新疆四城市大气质量及污染物变化趋势对比分析研究

对新疆四城市三种主要污染物(SO2、NO2、PM10)的年均污染水平状况、大气空气质量等级天数以及主要污染物天数进行对比分析,探讨四城市环境质量状况.通过收集2009年-2015年四城市三种污染物的质量监测数据,使用统计描述、卡方分析等对四个城市的污染特征进行评价.得到2009年-2015年四城市优良天数由高到低为克拉玛依市>伊宁市>乌鲁木齐市>喀什市.证明了2009-2015年四城市环境质量状况有所改善;大气环境中污染物SO2、NO2总体上呈下降趋势,PM10呈上升趋势.     

"十二五"期间义乌市环境空气质量及影响因素分析研究

利用环境空气质量监测数据,对义乌市2011年-2015年环境空气质量变化趋势及影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,影响义乌空气质量的主要污染物为:PM2.5、PM10、NO2、O3,且大气污染呈现为扬尘和机动车尾气并存的混合型污染.尽管PM2.5、PM10和SO2总体均呈现下降趋势,尤其是SO2下降显著,但细颗粒物污染仍然突出,NO2不降反升等问题都值得关注.这可能与义乌市城市化进程进一步加快、能源结构亟待优化以及机动车保有量不断攀升等因素有关.     

泸州市城区2004-2009年空气质量时空变化

为了掌握泸州市城区近年空气质量时空变化,对泸州市城区2004-2009年空气质量监测数据进行系统分析。结果表明,近年来泸州市城区空气质量总体良好,平均空气污染指数为80,空气质量优良率在72.33%以上。空气质量有逐步好转的趋势,SO2和PM10年平均浓度明显下降,NO2略有上升。污染物浓度时空分布不均匀,SO2与PM10夏季浓度较低,冬季较高,NO2浓度季节性变化不明显;兰田宪桥、小市上码头污染物浓度总体上高于忠山环监站。     

重庆市北碚区SO2、NO2变化趋势及影响因素分析研究

采用2006年-2013年大气自动监测站实时发布的数据,研究分析了SO2与NO2的时间变化规律以及气象影响因素的相关性分析.结果表明,空气质量年均值均低于GB 3095-2012中的Ⅱ级标准;SO2浓度年均值2013年较2006年低45.8％,下降显著,NO2浓度年均值2013年较2006年低5.9％,下降不明显;春冬季空气质量差、夏秋季空气质量好;SO2 、NO2月均值峰值分别出现在2007年11月和2009年3月;相对于SO2浓度更易受到近地面气象因子平均温度的影响而积累或扩散,而NO2浓度更易受到近地面气象因子平均相对湿度的影响而积累或扩散.     

西安市空气质量的模糊综合评价研究

模糊综合评价是以模糊数学为基础,应用模糊关系集合,对不容易定量的因素进行量化,从而进行的一种综合评价.采用模糊数学的基本原理,以西安市2012年空气质量监测的SO2 NO2和PM10三种污染物的数据为材料,对西安市每个监测点一段时期以来的空气质量进行综合评价.结合综合评价的结果和统计2012年每个月的空气质量状况,得到西安市各个区域空气质量的时间和空间分布特征.最后提出提高西安市环境空气质量的合理建议.     

济南市秋季大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的粒径分布研究

为了解济南市大气颗粒物的粒径分布特征,于2009年10月利用多级撞击式颗粒物采样器(MOUDI)进行了大气颗粒物采集,采用离子色谱仪分析了其中水溶性离子浓度.结果表明,SO42-、NO3-、NH4+和Ca2+是主要的水溶性离子,浓度总和约占总水溶性离子浓度的92%.SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、K+和Cl-浓度随时间变化较为显著,浓度变化主要原因是受风速以及气流来源方向的影响.SO42-和NH4+主要集中在细粒子中,其浓度呈单模态分布,随着颗粒物中含量的升高其峰值从0.32~0.56 μm粒径段逐渐移动到1~1.8 μm粒径段.NO3-浓度呈双峰分布,细粒子中的NO3-随着浓度的升高峰值从0.56~1μm粒径段移动到1~1.8μm粒径段,粗粒子中的峰值出现在3.2~5.6μm粒径段. NH4+可以完全中和细粒子中的SO42-和NO3-,在细粒子中主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在.     

眉山市城区环境空气质量及变化趋势分析

根据眉山市2006—2012年空气质量数据,采用综合污染指数法对SO2、NO2、PM10进行评价。结果表明:各污染物季节变化明显,冬季污染最严重;7年年际变化中,SO2浓度先上升后下降,NO2浓度总体呈上升趋势,PM10浓度明显下降;2012年全市主要污染物污染负荷系数从大到小排列顺序为:PM10(0.39)SO2(0.32)NO2(0.29);综合污染指数表明眉山市空气质量属于轻污染。     

西安市2013年空气质量状况分析

本文收集西安市2013年环境监测站发布的空气质量指数（AQI）及环境空气状况与监测月报资料,对空气质量等级、AQI变化情况、主要污染物浓度变化趋势及采暖期和非采暖期浓度比较进行分析.研究结果表明：西安市2013空气质量二级以上的达标率为37.8％,年均AQI值为151,SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的月监测浓度变化趋势无显著意义,采暖期平均浓度均显著高于非采暖期平均浓度,PM2.5采暖期均值是非采暖期均值的3.09倍.由此可见控制SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的排放是改善西安市空气质量的重点工作.     

榆林市城区环境空气质量污染特征及原因分析

根据榆林城区环境空气质量监测数据,对2001～2010年间榆林城区空气质量污染特征和主要空气污染物的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:2001～2010年间,榆林市城区的SO2、NO2和颗粒物污染总体呈下降趋势;2007～2010年间,SO2和PM10的季节性污染特征较明显,SO2浓度高值主要集中在冬季采暖期,PM10浓度高值主要集中在春季沙尘常发期的3～6月,NO2浓度全年均无超标,季节性变化较稳定。     

北京市空气质量分析

整理2014—2018年北京市主要大气污染物排放数据,分别从年际间、交通流量较大的监测点间的污染物浓度指标变化分析空气质量.结果表明:2014—2017年,除O3外,PM2.5,PM10,SO2,NO2,CO浓度指标值均呈下降趋势,2018年各指标变化不明显;2014年、2015年奥体中心空气质量相对较差,2016年、...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.