海洋塑料和微塑料管理立法研究

近年来,海洋微塑料污染问题已成为全球关注的热点。加强微塑料及其次生来源塑料垃圾的控制,是减少海洋微塑料污染的根本手段。为完善我国塑料和微塑料管理的立法工作,对国内外海洋塑料和微塑料管理立法的现状进行了调查研究。目前涉及塑料垃圾管理的立法较多,但针对性较弱;而关于微塑料管理的立法较少,且主要侧重于对化妆品中的塑料微珠的限制性规定。借鉴国际经验,建议我国在立法中尽快出台个人护理品中微塑料的限制性规定,在环境税中补充塑料垃圾税,完善塑料垃圾回收处理体系,完善海洋微塑料监测和评价体系,建立公众参与制度等。     

我国海洋塑料垃圾治理体系与成效

海洋塑料垃圾是人民群众身边突出的海洋生态环境问题,对海洋经济、生物多样性和海洋生态系统健康,构成了严重威胁。本文从塑料生产和使用的源头管控、陆源垃圾和入海河流垃圾防治、渔业垃圾和港口船舶垃圾防治、海洋塑料垃圾监管和清理等方面,对我国现有应对海洋塑料垃圾污染的全链条治理体系进行了介绍,从制度建立、科技创新、多元治理、公众参与等多角度介绍了我国海洋塑料垃圾治理成效,并对我国海洋塑料垃圾治理能力的提升进行了展望。     

我国海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料排放现状及对策

当前海洋塑料和微塑料污染问题是全球研究热点,随着我国陆源垃圾减量化处置率和生活污水处理覆盖率的提高,重新核算我国海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料排放量尤为重要,基于文献已报道的关于海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料排放量估算的方法并结合相关统计数据对我国相应排放量进行了核算.结果表明:2016年我国向海洋中排放塑料垃圾124×104~331×104 t,略低于2010年的132×104~353×104 t;生活污水处理厂向环境中排放塑料微珠约109.95×1012粒（折合131.78 t）,远低于2014年报道的209.7×1012粒（折合306.9 t）.此外,2016年我国生活污水处理厂向环境中排放合成化学纤维类微塑料约1 296.95×1012个（折合648.48 t）,轮胎与地面摩擦产生合成橡胶轮胎粉尘约78.85×104 t;合成化纤类微塑料和合成橡胶轮胎粉尘等已成为陆源微塑料的重要来源.通过与发达国家和地区在海洋垃圾和微塑料污染、陆源垃圾处置、海洋垃圾污染应对等方面进行比较,未来我国应通过完善"限塑令"和生活垃圾分类体系、尽早实施"塑料微珠"限令、明晰生活污水处理厂微塑料排放状况等手段从源头控制排放,此外需有效控制塑料垃圾和微塑料的输送途径,制定和完善相关法律法规和监测标准,提升我国应对海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料污染的能力和国际影响力.      

海洋微塑料污染状况及其应对措施建议

海洋塑料垃圾污染是人类面临的最为急迫的全球海洋环境问题之一,已引起各国政府、公众、科学界、媒体及非政府组织等的广泛关注,并成为当前海洋生态与环境研究的热点问题之一,亟待应对和解决.从水体、沉积物及生物体内海洋塑料垃圾及微塑料污染特征、来源及归趋角度,阐述了海洋微塑料垃圾的分布特征、潜在生态风险和应对措施,以及国内外应对海洋塑料及微塑料污染所采取的管控措施,介绍了各国政府和非政府组织所提出的法律法规和公约倡议.鉴于当前鲜见典型区域塑料污染管控和生态风险评估体系研究,从科学研究和管理控制两个方面,进一步指出现阶段在海洋塑料垃圾及微塑料研究和管控方面存在的诸多问题,如方法学（采集、预处理和分析）的差异性,来源、输运与归趋尚不明确,生态风险评估体系未建立及相关管控的法律法规待健全等.在此基础上对我国海洋塑料和微塑料研究提出建议:①深入研究与国际接轨的标准化塑料及微塑料研究方法学（样本采集、预处理和分析）问题、准确估算入海通量、环境归趋及环境浓度下潜在的生态风险等;②支持开展海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料研究专题的大洋航次（太平洋和印度洋等）,系统地开展河流系统-深海海盆-极地等的海洋微塑料综合研究;③研发水环境中塑料和微塑料垃圾的拦截和处理技术,制定和强化塑料及微塑料管控的法律法规和政策措施;④建立完善的海洋塑料垃圾污染公共环境意识教育体系,以唤起公众对海洋污染的关注.      

