外加碳源,3种滤池均可实现出水平均总氮小于5 mg/L。不足量投加外碳源会出现出水亚硝态氮的积累。当进水TN为15 mg/L左右时,为达到出水TN小于5 mg/L,生物滤池、固定床砂滤池和连续过滤砂滤池建议滤速分别为不大于8,5.2,6.2 m/h;滤池反硝化碳源投加比例分别为4.28,3.0,3.2 g甲醇/gTN;对应的反硝化容积负荷平均值分别为1.1,0.8,1.2 kg/(m3·d)。进水组分分析发现,有机氮不是出水总氮小于5 mg/L的限制因素。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.