甲基异柳磷、水胺硫磷对海洋藻类(金藻)、贝类(紫贻贝、蓝蛤)及对虾仔虾的毒性影响

本文通过生物测试法,研究评价了新型杀虫剂甲基异柳磷及水胺硫磷对海洋藻类(金藻)、贝类(紫胎贝、蓝蛤)、甲壳类(对虾)的毒性,经实验分别得出了两种农药对金藻生长的半数抵制浓度(EC50)、对贻贝、蓝蛤的急性半致死浓度(96hLC50)及对对虾仔虾生长的影响浓度(EC)值。对虾仔虾生长实验最为敏感,当甲基异柳磷浓度为0.1μg·L-1时,即可显著影响对虾仔虾的生长。根据实验结果,文中认为甲基异柳磷及水胺硫磷均属高毒农药,前者比后者的毒性高约三倍.     

重金属和有机磷农药对真鲷和平鲷幼体的联合毒性研究

以真鲷和平鲷幼体为实验材料,采用联合指数相加法,研究了重金属和农药对真鲷和平鲷幼体的急性毒性和联合毒性效应。实验结果表明：铜、锰、甲胺磷和甲基异柳磷对平鲷幼体的毒性顺序是：甲基异柳磷〉锰〉铜〉甲胺磷。     

十种有机磷农药对扁藻的毒性

报告了十种有机磷农药对扁藻生长的半数抑制浓度ＥＣ５０值，依其毒性大小分：辛硫磷为剧毒；甲基异柳磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷为高毒；敌敌畏、氯化乐果、甲胺磷（江苏）、果保灵、甲胺磷（山东）为中等毒性；久效磷、杀灭毙为低毒，并初步探讨了有机磷农药结构和对微藻毒性大小的关系。     

种植基地有机磷农药污染土壤的微生物修复

针对我国土壤普遍受到有机磷农药污染的现状,从有机磷农药污染土壤中筛选出降解作用大、生理性状稳定的5种抗性菌株,根据细菌形态观察、生理生化指标检测及16SrDNA基因序列分析,初步确定其生物学分类地位。通过富集培养及固定化技术,分别研究其对甲拌磷、对硫磷、甲基异柳磷和氯氰菊酯等农药的生物降解作用及其影响因素。初步探讨了微生物对甲拌磷农药的降解机理。上述研究结果表明：利用微生物降解农药是一种较有开发前景的有效方法。     

20种农药在作物中多残留分析方法的研究

报道了20种有机氯、有机磷和拟除虫菊酯类农药在作物中多残留气相色谱分析方法。9种有机磷农药的最低检测浓度为0.34—22.30ppb,8种有机氯农药为0.13—9.76ppb,3种拟除虫菊酯为1.63—17.00ppb。20种农药在四种作物上的添加回收率大于80％,仅敌敌畏与速灭磷在低浓度(0.05ppm)时,回收率偏低。变异系数都小于10％。     

鲻鱼(Mugjl cephalus L.)对石油化工综合废水的回避反应试验概况

为了检测石化总厂排出的石油化工废水对附近海域经济鱼类的影响,使用总厂沿海常见的鲻鱼作材料,对总厂通向杭州湾海域三个泵站的废水作了次数回避率和时间回避指数两种回避试验,并对排水口附近水域和总厂活废水汇集处——随塘河作了鲻鱼苗种的现场调查,以验证室内实验的结果。废水配制了不同浓度组(全废水组;海水∶废水—1∶1组;海水∶废水—3∶1组)。结果,鲻鱼对1号泵废水的三个浓度组都无明显回避反应(回避率20.9％,X~2值皆<3.84,P>0.05,则分别进入清水槽和废水槽的鱼数差异性不明显)。鲻鱼对2号泵出水的全废水有回避反应(回避率为50％)。而废水经稀释,海水与废水比例为1∶1时,回避率下降至36.8％;当海水     

