土壤重金属污染对丛枝菌根真菌产孢量的影响

以沈阳附近重金属矿区自然和农田土壤为研究对象，对土壤重金属含量、植物类型、AMF种群及孢子密度进行了调查，并对污染的农田、荒地土壤进行了比较．结果表明：调查污染区土壤中球囊霉属为优势类群，无梗囊霉属为少见类群，盾巨孢囊霉属为偶见类群，无梗囊霉属和盾巨孢囊霉属对重金属污染特别是铜污染较为敏感；丛枝菌根真菌重金属污染土壤中分布广泛．在综合污染指数达到28．03的严重污染土壤中仍能生存，其孢子密度在不同污染程度的土壤中变异很大，轻、中度污染土壤中较高，随重金属污染程度的增加而锐减；矿区重金属污染土壤中土壤污染程度、土壤pH值、土壤利用情况及宿主植物都影响AMF产孢．图4表4参32     

贺兰山蒙古扁桃灌丛根际土壤AM真菌群落多样性特征研究

耐旱灌木和草本植物是贺兰山中低海拔的重要植被类型,揭示其根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）群落多样性及其影响因子,对于贺兰山干旱半干旱地区生态系统功能的稳定,植被的生长发育及健康发展具有重要意义。以贺兰山低海拔区蒙古扁桃-短花针茅群落（G×S-S,G×S-G）为研究对象,设置群落内去除灌木蒙古扁桃（Prunus mongolica）的短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）(G)和去除草本植物的蒙古扁桃（S）两种对照处理,利用高通量测序方法研究其根际土壤AMF群落结构与多样性差异及其与环境因子间的相互关系。结果表明：G×S-G和G×S-S的根际土壤pH、有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量最大,碱解氮和全磷含量次于G,根际土壤AMF群落α多样性指数最大,除全氮外呈显著性差异（P<0.05）,符合灌丛“沃岛”效应。根际土壤AMF共获得174个操作分类单元（operational taxonomic unit,OTU）,隶属于1门4纲6目10科10属63种,优势属为球囊霉属（Glomus）,平均占比为99.26%,两性球囊霉属（A...     

喀斯特生境下AMF侵染对任豆生长的影响

喀斯特地区土壤退化,植被定植更新困难,丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)具有增强植物养分吸收能力和抵抗逆境胁迫能力。研究喀斯特生境下植物与AMF共生效果,选择优势菌种促进喀斯特植被恢复,对于提高植物定植成活率具有重要作用。以豆科植物任豆(Zenia insignis)幼苗为试验材料,盆栽条件下,选取喀斯特优势菌种-摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、根内球囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices),2种菌根真菌混合菌剂进行接种,培养180 d,研究贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境和养分较高的滇柏林下土壤生境下AMF对任豆生长影响。结果表明:摩西球囊霉、根内球囊霉和混合接种均能侵染任豆根系,幼嫩根系更易侵染,木质化根系侵染率下降。接种摩西球囊霉,贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境下,株高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量分别提高68.92%、56.18%、83.90%、42.20%和67.34%;养分较高的滇柏林下喀斯特土壤生境下,株高、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量分别提高48.05%、6.77%、7.92%和8.89%;根内球囊霉处理接种效应低于摩西球囊霉和混合接种处理,对生物量增长为负效应,混合接种处理接种效应介于单接种之间,摩西球囊霉接种效果优于根内球囊霉和混合接种。摩西球囊霉在贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境下发挥的促生效应优于养分较高的喀斯特土壤,可作为喀斯特侵蚀区植被恢复菌根真菌干扰途径的优势菌种,混合接种作为接种剂具有单接种兼容效应。     

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对铯胁迫宿根高粱生长及根际土壤酶的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了接种透光球囊霉(Glomus diaphanum)、摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)及幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)等4种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对铯污染下宿根高粱生长及根际土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,与未接种对照相比,接种AMF处理均显著增加了宿根高粱的株高和根长,同时增强了过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性及根系活力(P0.05),且以接种G.etunicatum增强效果最好,上述酶活性和根系活力分别相当于对照的1.11、2.25和4.04倍,而接种Glomus diaphanum最显著增强了酸性磷酸酶活性,使其提高了24.53 mg·g-1·d-1·FW(P0.05),宿根高粱对铯的耐性指数均高于对照,说明AMF在一定程度上能缓解铯污染胁迫对根际土壤酶的抑制作用,进而减轻核素铯对植物的毒害;接种AMF处理显著抑制了脲酶活性,表明脲酶可作为反应土壤核素铯污染的一个有效指标.同时也表明AMF有效地增强了宿根高粱对核素铯的耐性能力.     

