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1.
Yosef Jabareen 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(2):179-192
A critical review of the multidisciplinary literature on sustainable development reveals a lack of a comprehensive theoretical
framework for understanding sustainable development and its complexities. A critical review shows that the definitions of
sustainable development are vague; there is a lack of operative definitions and disagreement over what should be sustained;
the concept is unclear in terms of emotional commitment; and it “remains a confused topic”, “fraught with contradictions”.
This article aims to theoretically synthesize the interdisciplinary literature on sustainable development, and then identify
the results by broad categories. Therefore, this article uses conceptual analysis, which reviews multidisciplinary literature
on sustainable development, which recognizes patterns and similarities within the literature, then it synthesizes the patterns
to different categories and independent concepts, where each concept has distinctive meanings and represents close ideas on
sustainability. The analytical process elaborates seven concepts that together assemble the theoretical framework of ‘sustainable
development’ and each concept represents distinctive meanings of the theoretical framework. 相似文献
2.
Kan-ichiro Matsumura Rover J. Hijmans Yann Chemin Christopher D. Elvidge Kenji Sugimoto Wenbin Wu Yang-won Lee Ryosuke Shibasaki 《Sustainability Science》2009,4(2):301-313
Rice plays a major role in the global supply and demand for sustainable food production. The constraints of maintaining sustainable
rice production are closely linked to the relationship between the distribution patterns of human activity on the planet and
economic growth. Global patterns of rice production can be mapped by using various criteria linked to domestic income, population
patterns, and associated satellite brightness data of rice-producing regions. Prosperous regions have more electric lighting,
and there are documented correlations between gross domestic product (GDP) and nighttime light. We chose to examine global
rice production patterns on a geographical basis. For the purposes of this study, each country is considered to be made up
of regions, and rice production is discussed in terms of regional distribution. A region is delineated by its administrative
boundaries; the number of regions where rice is produced is about 13,839. We used gridded spatial population distribution
data overlain by nocturnal light imagery derived from satellite imagery. The resultant relationship revealed a correlation
between regional income (nominal values of GDP were used) and rice production in the world. The following criteria were used
to examine the supply and demand structure of rice. Global rice consumption = “caloric rice consumption per capita per day”
multiplied by “regional population values”. Regional rice yields = “country-based production” divided by “harvested area”
(multiple harvests are taken into account). Regional rice production = “regional harvested areas” multiplied by “rice yield
values”. We compared regional rice consumption and production values according to these methods. Analysis of the data sets
generated a map of rice supply and demand. Inter-regional shipping costs were not accounted for. This map can contribute to
the understanding of food security issues in rice-producing regions and to estimating potential population values in such
regions. 相似文献
3.
This study has indicated that there is close relationship between development density and environmental quality; therefore,
it is necessary to decide the form of development carefully beforehand. The form of development is shaped either by new development
or urban renewal which is a major tactic nowadays adopted by the Hong Kong Government to improve the living condition of the
citizens and the quality of the built environment. This study is limited to urban renewal and aims to find out the major urban
design considerations for sustaining the environment. Through a questionnaire survey carried out in Hong Kong, the opinions
of architects, planners, property development managers, and local citizens were sought and evaluated, and critical design
factors for enhancing environmental sustainability of urban renewal projects are highlighted. The results derived from factor
analysis indicated that certain design considerations should be incorporated for sustaining the urban environment. “Land Use
Planning”, “Quality of Life”, “Conservation & Preservation”, “Integrated Design”, “Provision of Welfare Facilities”, and “Conservation
of Existing Properties” were believed to be the significant underlying factors for achieving environmental sustainability
of local urban renewal projects.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
4.