鳗鲡仔鱼(Anguilla japonica Temn.et Schl.)对铜离子的回避反应

本文力图用回避实验的方法分析铜离子对闽江鳗鲡及其他水产资源的影响。实验在流水中进行,温度为16±0.5℃,pH为7.43±0.2,溶解氧为62—68.9％;鱼体长为46—69.5mm,重量为174.2—226.6mg;每一浓度测试20次。当浓度为0.0001ppm时,回避度为12.81％;浓度为0.016ppm时,有明显的回避反应,回避度为58.28％;浓度升至0.064ppm时,回避度84.74％,为完全回避。     

鳗鲡仔鱼(Anguilla japonica Temn. et Schl.)对铜离子的回避反应

本文力图用回避实验的方法分析铜离子对闽江鳗鲡及其他水产资源的影响。实验在流水中进行,温度为16±0.5℃,pH为7.43±0.2,溶解氧为62-68.9%;鱼体长为46-69.5mm,重量为174.2-226.6mg;每一浓度测试20次。当浓度为0.0001ppm时,回避度为12.81%;浓度为0.016ppm时,有明显的回避反应,回避度为58.28%;浓度升至0.064ppm时,回避度84.74%,为完全回避。     

两种硝基氯苯对鲤鱼的急性毒性

采用鲤鱼(Brocarded Carp)为试验生物对对氯硝基苯(P-NCB)和2,4-二硝基氯苯(DNCB)2种化合物进行了静态方式的急性毒性试验。结果表明,96h后,对氯硝基苯试液中鲤鱼24h 100%死亡浓度(24h LC100)和96h无死亡浓度(96h LC0)分别为:40mg/L和5mg/L;在25～27℃下,96h的LC50为22.13 mg/L。2,4-二硝基氯苯试液中鲤鱼24h 100%死亡浓度(24h LC100)和96h无死亡浓度(96hLC0)分别为:1.0mg/L和0.5mg/L;在20～22℃下,96h的LC50为0.692 mg/L。该研究表明,对氯硝基苯和2,4-二硝基氯苯对鱼类分别属于高毒物质和剧毒物质。     

甲基异柳磷对大鼠游离肝细胞结构与功能影响及其在肝细胞中的代谢动力学研究

研究结果表明,甲基异柳磷(MeISP)在1.5mmol/L终浓度时对肝细胞有明显毒性,表现为膜通透性增高,细胞内丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、β-葡糖苷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶(AcP)漏出率增高,且ALT和LDH漏出率同MeISP间呈良好的剂量-效应关系;迅速耗损细胞内GSH;同MeISP共同温育30min的肝细胞膜发生明显的囊泡化;几乎完全抑制肝细胞蛋白质合成和糖异生功能.在15μmol/L终浓度下,在肝细胞内代谢迅速,符合代谢动力学一室模型(one—compartment model).     

涕灭威、灭多威的遗传毒性研究

研究了涕灭威与灭多威的遗传毒性.在去离子水中分别加入涕灭威与灭多威标准品,涕灭威设计0.002、0.02、0.2、2、20μg/L共5个剂量组,灭多威设计0.02、0.2、2、20、200μg/L共5个剂量组.用微核试验检测其对鲤鱼血红细胞微核的诱发效应,采用Ames试验检测2种农药的致突变性,采用彗星试验检测其对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤效应,根据3种毒理学试验结果综合分析涕灭威与灭多威的遗传毒性.结果表明,所有剂量组这2种农药未诱导鲤鱼血红细胞微核率的明显上升(p0.05);2种农药各剂量组回变菌落数均未超过自发回变组的2倍,但在非代谢活化条件下,涕灭威2～20μg/L与灭多威20～200μg/L剂量组的TA97菌株回变菌落数分别达到(129.17±17.00)、(129.50±18.28)、(109.83±10.80)和(114.17±9.37)个/皿,明显高于自发回变组(p0.05,p0.01).在代谢活化条件下,灭多威200μg/L组的TA100与TA102菌株的回变菌落数为(147.83±23.29)、(275.83±20.63)个/皿,均高于自发回变组(p0.05);在彗星试验中发现,高浓度的涕灭威与灭多威均可导致人外周血淋巴细胞的DNA损伤,涕灭威20μg/L组,灭多威200μg/L组的尾部DNA(%)、尾长、Olive尾距3个指标经统计学分析,高于去离子水对照组(p0.01).研究未见涕灭威与灭多威对鲤鱼血红细胞产生明显的染色体损伤效应,虽未见其明显的致突变性,但在高浓度下存在一定的致突变的风险,并且这2种农药可能导致人外周血淋巴细胞的DNA损伤,因此涕灭威与灭多威污染对水环境和人体健康可能存在一定的远期危害.     

