Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish

The quantitative hydrocarbon composition and behavior in seawater of water-soluble fractions (WSF) and oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of 4 oils was investigated. Two crude oils, South Louisiana crude and Kuwait crude, and two refined oils, No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C residual oil, were used in these investigations. The WSFs of the crude oils had higher total oil-hydrocarbon concentrations and were richer in light aliphatics and single-ring aromatics than were the WSFs of the refined oils. The WSFs of the refined oils contained significantly higher concentrations of naphthalenes than did those of the crudes. The hydrocarbon composition of the aqueous phase of OWDs closely resembled that of the parent oils. Gentle aeration of the OWDs resulted in a loss of 80 to 90% of the aqueous hydrocarbons in 24 h. Alkanes disappeared from the dispersions more rapidly than aromatics. The WSFs and OWDs of the refined oils were considerably more toxic to the 6 test species than were those of the crude oils. The test species can be ranked according to increasing sensitivity to oil as follows: Cyprinodon variegatus, Menidia beryllina, Fundulus similus, Penaeus aztecus postlarvae, Palaemonetes pugio and Mysidopsis almyra. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to the potential impacts of oil spills on the marine and estuarine environments.     

Problems and prospectus of utilization of sewage and industrial wastewaters in agriculture

The basic objective of this study was to compile the available information on the composition of sewage and industrial wastewaters in India and their effect on soil–plant health upon their use in agricultural fields. The composition of sewage water is quite variable depending upon the contributing source, mode of collection, and treatment provided. The composition of sewage water varied from site to site which was in accordance with the type of industries present in that area. Continuous use of sewage and industrial wastewater irrigation recorded improvement in water retention, hydraulic conductivity, organic C and build-up of available N, P, K, micronutrient status, and soil microbial count. The electrical conductivity although increased due to sewage irrigation, it was within the tolerance limit to cause any soil salinity hazard. The toxic metals like Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni were found to be accumulated in soil and plant due to long-term use of sewage and industrial wastewater irrigation. The concentration of these metals was higher in leafy vegetables than in grain crops. This warrants the potential hazard to soil–plant health suggesting necessity of their safe use after pretreatment as a cheap potential alternative source of plant nutrients in agriculture.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺在甘蓝和土壤中的残留及消解动态

参照《农药残留试验准则》,采用田间试验方法,研究了济南和杭州两年两地的氯虫苯甲酰胺在甘蓝和土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。结果表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺最终残留在甘蓝、土壤中的质量分数分别是〈0.297 mg.kg-1,〈0.097 mg.kg-1;在甘蓝、土壤中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期分别为7.2～8.9 d和6.9～10.7 d;统计分析表明,两地区甘蓝中的残留消解行为无显著性差异,土壤中的残留消解行为差异性显著,土壤性质的不同是影响消解过程的主要因素。文章为制定该农药在甘蓝上最大残留限量标准和合理使用准则以及风险评估提供了科学依据。     

1株贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从水库底泥样品中,以硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行驯化、分离筛选出1株能在贫营养及好氧条件下进行高效反硝化的菌株PY8,经过电镜形态学观察、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析,并基于16SrDNA序列结果,构建了该菌株的系统发育树,最终确定菌株PY8为根瘤菌Rhizobiumsp.。考察了初始pH值、温度、C/N、初始硝酸钠质量浓度、投菌量对菌株PY8硝酸盐还原活性的影响,以及该菌株的异养硝化性能。结果表明,在pH6.0～10.0,温度25～30℃,C/N1.0～9.0,初始硝酸钠质量浓度0.01～0.50g·L-1,投菌量1%～15%时,菌株PY8培养72h后的硝氮去除率可达到95%以上。另外,该菌株具有同时硝化-反硝化作用,在培养过程中氨氮去除率可达到58%左右。实验结果表明,菌株PY8在微污染水体生物脱氮领域中具有很大的应用潜力。     

