A win-win technique of stabilizing sand dune and purifying paper mill black-liquor

The principle and technique were reported here to produce lignin-based sand stabilizing material (LSSM) using extracted lignin from black liquor of straw paper mills. Field tests using LSSM to stabilize and green sand dunes were started in 2002. The field experiment was carried out in August 2005 when the newly formed plant community was 3 years old. The results from the comprehensive field experiment demonstrated that unlike polyvinyl acetate or foamed asphalt commonly used for dune stabilization, LSSM was plantfriendly material and could be used in combination with seeding and planting of desert species. With the help of LSSM, the desert species (i.e., Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq. and Artemisia desertorum Spreng. etc.) could be used to form community in 2–3 yeas and to stabilize sand dune e ectively. The newly formed community was sustainable under an extremely dry climate condition. The organic matter and total nitrogen in the soil increased significantly as the community were formed, while the change in P and K contents in the soil was negligible.     

雅江河谷佛掌沙丘表层沉积物粒度特征

造山带河流的河谷深切,滑坡堰塞湖及其溃决洪水频发,洪水滞流沉积物经风力改造,在两岸形成大面积沙丘（以白格堰塞湖溃决洪水为例）。对雅鲁藏布江沿岸沙丘表层沉积物粒度特征的研究,可以为鉴别河谷中的古洪水沉积与风成沉积提供一定的参考意义,并为该区域防风治沙工程提供理论支持。选取雅鲁藏布江中下游河漫滩的爬坡沙丘——佛掌沙丘为研究对象,分析其与其上四个叠置的新月形沙丘表层沉积物的粒度特征和分异规律,揭示其沉积环境。粒度分析结果表明：佛掌沙丘表层沉积物以中砂为优势粒径,分选较差,极正偏,尖窄峰态。叠置新月形沙丘的粒度分布模式为坡顶粒径最粗,分选最好;就整个佛掌沙丘而言,随高度上升,沉积物的粒径变细,分选变好,这是风力分选与重力分异共同作用的结果。利用萨胡判别式判定该沙丘沉积环境为河流沉积,但将粒度数据与其他区域的河岸沙丘粒度特征进行对比发现该沙丘为典型的风成沙丘,可能是由于该区域物源较近,且受地形阻挡风力分选作用不明显,导致萨胡判别式无法很好地区分风力沉积与河流沉积。根据与河漫滩沙样的粒度特征对比发现,佛掌沙丘主要由河流中携带的物质提供沙源。     

官厅水库坝前疏浚底泥的理化特征和土地利用研究

用环保疏浚船抽取官厅水库坝前表层底泥,在田间脱水池进行自然脱水,研究脱水后底泥的理化性质和污染物特征,底泥无害化处理方式和处理后底泥的土地利用效果.结果表明,官厅水库坝前疏浚底泥中黏粒含量高,容重高达1.89 　g·cm^-3,孔隙度只有23.8%,干后龟裂且非常坚硬,植物不能在上面生长.底泥中含有大量的还原性物质和速效性氮、磷,但重金属和有机氯农药含量均低于二级土壤环境质量标准.通过加入砂性土壤和作物秸杆等材料可以降低底泥容重和还原性物质含量,提高底泥的孔隙度并固持底泥中的速效性氮、磷.经过处理后的底泥可以成为良好的植物生长介质,玉米、苜蓿和杏树苗在上面生长良好.     