Profiling kidney microRNAs from juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) after 56 days of oral exposure to decabromodiphenyl ethane

Grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most important species in China.Decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE) is a brominated flame retardant that has been used widely in industry, and has been observed to accumulate in the tissues of fish from South China. Evidence has shown that DBDPE is toxic to aquatic animals, but the molecular response has been unclear. MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are small noncoding and negative regulatory RNAs that are 20–24 nucleotides in length, which are involved in a wide range of biological processes. We took advantage of deep-sequencing techniques to accurately and comprehensively profile the kidney mi RNA expression of grass carp after 8 weeks of oral exposure to DBDPE. After mapping sequencing data to the genome and Expressed Sequence Tags(ESTs) of grass carp, we identified 493 miRNAs in the sequenced grass carp samples, which included 51 new miRNAs. The results indicated that 5 miRNAs were significantly down-regulated and 36 miRNAs were significantly up-regulated(FDR 0.001,1.5-fold change) after DBDPE exposure. Real-time quantitative PCR(RT-q PCR) was performed on 4 miRNAs from the two samples, and the sequencing and RT-q PCR data were consistent. This study provides the first comprehensive identification of grass carp miRNAs, and the first expression analysis of grass carp miRNAs following DBDPE exposure.The results indicated that miRNAs have potential for use as biomarkers.     

甲醇燃料发动机排气中的亚硝酸甲酯和硝酸甲酯的分析

为了测定使用甲醇燃料的发动机排气里的亚硝酸甲酯(MeONO)和硝酸甲酯(MeONO_2)含量,建立了色谱分析方法。本方法的最小检测限MeONO为20ppb,MeONO_2为50ppb。对自制的MeONO和MeONO_2进行了质谱鉴定,并对所制备的一定浓度的样品进行了稳定性考察。应用本方法测定了甲醇机排气中的MeONO含量为5ppm—250ppm,MeONO_2含量为<50ppb。     

正相液体色谱法测定ppt量级的硒

硒作为生命必需的微量元素,其有关研究报告日见增多。在我国,已经报道了由区域环境低硒引起的大骨节病、克山病、以及区域性癌症。相关研究工作包括我国低硒带的成因、硒的生物地球化学循环、地方病病因的探讨。由于中国低硒带内环境样品硒含量低,其中饮水中硒的总量一般低于0.1ppb,形态分析中的组成部分含量甚至低于0.01ppb,因     

Urban air pollution in Brazil: Acetaldehyde and other carbonyls

We have measured ambient levels of carbonyls in three major urban areas of Brazil: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Salvador. The most abundant carbonyls were acetaldehyde (up to 63 μg m⁻³, or 35 ppb) followed by formaldehyde (up to 42 μg m⁻³, or 34 ppb), and acetone (up to 20 ppb). Levels of 10 other aliphatic and aromatic carbonyls were in the range 0–5 ppb. Total carbonyl concentrations were in the range 11–75 ppb. Indoor levels were also measured at several locations in Salvador. High levels of acetaldehyde, 430 μg m⁻³ or 240 ppb, were measured in a highway tunnel.Using carbonyl/CO concentration ratios, mobile source emissions of carbonyls are estimated for the Sao Paulo area. Ambient levels of acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde/formaldehyde concentration ratios in Brazil are compared to those for other urban areas, and are briefly discussed in relation with the large scale use of ethanol as a vehicle fuel.     