多效唑在番茄和土壤中的残留与降解动态研究

研究了多效唑（paclobutrazol）在番茄（Lycopersicon eseulentum）和土壤中的残留分析方法及残留动态。建立番茄和土壤样品中多效唑残留的固相萃取-高效液相色谱（SPE-HPLC）检测方法,样品用乙腈提取,再用φ（甲醇-二氯甲烷）=5∶95混合溶剂经LC-NH2固相萃取柱净化,以φ（乙腈-水）=55∶45作流动相,Shiseido C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）于222 nm波长检测,外标法定量。在0.1~5.0 mg·L-1范围内,多效唑峰面积与其质量浓度之间呈良好线性关系,相关系数为0.9995。采用田间试验方法,在番茄幼苗期施用不同多效唑质量分数50、100、200、600 mg·kg-1,研究在不同处理时间1、6 h,1、2、3、7、14、21、30、45、60 d,多效唑在番茄以及土壤中的残留动态变化。添加质量分数水平为0.05、0.1、0.5 mg·kg-1时,多效唑在果实、植株和土壤中的添加回收率分别为92.45%~103.70%、94.52%~98.85%和94.30%~102.10%,变异系数分别为3.69%~5.00%、1.58%~4.53%和1.28%~3.35%。结果表明：多效唑在番茄植株和土壤中的降解规律均符合一级动力学方程C=Coe-kt。当施用质量分数为600 mg·kg-1时,其在番茄植株中的残留半衰期为1.66 d,在土壤中的半衰期为2.78 d;在植株中的降解速率大于在土壤中的降解速率。按照推荐使用的施用浓度,采收时多效唑在番茄和土壤中无残留,证明推荐施用浓度是合理的。     

海泡石和磷酸盐对镉铅污染稻田土壤的钝化修复效应与机理研究

采用盆栽实验,研究了海泡石、酸改性海泡石以及二者与磷酸盐联合使用对镉铅复合污染稻田土壤的钝化修复效果,并通过培养实验和重金属形态分析探讨了不同钝化剂处理的作用机理。结果表明：添加海泡石可以显著提高污染土壤pH值,而磷酸盐和改性海泡石则对土壤pH值无显著影响。钝化处理能显著降低土壤TCLP提取态Cd、Pb的质量分数,最大降低率分别可达23.3%和47.2%,钝化剂复配处理对土壤TCLP提取态重金属的抑制效果优于单一处理。施用海泡石和磷酸盐,通过提高土壤pH值、物理化学吸附以及生成矿物沉淀等作用,可以促进污染土壤中的Cd、Pb由活性高的交换态向活性低的残渣态转化,从而显著降低Cd、Pb的生物有效性和迁移能力。添加钝化剂可以显著提高水稻各部位的产量,稻谷和稻草的最大增产率分别为34.3%和26.6%;钝化剂复配处理对水稻的增产作用明显优于单一处理。施用钝化剂可以显著降低水稻各部位的Cd、Pb质量分数,最大可使精米的Cd、Pb质量分数分别降低35.8%和40.9%,钝化剂复配处理对水稻吸收Cd、Pb的抑制作用明显优于单一处理,海泡石和磷酸盐复配处理中精米的Cd、Pb质量分数符合国家食品卫生标准要求。综合分析不同钝化处理的增产作用、降低作物Cd、Pb吸收以及土壤Cd、Pb可迁移性的作用可知,海泡石与磷酸盐复配处理对稻田土壤Cd、Pb复合污染的钝化修复效果最佳。     

恩诺沙星与Cu复合污染对白菜和西红柿根及芽伸长的抑制作用

抗生素恩诺沙星和重金属Cu是当今我国土壤中较常见的污染物。本研究考察了恩诺沙星与Cu复合污染对砖红壤中白菜和西红柿种子的根及芽伸长的影响,以评估恩诺沙星和Cu复合污染潜在的生态风险。结果表明,加入不同浓度的Cu时,土壤中的恩诺沙星浓度与2种作物的根伸长和芽伸长的抑制率均显著相关(P0.05);白菜的敏感性均大于西红柿;白菜和西红柿的根伸长对复合污染的生态毒性的敏感性均较芽伸长更高;与单一恩诺沙星胁迫相比,在恩诺沙星与Cu(100 mg·kg~(-1))或Cu(300 mg·kg~(-1))复合污染下,二者对白菜和西红柿的根及芽伸长抑制效应均表现为协同作用。试验结果在揭示恩诺沙星与Cu复合污染的生态毒性效应的同时,也为重金属和抗生素复合污染的生态风险评价提供科学依据。     