生草对油橄榄根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌多样性的影响

果园生草制可提高丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)侵染果树,而AMF侵染可促进果树营养吸收。为了给油橄榄园筛选菌根侵染率高的草种,探究生草对油橄榄根际土壤AMF多样性的影响,以盆栽油橄榄根系和根际土壤为研究对象,采用盆内移栽油橄榄苗,环形穴播不同牧草(白三叶、红三叶和百喜草)的方式进行了探究。结果表明:从4种间作处理的油橄榄根际土中共分离鉴定出4属19种AMF,其中无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)和球囊霉属(Glomus)是油橄榄根际土壤AMF的优势属;近明球囊霉(Glomus claroideum)、缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)、孔窝无梗囊霉(Acaulospora foveata)、明球囊霉(Glomus clarum)、脆无梗囊霉(Acaulospora delicate)和稀有内养囊霉(Entrophospora infrequens)为油橄榄根际土壤AMF的优势种。不同生草处理油橄榄AMF的种类和优势种上均表现出较大差异,其中间作百喜草和红三叶处理的油橄榄AMF种类最多,生草种类对油橄榄根际土中AMF多样性产生重要影响,间作百喜草处理油橄榄根际AMF的物种多样性高于其他处理。生草促进了油橄榄根际土壤中AMF对油橄榄根的侵染,使AMF孢子密度增加。间作百喜草和白三叶处理的总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(T-GRSP)含量显著高于红三叶和无草处理;间作百喜草、白三叶和红三叶处理的易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(EE-GRSP)含量均显著高于无草处理。果园生草能增加油橄榄根际土中土壤微生物量,特别是间作百喜草处理对微生物量磷以及间作白三叶和红三叶处理对微生物量氮的影响较为明显;间作百喜草对油橄榄根际AMF的增进效果好于间作白三叶、红三叶和无草种植。可见,生草提高了油橄榄根际土壤AMF多样性,且以间作白喜草效果最为显著。     

丛枝菌根真菌接种对兔眼蓝莓在华南地区生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,利用根际接种丛枝菌根真菌（地表球囊霉Glomus versiforme和摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae）的方法对兔眼蓝莓（Vaccinium ashei）在华南地区生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明：与未接种对照相比,接种的2个真菌均可不同程度地侵染兔眼蓝莓根系,增加根系总长、根表面积、植株地上部分鲜质量、新枝长度、主枝数和主枝长度等,促进兔眼蓝莓生长。地表球囊霉接种侵染率高,对兔眼蓝莓生长促进效果更好。接种AMF还能提高根际土壤w（P2O5）。接种丛枝菌根真菌有利于在华南地区引种栽培兔眼蓝莓。     

丛枝菌根对土壤-植物系统中重金属迁移转化的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)是一类在自然和农业生态系统中广泛存在并能与多数陆生植物形成共生关系的土壤真菌,在重金属污染土壤中对宿主植物的生长及吸收累积重金属具有重要影响,因而对污染土壤的生物修复具有潜在应用价值。以重金属从根际土壤进入植物并在植物体内再分配过程为主线,介绍丛枝菌根在这一过程中对重金属环境行为,特别是根际土壤中重金属赋存形态及植物吸收重金属的影响。最后,对丛枝菌根影响植物重金属耐性机制研究前沿和菌根修复技术的应用前景进行展望。     