The environmental cost of pesticide usage in the United Kingdom

Organic pesticides have been used for more than 50 years, and have made a major contribution to the profound alteration of agricultural practice which has occurred during this period. Among the many effects arising from these developments in agriculture, various environmental changes have been identified, which have been the subject of considerable public debate and disagreement. Attention has focussed particularly on the popularly assumed adverse influence of pesticides on the natural flora and fauna. This review examines the position in the United Kingdom where interest in wildlife has always been extensive and where many amateur observations and professional scientific studies have been brought to bear on the problem. It differentiates between ‘direct’ effects which may be attributed to particular uses of certain compounds and ‘indirect’ effects normally arising from changes in habitat or food supply brought about by pesticides. The approach adopted has been to assess the effects of pesticide use on populations rather than attempting to place a financial estimate on any adverse environmental effect attributed to pesticides. Systems of surveillance are described and their ability to detect adverse effects is assessed. The difficulty of correlating such effects with pesticide use is examined. In general, it is concluded that other than for insects the levels of surveillance have been adequate to detect adverse effects on fauna and flora arising from pesticide use. Where direct effects have been discerned in the past, action has, where possible, been taken to rectify the position and it is suggested that this will continue. Overall there is little evidence that the survival of individual species is threatened by the direct effects of pesticides. Indirect effects are neither simple to delineate nor readily corrected and it is recommended that more research be carried out to develop the ability to assess their influence.     

Detennination of trace uranium in environment by laser induced fluorescence method

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Assessing cypermethrin-contaminated soil with three di erent earthworm test methods

A series of tests (lethal, sublethal, and behavioral) on earthworms were conducted as an eco-assessment of pesticides. In this study, the toxicity of cypermethrin-contaminating soil on adult and juvenile earthworms was assessed. Beside the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was carried out. It was shown that the all-round toxicity from cypermethrin was weak on adult earthworms. Compared with adult earthworms, the toxicity of juvenile earthworms from cypermethrin especially chronic toxicity increased significantly. Growth and reproduction of earthworms appeared to be more severely a ected by cypermethrin at juvenile stage than at adult stage. Applied at 10 mg/kg, cypermethrin had obvious adverse impact on the growth of juvenile earthworms, while 20 mg/kg, cypermethrin caused significant toxic e ects in reproduction. The results also indicated that ecotoxicological risk assessment using only adult specimens may underestimate the e ects of cypermethrin on soil invertebrate populations.     

珠江河口水域有机磷农药水生生态系统风险评价

通过风险商法和概率风险法评价了珠江河口水域中甲拌磷、敌敌畏及乙拌磷等9种有机磷农药对硅藻、水蚤及糠虾等8种水生生物的生态风险.风险商法评价结果表明,9种有机磷农药混合物总风险商为:糠虾处于高风险中水平,水蚤和摇蚊在中等风险水平,硅藻、牡蛎、鲤鱼、鲶鱼和鳗鱼均处于低风险水平;甲拌磷对风险值的贡献最大,且对每种生物都有影响.概率风险法结果表明,以HC5为参考值评估总风险商时,95%置信水平下的HC5比50%置信水平的HC5保守,50%置信水平的HC5中乐果的HC5最大,毒死蜱的最小;丰水期9种有机磷农药混合物总风险比枯水期农药混合物总风险大,甲拌磷对总风险贡献最大.单一污染物的概率风险表明,甲拌磷和乙拌磷对珠江河口水域中10%以上的生物都有危害;而9种有机磷农药混合物的概率风险表现为:丰水期大于枯水期,均大于5%,说明超过了保护95%生物的安全阈值.     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.