重金属胁迫下外生菌根真菌Boletus edulis重金属积累分配与生长微环境变化

在离体培养条件下，对外生菌根真菌Boletus edulis菌丝铜镉积累分配与生长微环境变化进行研究。结果表明，铜镉胁迫下菌落直径具有相似的增长模式。与对照相比，低浓度的铜镉处理均促进了菌丝的生长，而高浓度则产生抑制作用。Boletus edulis具有很强的铜镉吸收积累能力，显示出较好的重金属耐受性。菌丝体是重金属在离体培养体系中积累的主要场所，最高处理浓度时，菌丝体内的铜镉浓度分别达到对照的26．6和28倍，而菌丝分泌物的作用相对较小。菌丝体对生物体必需元素铜和非必需元素镉具有不同的积累模式，并可根揩重金属的种类，有效地调节生长微环境，以降低重金属对菌丝体的生物有效性。这可能是外生菌根真菌的一种重金属抗性机理。     

费氏中华根瘤菌ntrBC基因突变株的构建及其特性

从费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii)HN01基因文库的重组质粒pGXHN300上获得ntrB、ntrC基因完整序列.通过自杀质粒pK18mob同源单交换的方法,分别获得了HN01菌株的ntrB和ntrC基因的突变株GXHNB、GXHNC.功能检测证明GXHNB、GXHNC能以硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行正常生长,但不能以铵源作为唯一氮源进行正常生长.图4表2参15     

Penetration and storage of sponge spicules in tissues and coelom of spongivorous echinoids

When echinoids feed on sponges, silicate spicules of the sponge were found to enter their body either by penetration through the wall of the food canal into coelomic cavities or by penetration into skeletal plates and spines. The spicules, which have penetrated into the coelom, obviously evoke a kind of protective answer. They were found to be entangled by clusters of cell remnants, the so-called brown bodies. The brown bodies contain melanin and gather at special sites of the echinoid body; these are the Stewart Organs, the gills and the inner side of the ambulacral plates. Sometimes the silicate spicule becomes surrounded by a calcareous sheath. The length of the sponge spicules makes their removal impossible, so that they are stored. The spicules penetrating into the plates are partly incorporated into the stereom. The four species examined in this study were Asthenosoma ijimai, Araeosoma owstoni, Diadema setosum (collected in Sagami Bay, Japan in 1991) and Hapalosoma gemmiferum (collected in Suruga Bay, Japan in 1991).     

乡镇企业可持续发展与小城镇建设

通过对乡镇企业的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益以及小城镇发展的优越性分析可知，乡镇企业不宜在农村发展，应该在小城镇中发展。     

河岸缓冲带对氮磷的截留转化及其生态恢复研究进展

河岸缓冲带是河岸生态系统的重要组成部分,对农业非点源污染物起到有效的截留转化作用。对河岸缓冲带的定义、生态结构特性和功能,河岸缓冲带对氮和磷的截留转化作用以及河岸缓冲带的生态修复现状进行了综合评述。结果表明：草地和森林类型河岸缓冲带均能有效地控制氮和磷向水体中迁移;河岸缓冲带的宽度、水文特征、土壤性质、季节变化以及人为活动等是影响其截留效率的因素;加强退化河岸缓冲带的恢复重建工程,可以保证河岸生态系统的健康。针对目前研究中的不足,提出今后的研究方向,认为应进行长期的大尺度的野外实践研究,并从生态学的角度出发,建立合理的河岸缓冲带健康指标,为退化河岸缓冲带恢复重建提供科学依据。     

Bacterial degradation of monocrotophos and phyto- and cyto-toxicological evaluation of metabolites

The bacterium Serratia marsescens strain JAS16 was isolated from agricultural soil which had prior exposure to monocrotophos for three years. The strain JAS16 tolerated up to 1200 mg L^–1 monocrotophos and degraded the insecticide (1000 mg L^–1) at a degradation rate constant of 136 d^?1 (DT₅₀ = 3.7 d). In soil, the degradation rate constant was 105 d^?1 (DT₅₀ = 4.8 d). A schematic pathway is being proposed from the degraded products derived from gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The phytotoxicity of degradation products to Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata, and Macrotyloma uniflorum and the genotoxicity to Allium cepa roots were found to be low. A cost-effective powder-based formulation was achieved with the isolate. The isolate remained viable during the storage and also multiplied with a higher colony forming units (CFU) load g^–1 for over a period of seven weeks of storage.     