中国海洋学会海洋环境科学分会关于召开学术年会的通知

根据中国海洋学会海洋环境科学分会五届二次会议议定 ,2 0 0 5年中国海洋学会海洋环境科学分会学术年会定于九月下旬在银川召开 (具体时间和地点见第二轮通知 )。同时召开五届三次理事会。一、会议主题 :海洋环境与海洋经济协调发展二、会议内容1 .海洋环境监测发展战略与业务体系建设 ;2 .海洋生态监测与评价技术 ;3.海洋灾害(如赤潮等 )预报及防治对策 ;4 .海洋生态建设与海洋环境保护 ;5.海岸带综合管理政策研究 ;6 .海洋资源开发利用现状、问题与对策 ;7.海洋资源开发与海洋环境协调。三、参加会议人员1 .全体会员和理事 ;2 .海洋环境科…     

海洋塑料垃圾污染国际治理进程与对策

海洋塑料垃圾污染是当前国际社会关注的热点,也是近期国际政府间谈判的重点.本文梳理了全球塑料垃圾产生和泄漏进入海洋的研究进展,回顾了海洋塑料垃圾国际治理进程,提出了我国应对海洋塑料垃圾污染的对策建议.研究显示,截止到2020年全球塑料累积生产量高达96×10⁸ t,但由于各国不完善的废弃物回收和处理体系,每年有5.7×10⁴～26.5×10⁴ t的陆源塑料垃圾通过河流进入海洋,严重危害海洋生物健康.为解决全球海洋塑料垃圾污染问题,各国政府和国际/区域组织积极推进海洋塑料垃圾治理进程.联合国环境大会连续四届通过海洋塑料垃圾治理相关决议,建立一个新的具有法律约束性的塑料污染全球公约已成为可能.为积极应对国际公约和未来履约谈判,提出我国应坚持预防原则、三方共治原则（政府、企业和消费者）和共同但有区别的责任原则积极参与全球海洋塑料垃圾污染治理进程,共建海洋命运共同体.     

海洋塑料垃圾污染国际治理进程与对策

海洋塑料垃圾污染是当前国际社会关注的热点,也是近期国际政府间谈判的重点.本文梳理了全球塑料垃圾产生和泄漏进入海洋的研究进展,回顾了海洋塑料垃圾国际治理进程,提出了我国应对海洋塑料垃圾污染的对策建议.研究显示,截止到2020年全球塑料累积生产量高达96×10⁸ t,但由于各国不完善的废弃物回收和处理体系,每年有5.7×10⁴～26.5×10⁴ t的陆源塑料垃圾通过河流进入海洋,严重危害海洋生物健康.为解决全球海洋塑料垃圾污染问题,各国政府和国际/区域组织积极推进海洋塑料垃圾治理进程.联合国环境大会连续四届通过海洋塑料垃圾治理相关决议,建立一个新的具有法律约束性的塑料污染全球公约已成为可能.为积极应对国际公约和未来履约谈判,提出我国应坚持预防原则、三方共治原则（政府、企业和消费者）和共同但有区别的责任原则积极参与全球海洋塑料垃圾污染治理进程,共建海洋命运共同体.     

加强海洋垃圾污染防治监管 助力重点海域综合治理攻坚战

近年来,海洋垃圾污染成为全球关注的热点问题,我国采取了一系列管理政策措施开展海洋垃圾治理并取得了阶段性进展,但局部地区仍存在海洋垃圾污染的突出问题,严重影响海洋生态环境质量和公众亲海体验。本文介绍了我国海洋垃圾污染状况,梳理我国出台的管理政策和防治工作进展,提出了在重点海域综合治理攻坚战等工作中海洋垃圾治理的对策建议,包括摸清海洋垃圾污染底数、定期清理海洋垃圾存量、严格防控塑料垃圾入海、建立海洋垃圾清理机制。     

中国海洋生态环境监测发展历程与思考

<正>海洋生态环境监测是客观评价环境质量状况、反映污染治理成效、实施环境管理与决策的基本依据,是海洋生态环境保护、海洋环境管理乃至整个海洋事业发展的重要基础性工作。经过多年的建设与发展,中国海洋生态环境监测工作经历了从无到有,从相对薄弱到相对完善的快速发展,从以污染监测调查为主     

黑龙江省垃圾填埋场地下水污染调查评价研究

为了解黑龙江地区垃圾填埋场地下水污染状况,更好的进行预防和治理,文章以黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市黎明垃圾填埋场为例,在实地考察与采样检测的基础上,采用污染指数法对污染情况做出了评价,得出以下结论:黎明垃圾填埋场各监测井均有不同程度的污染.对监测井LMA和LMD点进行特征因子检测,两点均有钡、碘化物和甲苯检出,LMA综合评价为轻污染,LMD综合评价为中污染;以1986年该地区G32监测井的水质情况为背景对各点位无机物进行地下水污染评价,LMB为中污染,其他点位为极重污染,主要的影响指标为高猛酸盐指数、总硬度和氨氮.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.