不同设障年限沙丘土壤粒径和有机碳分布特征

为探讨沙柳沙障对毛乌素沙地土壤粒径和SOC(土壤有机碳)的影响,选取流动沙丘、设障2和7 a的半固定和固定沙丘为研究对象,利用多重分形理论分析不同设障年限沙丘PSD(土壤粒径分布)(以φ计)和w(SOC)的分布特征. 结果表明:设置沙障后,φ(黏粒)、φ(粉粒)与φ(极细砂)增加,φ(细砂)与φ(中砂)下降;土壤粒径的多重分形参数D₁/D₀(D₁为PSD均匀性程度,D₀为PSD宽度)和~f()谱图可以反映沙丘土壤PSD的宽度与均匀性程度,随着设障年限延长,PSD的D₁/D₀均小于流动沙丘,土壤中细粒物质显著增多. D₀表现为设障7 a沙丘(1.01)>流动沙丘(1.00)>设障2 a沙丘(0.93),D₁表现为流动沙丘(0.91)>设障2 a沙丘(0.88)>设障7 a沙丘(0.65). w(SOC)随着设障年限的延长而显著增加,设障7 a沙丘与其他2类沙丘间w(SOC)差异显著;多重分形参数可以表征土壤养分状况与流沙防治状况,设障沙丘上部、下部的w(SOC)与PSD的D₁/D₀之间有明显的相关关系,设障沙丘上部、下部D₁/D₀间呈明显负相关,设障沙丘中部D₁/D₀之间则呈正相关,流动沙丘各部位w(SOC)与D₁/D₀间无显著相关关系.      

基于秸秆后发酵产沼气的一次发酵时间优化

采用"一次发酵+NaOH处理+二次发酵"工艺,以稻秸为原料,研究一次发酵时间对稻秸沼气发酵的影响.结果表明,一次发酵后的稻秸仍有一定的产气能力,干物质(TS)产气量为28.11～50.73mL/g TS,产气量大小与一次发酵时间成反比;一次发酵后的稻秸经NaOH处理后,稻秸物质结构受到明显破坏,有机物大量溶出,稻秸浸提...     

科尔沁沙质草地群落物种多样性、生产力与土壤特性的关系

研究了科尔沁沙地6个典型生境类型的沙质草地群落物种多样性与生产力的变化,分析了植物群落格局、物种多样性、生产力与土壤特性的关系.结果表明,从湿草甸向干草甸、固定沙丘、半固定沙丘、半流动沙丘和流动沙丘退化过程中,群落生产力逐渐下降;群落物种多样性先增加后减小,表现出由湿生化和土壤贫瘠化生境向中生、中旱生生境逐渐增加的趋势;土壤极细沙和粉粒含量逐渐递减,土壤有机碳和全氮含量、电导率逐渐递减.典范对应分析(CCA)表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮、有效钾、土壤含水量、酸碱度和盐分含量的变化共同影响植物群落分布格局,其解释总方差为40％,其中土壤养分梯度是沙质草地群落分布格局的主要土壤限制因子. 沙质草地植物群落的生态优势度、物种多样性指数分别与土壤养分梯度和水盐及酸碱因子二元指标之间存在显著的二元线性关系.沙质草地群落物种多样性变化受土壤养分、水盐及酸碱度因子的共同影响.多元回归模型分析表明,土壤养分对生物量的贡献率为86.73%,明显大于水盐及酸碱度对群落生产力的影响.     

白腐菌处理铅污染废弃稻草的动态变化研究

通过研究铅污染废弃稻草基质,探讨了不同w(Pb2+)条件下白腐菌对半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解性能以及发酵基质总重、腐殖酸碳的变化规律,并在降解半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的同时,研究了白腐菌对发酵基质中重金属的钝化作用.结果表明:在w(Pb2+)为200 mg/kg条件下,白腐菌对半纤维素、纤维素和木质素等较难降解的有机物表现出最好的降解性能,且对Pb2+的钝化作用很明显,对半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解率分别为52.36%,32.29%和44.16%;发酵基质总失重率最高达29.89%;w(腐殖酸碳)达142.01 mg/g.      

小草浆厂黑液治理工程综合效益的评价方法与应用

建立了评价小草浆厂黑液治理工程综合效益的指标体系,运用层次分析法和效用函数法来量化黑液治理工程的综合效益,并成功地应用于山东省多个小草浆厂的综合评价与排序,从而为筛选出经过实践检验的黑液治理最佳适用技术提供重要的科学依据。      

实现秸秆资源化利用的主要途径

随着我国农村经济的发展和能源供应的改善，部分经济较发达地区出现了秸秆过剩的现象，田间直接燃烧秸秆造成了严重的环境问题。文章认为秸秆作为农业的副产品，是一种有用的资源。介绍了4种秸秆资源化利用的途径，包括能源利用技术、肥料利用技术、饲料利用技术以及用于工业原料的技术。     