广西典型高砷区蜈蚣草根围丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AM真菌)在提高超富集植物蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata L.)修复砷污染土壤方面具有巨大的应用潜力,但是中国砷污染地区的AM真菌的分布和资源调查还不够全面。为探明砷污染地区AM真菌的多样性状况,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,通过形态学特征分离鉴定AM真菌种属,对广西南丹县高砷矿区及周边地区蜈蚣草根围土壤中AM真菌的多样性及群落组成进行调查研究。结果表明,不同程度砷污染土壤中生长的蜈蚣草均能被AM真菌侵染,随着砷浓度的增加物种多样性总体呈下降趋势。无污染土壤中的AM真菌侵染率和孢子密度主要受土壤磷和海拔的影响。低磷促进孢子萌发和菌丝生长,从而提高侵染率,而海拔升高会导致孢子密度降低。但随着土壤砷污染水平的增加,砷浓度逐渐成为主要影响因子,使侵染率上升,孢子密度下降。孢子密度和物种丰富的变化趋势一致。鉴定出4属10种AM真菌,其中7种属于球囊霉属(Glomus),近明囊霉属(Claroideoglomus)、管柄囊霉属(Funneliformis)和盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)各1种,球囊霉属是该调查区域的优势属。AM真菌孢子的形态直接影响其适应能力,颜色深、表面网纹间隔致密的AM真菌抗逆性更好,近明球囊霉(C.claroidem)、团集球囊霉(G.glomerulatum)和地表球囊霉(G.versiforme)等适应性较强的菌种分离频度达到了100%,相对丰度也较高。研究结果将会对砷污染地区AM真菌优良菌株的筛选及超富集植物-AM真菌联合修复重金属污染土壤提供有益的指导。     

蒙古沙冬青AM真菌物种多样性研究

2012年7月选取宁夏银川、沙坡头和甘肃民勤3个样地,分0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40、40-50 cm 5个土层采集蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus monglicus)根围土壤样品,研究了AM真菌物种多样性和土壤因子生态作用。共分离AM真菌4属36种,其中,球囊霉属(Glomus)19种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)13种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)3种,多孢囊霉属(Diversispora)1种。黑球囊霉(G.melanosporum)是银川和沙坡头优势种,网状球囊霉(G.reticulatum)是民勤优势种。民勤孢子密度、种丰度和物种多样性最高,孢子密度和种丰度随土层加深而递减,在0-20 cm土层达最大值。总球囊霉素(TEG)和易提取球囊霉素(EEG)含量在3个样地均随土层加深而降低。孢子密度与土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾显著正相关,与总球囊霉素极显著正相关。结果表明,AM真菌物种多样性具有明显空间异质性,并与土壤环境密切相关,这为筛选优良菌种,充分利用AM真菌资源促进沙冬青生长和荒漠植被恢复提供了依据。     

玉米接种丛枝菌根真菌后对土壤铅污染的耐受效应

重金属污染条件下植物的农艺性状及生理生化指标均会受到不同程度的影响。丛枝菌根因其独有的性质,在植物应对非生物胁迫过程中发挥着重要作用。为研究玉米与丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)共生后对土壤铅的耐受效应,采用盆栽方法种植玉米,用外源施加Pb(NO₃)₂老化15 d后的土壤模拟农田铅污染环境,探讨不同铅含量(0、170、570、970 mg·kg^-1)下接种不同AMF[摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)Fm;幼套近明球囊霉(Claroideoglomus etunicatum,Ce)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme,Gv)]和不接种AMF(NM)对玉米生长的影响,分析了接种AMF后玉米农艺性状、抗氧化能力及铅含量的变化。结果表明：铅污染下玉米菌根侵染率相比无铅污染处理高15.0%～36.0%;接菌玉米的株高增加11.8%～26.8%,叶绿素含量提高3.9%～7.5%,鲜重增加50%;玉米茎叶铅含量显著降低,根系铅含量显著增加,铅的转移...     

Specificity between Neotropical tree seedlings and their fungal mutualists leads to plant-soil feedback

A growing body of evidence obtained largely from temperate grassland studies suggests that feedbacks occurring between plants and their associated soil biota are important to plant community assemblage. However, few studies have examined the importance of soil organisms in driving plant-soil feedbacks in forested systems. In a tropical forest in central Panama, we examined whether interactions between tree seedlings and their associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) lead to plant-soil feedback. Specifically, do tropical seedlings modify their own AMF communities in a manner that either favors or inhibits the next cohort of conspecific seedlings (i.e., positive or negative feedback, respectively)? Seedlings of two shade-tolerant tree species (Eugenia nesiotica, Virola surinamensis) and two pioneer tree species (Luehea seemannii, Apeiba aspera) were grown in pots containing identical AMF communities composed of equal amounts of inoculum of six co-occurring AMF species. The different AMF-host combinations were all exposed to two light levels. Under low light (2% PAR), only two of the six AMF species sporulated, and we found that host identity did not influence composition of AMF spore communities. However, relative abundances of three of the four AMF species that produced spores were influenced by host identity when grown under high light (20% PAR). Furthermore, spores of one of the AMF species, Glomus geosporum, were common in soils of Luehea and Eugenia but absent in soils of Apeiba and Virola. We then conducted a reciprocal experiment to test whether AMF communities previously modified by Luehea and Apeiba differentially affected the growth of conspecific and heterospecific seedlings. Luehea seedling growth did not differ between soils containing AMF communities modified by Luehea and Apeiba. However, Apeiba seedlings were significantly larger when grown with Apeiba-modified AMF communities, as compared to Apeiba seedlings grown with Luehea-modifed AMF communities. Our experiments suggest that interactions between tropical trees and their associated AMF are species-specific and that these interactions may shape both tree and AMF communities through plant-soil feedback.     