Fabio Orecchini 《Sustainability Science》2007,2(2):245-252
Human society consumes resources that it is not able to reproduce. Human activities are still based on “open cycles,” starting
from a condition of natural environmental balance and reaching an environmental imbalance. The challenging scope of scientific
and technological research towards sustainability appears clear if it is based on this analysis: to find development systems
based on “closed cycles” of resources. The challenging objective of realizing closed cycles leads to a definition of sustainability
that indicates the path to sustainable development, as well as stating the general principle. It also provides a key to the
qualitative measurement of sustainability. This means that the sustainability level of a system can be measured by measuring
its capacity to avoid the consumption of resources. Zero consumption is a necessary condition for sustainability, and brings
about as a side effect the highly desired “zero-waste” result. Materials entering the proposed endless scheme pass through
the process of usefulness without losing their capacity to feed the system again after being used. Thus, the concept of “consumption”
itself is replaced by one of “use” when resources are inserted into closed loops capable of feeding human development. The
application of the closed cycle sustainability criterion particularly displays its feasibility, and a theoretical guiding
role, in the energy sector. Energy vectors such as hydrogen and electricity enable the closure of the energy resources loop
by effectively approaching the objective of “zero consumption” (and the side result of “zero waste”) through already demonstrated
technological solutions. 相似文献
5.
A. B. Savinov 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2011,42(3):179-185
According to the basic concept of the theory dealt with in this study, autocenosis, i.e., a self-regulatory host-symbiont system, rather than an individual, is the individual-level unit. Then, democenosis, which is a system of autocenoses, corresponds to the population level. Therefore, natural selection of autocenoses rather
than individuals occurs in a democenosis, and auto- and democenoses, rather than “individuals” and “populations,” are components
of food chains and webs. However, the symbiotic approach does not exclude the population paradigm and will be developed in
parallel with it. 相似文献
6.
P. P. Popov 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2010,41(5):378-385
Discriminant analysis has been used to analyze the composition of phenotypic forms and geographic differentiation of spruce
populations in northwestern Russia in comparison with those of “standard” Norway spruce and Siberian spruce populations. The
absolute prevalence of trees with an intermediate Norway-Siberian spruce phenotype has been revealed in almost all populations,
except for the northernmost ones. Spruce populations in northwestern Russia may be divided into at least three groups, with
the southern group being closer to the Norway spruce, and all other groups, to the Siberian spruce. 相似文献
7.
Jin Sato 《Sustainability Science》2007,2(2):151-158
The objective of this paper is to trace the evolution of the resource concept in modern Japan by highlighting key individuals
who played major roles in communicating this idea to a wider audience during its formation and development between the 1910s
and 1950s. Special attention will be paid to the effect of different historical contexts on interpretations of the term “resource”.
The paper reveals how the integration of knowledge indispensable for achieving sustainability occurs. The orientation of resource
policy was drastically different before and after World War II. In the pre-war period, the military government used the resource
concept to create a comprehensive inventory of the nation’s military forces, and “resource” was thus a convenient term to
neutralize the aggressive connotations of top-down military mobilization. After the turn to democratic principles in 1945,
“resource” suddenly acquired a symbolic meaning as a means to serve the people. Despite these contrasts, however, pre and
post-war resource concepts share a commonality in that the government acted as the centralizing force, providing a platform
to integrate disparate knowledge under the resource concept. At a time when society itself is more prone to fragmentation,
the resource concept, which played a significant role in unification in the past, should be re-examined. The history of the
concept in Japan, particularly during the pre and post-war period up until the 1950s, contains a wealth of insights as to
how this can be achieved.
相似文献
Jin SatoEmail: |
8.
The contents of ten metals in the bone and muscle tissues were studied in three fish species from a water body located in
the impact zone of a copper smelter. In the course of principal component analysis with “tissue” and “species” taken as instrumental
variables (IVs), a high proportion of unexplained IV variance was revealed for xenobiotic elements, and the procedure of optimal
scaling by the CATPCA method allowed their pattern to be estimated. It is proposed to use the unexplained variance of multidimensional
data on the chemical composition of organisms for identifying the pattern of xenobiotics in environmental objects. 相似文献
9.
Defining climate-change victims 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article introduces the concept of “climate-change victims” and classifies categories of threats and groups of people
who would be vulnerable to and victimized by human-induced climate change. (The full, correct wording is “human-induced climate-change
victims”, but we will use just “climate-change victims” in the rest of the article.) It offers a definition with three levels
of climate-change victimization and differentiates “climate-change victims” from “natural-disasters victims” and from “climate-change
migrants”. The article sets an agenda for a new type of victimhood and could lead to further research on possible prevention,
accountability measures, environmental tribunals, and compensation mechanisms to recompense climate-change victims. 相似文献
10.