秸秆预处理技术存在的问题与发展前景

由于世界经济对能源的巨大需求,而传统的不可再生的石化能源已无法满足供应,人们的目光开始聚集到新能源领域。其中使用厌氧发酵技术处理农业有机废弃物,正在受到越来越多的关注。但是实践应用并不理想,这涉及诸多因素,其中秸秆含有大量难降解的木质素和纤维素,难于直接被厌氧微生物利用是首先要解决的问题。秸秆预处理是提高秸秆原料利用率,加大产气量,缩短启动时间的有效手段。     

生物有机除草剂防除水田杂草试验研究

采用田间试验方法,进行了生物稻壳粉、生物稻草粉2种生物有机除草剂对水田杂草的防效试验。结果表明,2种生物有机除草剂对水田杂草均有不同程度的防效,其中生物稻壳粉防效最好、经济效益最高,生物稻草粉防效和经济效益次之。该试验研究为生产有机水稻提供了新的除草方法。     

低温冰冻预处理对水稻秸秆厌氧发酵产气性能的影响

以水稻秸秆为厌氧发酵原料,在中温（37 ℃）湿式批次发酵条件下,考察了低温冰冻预处理在不同温度（-5,-18,-40,-60 ℃）和不同时间（12,24,36 h）下对水稻秸秆厌氧发酵产气性能影响。实验结果表明:低温冰冻预处理均显著增加了秸秆溶出物COD含量,其中D3处理与对照相比增加了7.65倍。低温冰冻预处理显著降低了木质素含量,降低幅度为16.36%~59.88%。在预处理冰冻温度为-5,-18,-40 ℃下,水稻秸秆厌氧发酵TS产气率和甲烷含量随着预处理时间增加而提高。其中,-60 ℃,24 h处理的厌氧发酵TS产气率与-60 ℃,36 h处理的甲烷含量最高,相较于对照组分别提高了96.46%和209.30%。     

传统过滤器改造连续动态过滤器的研究

结合国外先进的连续过滤技术,针对原有的传统过滤器进行设备改造,过滤过程改为"上向流过滤",滤料清洗技术采用"气提洗砂"技术.与改造前相比,该滤塔结构简单,维护和检修方便,工艺处理效率增加50%,效果稳定,运行成本降低50%.在相关的滤料过滤器系统中,连续动态过滤器改造技术符合我国水处理过滤行业现状,并充分利用原有设备和设施,通过最小投资获得新技术革新,使过滤工艺简单化,更适用于小型再生水回用系统.      

市政污泥堆肥对矿山废弃地生态恢复影响的研究进展

市政污泥作为城市污水处理过程中的副产物,含有大量的有机质和丰富的氮、磷、钾等营养物质,经堆肥处理后可用作矿山废弃地生态恢复的土壤改良基质.已有实验室模拟和场地规模研究结果表明,污泥堆肥的施用可同步实现矿山废弃地土壤基本理化性质改善、土壤微生物数量和代谢活性提高、植被的快速生长和生态功能的快速重建.污泥堆肥所含的氮、磷、有机质和重金属,在降雨渗流、微生物和植物根系的共同作用下淋溶进入水体或被植物富集,已有淋滤柱试验和短期植物种植研究结果表明,矿山有短期的二次污染风险,但风险可控.国外污泥/污泥堆肥用于矿山生态修复的案例证明,市政污泥经稳定化处理可促进矿山生态恢复,形成有效碳汇,而长期生态影响未来需要开展不同地域的场地跟踪监测并进行系统定量评估,从而进一步探讨该技术路线的可行性和安全性,同步实现市政污泥处理处置和矿山废弃地生态修复的双重目标,这也将成为未来评估市政污泥堆肥用于矿山生态恢复可行性的重要研究方向.      