Distinct mycorrhizal communities on new and established hosts in a transitional tropical plant community

The extent to which interspecific plants share mycorrhizal fungal communities depends on the specificity of the symbiosis. For tropical forest tree seedlings, colonization by mycorrhizal fungi associated with established vegetation could have important consequences for survival and growth. I used a novel molecular technique to assess the potential for sharing of mycorrhizas in forest and pasture in southern Costa Rica, by identifying arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in roots of the forest canopy tree species Terminalia amazonia, pasture grasses Urochloa ruziziensis and U. decumbens, and seedlings of T. amazonia planted into experimental reforestation plots. I tested the hypotheses that experimental seedlings were colonized either by the AM fungal community of the forest T. amazonia (suggesting host specificity) or of Urochloa (suggesting absence of specificity/importance of local environment). After two years, pasture-grown T. amazonia seedlings were colonized by neither community, but rather by a species of Glomus that was rarely observed on the other plants. These results suggest that conspecific seedlings planted into existing vegetation generate a distinct mycorrhizal community that may influence competitive interactions and the relative costs and benefits of the AM fungal symbiosis at early stages in the life cycle of tropical trees.     

丛枝菌根真菌对柑橘组培苗生长和抗氧化酶的影响

在温室条件下以枳〔Poncirus trifoliata(L.)Raf.〕组培苗为试材,研究了接种Glomus versiforme和G.mosseae对其生长、碳水化合物和抗氧化酶的影响.结果表明,接种G.versiforme的组培苗和接种G.mosseae的组培苗分别在第二级侧根和第一级侧根中观察到最高的菌根侵染率、泡囊数、丛枝数和侵入点.两种丛枝菌根真菌都显著提高了茎粗、叶面积、叶片数、根系体积、地上部干重、地下部干重、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量.两种丛枝菌根真菌显著促进了叶片和根系可溶性糖以及总的非结构碳水化合物含量.丛枝菌根真菌也提高了叶片和根系中SOD、POD和CAT活性,但显著抑制了叶片和根系中可溶性蛋白含量.G.versiforme对柑橘组培苗生长和碳水化合物的促进效果较好;G.mosseae对组培苗抗氧化酶的促进效果较好.表4参26     

Tree species and mycorrhizal associations influence the magnitude of rhizosphere effects

Previous research on the effects of tree species on soil processes has focused primarily on the role of leaf litter inputs. We quantified the extent to which arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree species influence soil microbial activity and nutrient availability through rhizosphere effects. Rhizosphere soil, bulk soil, and fine roots were collected from 12 monospecifc plots (six AM and six ECM tree species) planted on a common soil at the Turkey Hill Plantations in Dryden, New York. Rhizosphere effects were estimated by the percentage difference between rhizosphere and bulk soil samples for several assays. Rhizosphere effects on soil microbes and their activities were significant for ECM species but in only a few cases for AM species. In AM tree species, microbial biomass, net N mineralization, and phosphatase enzyme activity in the rhizosphere were 10-12% greater than in bulk soil. In ECM tree species, rhizosphere effects for microbial biomass, C mineralization rates, net N mineralization, and phosphatase activity were 25-30% greater than bulk soil, and significantly greater than AM rhizosphere effects. The magnitude of rhizosphere effects was negatively correlated with the degree of mycorrhizal colonization in AM tree species (r = -0.83) and with fine root biomass (r = -0.88) in ECM tree species, suggesting that different factors influence rhizosphere effects in tree species forming different mycorrhizal associations. Rhizosphere effects on net N mineralization and phosphatase activity were also much greater in soils with pH < 4.3 for both AM and ECM tree species, suggesting that soil pH and its relation to nutrient availability may also influence the magnitude of rhizosphere effects. Our results support the idea that tree roots stimulate nutrient availability in the rhizosphere, and that systematic differences between AM and ECM may result in distinctive rhizosphere effects for C, N, and P cycling between AM and ECM tree species.     

The impact of tillage practices on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in subtropical crops.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a main component of soil microbiota in most agrosystems. As obligately mutualistic symbionts, they colonize the roots of the majority of plants, including crop plants. We used molecular techniques to investigate how different tillage systems (moldboard, shred-bedding, subsoil-bedding, and no tillage) can influence the AM fungal community colonizing maize, bean, and sorghum roots in an experimental site located in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. Roots from 36 plants were analyzed using AM fungal-specific primers to partially amplify the small subunit (SSU) of the ribosomal DNA genes. More than 880 clones were screened for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variation, and 173 of these were sequenced. Ten AM fungal types were identified and clustered into three AM fungal families: Gigasporaceae, Glomaceae, and Paraglomaceae. Glomus was the dominating taxon in all the samples. Four of the 10 identified types were distinct from any previously published sequences and could correspond to either known unsequenced species or unknown species. The fungal diversity was low in the four agriculture management systems, but the multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis and log-linear-saturated model indicated that the composition of the AMF community was significantly affected by the tillage system. In conclusion, since some fungal types were treatment specific, agricultural practices could directly or indirectly influence AM biodiversity.     

Biotic contexts alter metal sequestration and AMF effects on plant growth in soils polluted with heavy metals

Investigating how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-plant interactions vary with edaphic conditions provides an opportunity to test the context-dependency of interspecific interactions. The relationship between AMF and their host plants in the context of other soil microbes was studied along a gradient of heavy metal contamination originating at the site of zinc smelters that operated for a century. The site is currently under restoration. Native C3 grasses have reestablished, and C4 grasses native to the region but not the site were introduced. Interactions involving the native mycorrhizal fungi, non-mycorrhizal soil microbes, soil, one C3 grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), and one C4 grass (Sorghastrum nutans) were investigated using soils from the two extremes of the contamination gradient in a full factorial greenhouse experiment. After 12 weeks, plant biomass and root colonization by AMF and non-mycorrhizal microbes were measured. Plants from both species grew much larger in soil from low-contaminated (LC) origin than high-contaminated (HC) origin. For S. nutans, the addition of a non-AMF soil microbial wash of either origin increased the efficacy of AMF from LC soils but decreased the efficacy of AMF from HC soils in promoting plant growth. Furthermore, there was high mortality of S. nutans in HC soil, where plants with AMF from HC died sooner. For D. flexuosa, plant biomass did not vary with AMF source or the microbial wash treatment or their interaction. While AMF origin did not affect root colonization of D. flexuosa by AMF, the presence and origin of AMF did affect the number of non-mycorrhizal (NMF) morphotypes and NMF root colonization. Adding non-AMF soil biota reduced Zn concentrations in shoots of D. flexuosa. Thus the non-AMF biotic context affected heavy metal sequestration and associated NMF in D. flexuosa, and it interacted with AMF to affect plant biomass in S. nutans. Our results should be useful for improving our basic ecological understanding of the context-dependency of plant-soil interactions and are potentially important in restoration of heavy-metal-contaminated sites.     

Increase of multi-metal tolerance of three leguminous plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae on the growth and metal uptake of three leguminous plants (Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania cannabina, Medicago sativa) grown in multi-metal contaminated soil. AMF colonization increased the growth of the legumes, indicating that AMF colonization increased the plant’s resistance to heavy metals. It also significantly stimulated the formation of root nodules and increased the N and P uptake of all of the tested leguminous plants, which might be one of the tolerance mechanisms conferred by AMF. Compared with the control, colonization by G. mosseae decreased the concentration of metals, such as Cu, in the shoots of the three legumes, indicating that the decreased heavy metals uptake and growth dilution were induced by AMF treatment, thereby reducing the heavy metal toxicity to the plants. The root/shoot ratios of Cu in the three legumes and Zn in M. sativa were significantly increased (P < 0.05) with AMF colonization, indicating that heavy metals were immobilized by the mycorrhiza and the heavy metal translocations to the shoot were decreased.