地方传真

江苏全面推行流域治理“双河长制” 江苏省积极探索流域水污染治理的新思路、新举措．率先在太湖流域建立地方政府主要负责人担任河长的“河长制”,将地方政府对环境质量负责的职责落到实处。2008年,为推进太湖水污染防治,江苏省决定在太湖流域推广无锡首创的“河长制”,15条主要入湖河流已全面实行“双河长制”。     

太湖重点污染控制区综合治理方案研究

太湖流域是中国人口和城镇最为密集的经济发达地区,同时也是富营养化和生态破坏严重的大湖流域之一。太湖的水质污染目前已严重影响流域的可持续发展,并对人们的身体健康造成潜在危险。如何治理太湖、保护太湖已成为当地政府和科技人员的紧迫任务。笔者通过对太湖近15 a来水质发展趋势及污染物来源的分析,提出了太湖污染治理的重点污染控制区及相应的治理工程方案。      

基于产业调整的太湖流域生态环境优化探讨

以流域为单元进行水资源综合管理,是实现资源、环境与经济社会协调发展的重要途径. 产业调整能控制污染源的数量和种类,是区域环境治理的关键环节和有效手段. 从湖泊流域产业的特有结构分析出发,以太湖为例,分析了当前太湖流域环境问题、产生的原因及其存在的产业不合理性,探讨了点源污染、线源污染和面源污染的成因及其对污染总量的贡献、治理方案并加以对比分析;探讨了湖泊流域产业调整和优化对区域生态环境的改善及污染控制治理中的作用,基于污染总量恒定或稳步下降、经济发展速度不变的情况下,对流域产业升级和优化调整提出了具体的产业结构和政策,这对指导湖区流域可持续发展具有一定的理论意义和实践价值.      

太湖流域必须重构生态平衡

编者按国务院治理太湖流域水污染第一战役"零点行动"结束之时,拉开了全面治理太湖流域的序幕。本文从太湖的历史、现实以及未来下笔,指出：全面治理太湖环境的根本出路,在于重新构建太湖流域的生态平衡。这无疑是一个跨世纪的多学科、多领域的重大课题,意义之深远、任务之艰巨都应引起社会各界的特别关注。经济的快速发展和人口剧增,使太湖流域的水环境已不堪重负。自80年代以来,太湖水质不断下降,尤其是富营养化日趋加剧,太湖水环境已经成为制约流域经济和社会发展的重要因素,将危及到东太湖,乃至整个太湖流域的可持续发展。这不…     

太湖流域主要污染物入湖总量的研究

近年来国家围绕太湖水环境污染治理做了大量的工作,对各类污水排放浓度进行了严格的控制,但是要从根本上解决太湖的生态环境问题,必须说清太湖流域主要污染物入湖总量,进一步满足太湖流域监督管理的要求,为太湖流域污染物总量削减计划和环境污染控制规划提供科学的依据。本文介绍了太湖流域主要污染物入湖总量研究成果,提出了水质自动站与手工监测结合对流域内主要污染物入湖总量核定的技术,并对入湖河流进行优化筛选。     

切实把太湖治理这件实事办好

2008年全国"两会"期间,胡锦涛总书记参加江苏代表团讨论时明确指出,要把治理太湖作为建设生态文明的重中之重,努力让太湖这颗江南明珠重现碧波美景.在环境保护部和省委、省政府的领导下,江苏省认真落实国家<太湖流域水环境综合治理总体方案>,把太湖治理作为学习实践科学发展观活动的10件实事之首来抓,积极探索流域水污染治理新思路、新举措,各项工作取得了积极进展.     

“绿色流域建设”的湖泊富营养化防治思路及其在洱海的应用

虽然经过“十一五”阶段的治理,但我国湖泊富营养化形势依然严峻,湖泊富营养化治理仍然是目前我国水环境领域最为艰巨的任务之一. 根据长期在湖泊富营养化治理领域的研究与实践经验,提出我国应“立足流域进行统筹规划和治理,建设湖泊绿色流域”的湖泊富营养化防治思路. 通过梳理和提炼,提出了湖泊绿色流域构建的六大体系,即“产业结构调整控污减排、污染源工程治理与控制、低污染水处理与净化、清水产流机制修复、湖泊水体生境改善、流域系统管理与生态文明建设”. 同时,将“湖泊绿色流域建设”思路应用在洱海水污染防治工作中,针对洱海水污染特征与治理定位,提出了洱海水污染防治的技术路线,构建了洱海绿色流域建设的六大体系.      

陕西省黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展路径研究

推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展,具有重要的历史意义和战略意义.在"创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享"新发展理念指导下对陕西省生态保护和高质量发展进行研究.首先,对陕西省内黄河流域现状和界定和划分作了分析.其次,基于跨区域国家战略政策福利和"共同抓好大保护、协同推进大治理"思路,比较流域相邻区域情况,运用SWOT分析陕西省...     

江苏省太湖水污染防治对策措施

太湖流域是我国城市化程度最高、经济最发达的地区之一;随着经济的发展和城市化进程的推进,流域水环境问题日益突出。太湖流域所跨省份之一的江苏省近年来采取了一系列措施对太湖水污染进行了防治,并取得了阶段性成效,本文从组织领导、规章制度、蓝藻应急治理、控源截污和长效治理5个方面总结了江苏省太湖水污染防治措施。     

江苏省太湖流域开展水污染物排污权交易的思考

江苏省太湖流域经济相对发达,但经济的发展也给该区带来了较严重的污染。目前,江苏省太湖流域水环境质量普遍较差,流域污染治理设施的能力和水平还达不到控制污染、改善环境质量的要求,更关键的是污染者缺乏削减污染物排放总量的内在主动性和积极性。针对上述问题,应着重研究如何利用经济规律和手段解决环境问题。因此,在江苏省太湖流域开展水污染排污物权交易研究具有极强的现实作用和深刻意义。1排污权交易的理论基础环境价值理论环境资源是社会生产的重要“原料”,我们用环境容量来表征环境资源的多少。排放污染物要占用环境容量,环境容…     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.