水分管理与秸秆施用对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

2000年6~10月在南京近郊江宁区实施大田试验.主要研究了水稻生长季常规灌溉和连续淹水条件下有机质(小麦秸杆)不同施用量(0,2.25,4.5t/hm2)对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,在连续淹水条件下,CH4排放量与秸杆施用量成正比,N2O排放与秸杆施用量成反比.烤田的N2O的排放量在施用2.25t/hm2秸杆与对照之间无明显差异,但施用4.5t/hm2秸杆处理其N2O的排放量仅为对照或施用2.25t/hm2秸杆处理下的13%左右.综合考虑水稻生长季CH4和N2O排放的全球增温潜势(GWP),在增加有机质的施用量(如按4.5t/hm2施用量秸杆还田)的情况下,烤田的GWP只占连续淹水处理的60%,是减少稻田CH4和N2O综合温室效应的一种有效措施.     

Effect of process modifications on AOX emissions from kraft pulp bleaching,using Chilean pine and eucalyptus

This paper reports experimental results on the effect of prebleaching lignin content and chlorine load on chlorinated organic (AOX) formation from Chilean pinewood and eucalyptus kraft pulp bleaching. Unbleached pulp with kappa number in the range 14–30 and 7–22, for pine and eucalyptus, respectively, were assayed. Bleaching sequences based on Cl₂/ClO₂, ClO₂ and oxidative alkaline extraction, were studied here. Residual chlorinated organics were found in the range 0.8–7.0 (kg AOX/ton dry pulp) and 0.6–4.2 (kg AOX/ton dry pulp), for pine and eucalyptus, respectively. AOX in effluents were linearly correlated with the unbleached pulp lignin content and the ratio between Cl₂ and ClO₂ used in bleaching. It is concluded that around 8.6% and 7.9% of added chlorine is bounded to soluble organic compounds, for pine and eucalyptus, respectively. Investment requirements and reductions in operating costs associated with upgrading conventional pulp mills are presented here. In all cases, economic benefits off-set investment costs.     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

氢氧化钠固态预处理对稻草中木素结构特性的影响

为探明这种NaOH固态预处理对稻草产气量影响的内在机理,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、氢质子核磁共振波谱(1HNMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)等方法,对NaOH固态处理前后稻草中木素结构的变化进行了多方位研究.结果表明,NaOH固态预处理使稻草中木素内部结构、木素-碳水化合物复合体的形态结构发生了明显的变化,使得纤维素从木素的包裹中释放出来,木素成分也由难降解的三维网状大分子转变成了易降解的直链结构的小分子,从而使得厌氧微生物能够接触到更多的纤维素并对其进行更有效的消化.这些木素形态结构的变化是导致稻草厌氧消化产气量提高的内在原因.     

AS法制浆废液改性减水剂实验研究

通过实验，对AS法麦草、芦苇造纸制浆废液加入Ba(OH)2溶液和吐温-80进行化学改性，制成木素磺酸盐为主要成份的混凝土减水剂，制得的减水剂的3项主要性能指标均达到以国家标准，它们在掺量3‰时净浆减水率为6%-8%，砂浆减水率为15%-16%，掺麦草、芦苇浆废液减水剂的砂浆3d抗压强度分别提高28%和30%，7d抗压强度分别提高18.6和26.4%。     

库布齐沙漠典型地区景观变化研究

Spatial pattern analysis is the core component in landscape ecology research. We analyzed the landscape pattern and dynamic process of the Kubuqi Desert by using a typical region as a study area. This study area includes four towns: ShuLinZhao, WangAiZhao, BaiNiJing and JiGeSiTai. The area of cropland, fixed sand dune, woodland, residential area and wetland increased and centralized gradually, while the area of semi-fixed sand dune, drifting sand dune, meadow and washland decreased and dispersed gradually from 1987 to 2003. On the landscape level, the patch shape tended to be regular, and the landscape pattern tended to be simple, causing the fragmentation degree, heterogeneity and diversity of the landscape to decrease. Fixed sand dune, Semi-fixed sand dune, drifting sand dune, meadow and river flood plains were the five main export classes, and residential area, cropland and wetland were the three main import classes. The classes that had a relatively large total area and large average patch area had a smaller extent of gravity center migration, whereas the classes with small total area and small average patch area had a larger extent of gravity center migration; this is because the small patches are easily influenced by human activities or natural factors. In addition, the desertification area and desertification degree reduced gradually in the study area during the period from 1987 to 2003.