Metals and organic components of sewage and sludges

Sewage and sludge samples were collected from rural areas of Vellore district. The metals like Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Ca and Mg were determined by Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES). For this determination HCl - HNO3 and 4N HNO3 extracts were used. The total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic matter (OM) have also been determined to evaluate the presence of organic and metallic contents in sewage and sludge environment.     

固氮菌与氮配施对生菜及油菜产量和品质的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了固氮菌(M)与氮(N)配施对生菜、油菜产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施加固氮菌(M2)后,生菜、油菜的鲜重和干重较之不加固氮菌(M1)有显著增加趋势,生菜、油菜的Vc含量分别提高4.2%~18.6%、17.6%~35.0%,还原糖含量分别提高17.6%~35.0%、6.7%~41.3%,硝酸盐含量分别降低40.5%~57.2%、22.8%~40.8%.在所有处理中,处理M2N3的两种蔬菜产量最高,品质最好.研究可为固氮菌肥的合理有效施用、氮肥的优化配比及叶菜类蔬菜高产优质的生物调控提供理论依据.图1表3参13     

氟铃脲在棉花和土壤中的残留与降解行为研究

利用高效液相色谱分析方法,考查氟铃脲在棉叶及土壤上使用后的降解和残留行为,为安全施药提供依据。采用田间试验法研究氟铃脲在棉叶和土壤中的残留消解动态。氟铃脲在棉叶中的消解动态均满足一级降解动力学过程及其降解常数。按照试验要求,氟铃脲在棉籽中的最终残留均未检出,低于日本规定的最大残留限量值（0.05 mg·kg-1）。该分析方法操作简单,精密度、准确度和灵敏度都符合农药残留标准要求,适用于棉花和土壤中的氟铃脲残留测定;建议2%氟铃脲乳油在棉花上防治病害,用药次数1次,使用剂量是22.5～30.0 g·a·i·hm-2,在棉花上的安全间隔期可定为10 d。     

沙颍河沈丘段底泥、土壤中砷及重金属污染与潜在生态风险评价

为查明沙颍河沈丘段底泥、土壤中砷(As)和重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险,对底泥和土壤样品中的砷(As)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的含量水平进行测定,并进行潜在生态风险指数计算。结果表明,沙颍河沈丘段底泥中As含量为9.206～11.641mg·kg-1,距河5km的白果村农田土壤中As含量为8.52～80.31mg·kg-1,超标率达到57.8%,Cr、Hg、Cd和Pb的超标率分别达到32.8%、59.4%、67.2%和39.1%。沙颍河沈丘段底泥和附近村庄农田土壤中As和4种重金属的总潜在生态风险为中等生态风险,主要来源于Hg和As。     

番茄HP1和HP2基因RNA共干涉载体的构建及遗传转化

番茄HP1和HP2是色素积累的负调控因子,在光形态建成和色素积累调控中起着重要作用.将番茄HP1、HP2基因片段导入到植物表达载体pBI121,用番茄果实特异表达的TMF7基因的启动子替换原有的CaMV 35S启动子,构建果实特异表达HP1、HP2双基因RNA共干涉植物表达载体pBI121-TMF7-HP1HP2.通过根癌农杆菌介导转入番茄子叶,经组织培养成功获得转基因植株.半定量RT-PCR分析显示,转基因植株果实内HP1、HP2的表达量均明显低于野生型植株果实.转基因植株果实叶绿素含量比野生型明显升高,而叶片中的叶绿素含量无明显差异.该研究结果为采用基因工程的方法改善番茄果实营养品质作出了新的尝试和提出了新的思路.图6表2参15     

湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析

研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。     

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in Salvinia cucullata

The toxicity and accumulation of heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in aquatic fern, Salvinia cucullata were studied. Plants were cultured in Hoagland's medium which was supplemented with 0.5,1,2, and 4 mg/l of Cd and 5, 10, and 40 mg/l of Pb and were separately harvested after 2,4,6, and 8 days. The toxicity symptoms of Cd and Pb to S. cucullata showed chlorosis on leaves. There were significant derceases in the relative growth, biomass productivity and total chlorophyll content when the exposure time and concentration were increased. The accumulation study showed the significant increases of both metals when the exposure time and concentration were increased. The roots of S. cucullata had higher Cd and Pb contents than leaves suggesting that the metals were bound to the root cells and were partially transported to the leaves.