Renato A. M. Silvano John Valbo-Jørgensen 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(5):657-675
Studies investigating the local ecological knowledge (LEK) held by fishermen about the fishing resources have indicated that
fishermen’s LEK may have the potential to improve fishery management, by providing new information about the ecology, behavior
and abundance trends of fish and other aquatic animals. Our major aim is to undertake a brief review of published ethnoichthyological
studies with a focus on coastal Brazilian fisheries and freshwater fisheries in both Brazil and Southeast Asia. Based on such
review, we provide 29 hypotheses on fish ecology based on fishermen’s LEK and compare them with what is already known from
the biological literature, using an arbitrary ‘likelihood’ measure: “Low likelihood” corresponded to unexpected hypotheses,
which contradict existing biological data. “Medium likelihood” corresponded to hypotheses that could not be compared to available
scientific knowledge. Hypotheses that agree with scientific data were considered as “High likelihood”. We therefore discuss
these three categories of hypotheses about several distinct topics, such as migration, reproduction, feeding habits, abundance
patterns, ecological relationships between fish and their predators, and fishing pressure. Our results may contribute to the
fisheries management and research in the studied regions and other similar places, besides raising the interest of biologists
to properly include fishermen’s LEK when planning and conducting fisheries surveys.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
11.
Brad Allenby 《Sustainability Science》2006,1(1):7-13
The Industrial Revolution and associated economic, demographic, technological and cultural changes have resulted in what many scientists are beginning to refer to as “the Anthropocene” – roughly translated, the Age of Humans. One response to this development is the nascent field of “sustainability science,” a multidisciplinary and systemic attempt to perceive and understand this new era. In doing so, however, methodologies and intellectual frameworks must be developed which extend beyond existing, dominantly reductionist, approaches, and are intended to address emergent characteristics of complex systems that integrate cultural and social systems, the engineered and built environment and natural systems. In the area of ethics, this requires developing a capability for “macroethics,” or ethical systems and processes capable of addressing issues arising from the emergent behavior of the complicated systems that characterize the Anthropocene. 相似文献
12.
The developing countries i.e., the non-Annex-I countries (parties to the Kyoto Protocol but not responsible to any reduction
target yet) in the Kyoto Protocol whose economies are in transition are also allowed to reduce GHG emissions. Among these,
the countries that have accepted the Kyoto Protocol may be benefited from CDM projects to promote sustainable development.
The developed countries i.e., the Annex-I countries (that have signed the Kyoto Protocol & are responsible to have specific
GHG emission reduction target) or the investing countries, in return, have privilege to purchase CER credits (in units equivalent
to one tonne of CO2 gas emission reduction) to meet the emission target as specified in the Kyoto Protocol. The key step in understanding about
CDM is to grasp the concept of “baseline” and “additionality”. The “Baseline” is the emissions level that would have existed if a CDM project had not happened. The feature of an approved CDM project
is that the planned reductions would not occur without the additional incentive provided by emission reduction credits; this
concept is known as “Additionality”. According to environmental additionality concept, baseline emission minus project emission is equal to emissions reduction.
“Investment Additionality,” ultimately rejected during negotiation of the “Marrakech Accords” and “Financial Additionality,” are the two important concepts. The concept of trading of CER matches to the idea of Pigovian tax (equal to the negative externality and which is considered one of the “traditional” means of bringing a modicum of market
forces) in Economics, making pollution more costly to the polluter, as the polluters have negative cost since they save money
by polluting; hence, there are supposed negative externalities associated with the market activity. Economic theory predicts
that in an economy where the cost of reaching mutual agreement between parties is high and where pollution is diffuse, Pigovian
tax will be an efficient way to promote the public interest and will lead to an improvement of the quality of life measured
by the Genuine Progress Indicator and other human economic indicators, as well as higher gross domestic product growth. We
can seek a level of pollution such that the marginal savings (MS) to one polluting unit from pollution (−MC) is equal to marginal
damage (MD) from pollution over the entire population, since pollution is a public bad i.e., MS (x*) = ∑MDi (x*) where ∑Di (x) is the total damage. