含油污泥热解工艺技术方案研究

文章以辽河油田欢三联合站稠油污水处理系统压滤脱水污泥及沉降罐清罐污泥为处理对象,根据含油污泥热解处理的技术原理,通过对物料输送系统、热解反应系统、剩余固体排出系统和馏分冷凝分离系统等主要工艺单元的技术比选,提出了"柱塞泵管道密闭输送、多燃烧器回转炉热解、高温馏分管式换热器冷凝、不凝气罗茨风机引送和湿式排渣"的含油污泥热解处理工艺技术方案。同时,文章还对污泥热解处理运行的能耗与费用做了简要理论分析。     

污泥发酵产物的土地利用及环境风险综述

污泥好氧发酵及其土地利用是城市污泥无害化及资源化处置的主要方式。污泥发酵产物含有大量养分及有机质,对改善土壤状况、提高土壤肥力、促进植物生长等具有重要作用;但污泥发酵产物在土地利用过程中也存在着重金属及有机污染物累积、植物盐害等潜在的环境风险。系统总结了污泥好氧发酵方法、污泥发酵产物农用、园林绿化、土地改良及环境风险,认为未来应加强研究污泥发酵产物土地利用跟踪监测及生态环境风险评估、加快污泥发酵产物土地利用相关标准制定,为污泥安全环保有效资源化处置提供科学依据。     

北京市污水处理厂污泥处理处置的概况及问题

介绍了北京市污水处理厂污泥处理处置历史和规划编制情况。北京市中心城区经历了堆肥、热干化、石灰干化、水泥窑协同焚烧、热水解+厌氧消化等技术路线选择过程,周边区县采用以堆肥为主的处理技术路线,处置方式均以土地利用为主。提出对上述处理处置技术路线的建议:1)土地利用方式符合北京地区实际情况但应关注相关标准的完善;2)厌氧消化系统运行稳定性、安全性和无害化程度应加以关注;3)区县污泥堆肥设施可采用车间化运营模式;4)应设置应急设施。提出如果土地利用作为最终处置方式得到认可,根据"处置决定处理"的原则,对于上游处理技术应给于全面评估,以确定最佳可行处理技术方案。     

长庆油田采出水处理系统污泥收集及处理

分析长庆油田采出水系统内污泥处理现状,介绍负压排泥和撬装离心脱水组合技术处理污泥的原理、流程及运行情况。该工艺流程在密闭状态下运行,占地少,污泥脱水率稳定,为油田采出水系统污泥处理技术发展和推广应用做了新的尝试。     

油田含油污泥处理处置技术发展及应用

介绍了油田含油污泥的特征、来源,以及国内外相关法规政策和标准规范的制定情况;分析了含油污泥处置技术的主要研究进展和应用现状;对我国油田含油污泥处理处置技术提出了发展建议。     

区域内城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置路线分析

以安徽省蚌埠市为例,调查区域内城镇污水处理厂污泥处理规模和污泥来源,分析污泥成分和特性,结合周边的土地利用、焚烧/建材利用等资源化利用条件,讨论设计符合蚌埠市区域特色的"好氧发酵+土地利用"和"干化+焚烧/建材利用"相配合的综合性污泥处理处置路线。     

含油污泥无害化处理及综合利用的途径

原油脱水以及油田和炼油厂的污水处理系统会排出大量的含油污泥,从环境保护角度出发,必须进行无害化处理或综合利用。处理含油污泥的方法很多,有固化处理法、土地耕作法、回收污油法、固液分离处理及综合利用等方法。较为详细地叙述了各种方法的原理、特点及适用情况等,这些方法各有利弊。今后还应进一步加强含油污泥性质与特征的基础性研究,积极寻求多种利用途径,彻底解决含油污泥污染问题     

污泥处理处置技术路线综述

在目前污泥处理处置市场中,厌氧消化+土地利用、好氧发酵+土地利用、机械热干化+焚烧、工业炉窑协同焚烧、石灰稳定+填埋、深度脱水+填埋等6种处理处置技术路线被广泛采用。对上述技术路线从稳定化、减量化、无害化、资源化等方面,结合定义与内涵、相关标准要求、实现程度等加以分析、对比,得出结论 :厌氧消化+土地利用因其具备能源化和肥料化两方面应用潜力在资源化程度上表现最优;干化焚烧类技术路线在无害化、稳定化方面表现突出;采用填埋作为最终处置方案的技术路线在四个方面均表现不佳;好氧发酵在四个方面表现最均衡。最后,给出污泥处理处置技术路线的选择可参考的三条原则。     

新疆油田含油污泥处理技术研究与应用

新疆油田在借鉴并结合国内外含油污泥处理新技术特点的基础上,开展了含油污泥处理的技术研究应用。通过研究分析新疆油田含油污泥特点,针对新疆油田区域地理气候特征,结合国内外含油污泥处理技术的新进展,先后开展了热洗法、"回转炉"热解处理工艺、萃取+生物处理法、多级热洗+助溶剂等含油污泥处理技术的研究与应用,以探寻出高效且实用性强的处理方法。     

污泥减量热解机热解焚烧技术概述

针对目前我国城市污水处理厂产生大量污泥,二次污染现象日益严重的状况,阐述了污泥的性质特点及主要处理处置方法,介绍并分析了污泥减量热解机热解焚烧技术的工作原理、工作流程、技术特点,以及污泥热解处理系统的主要设备。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.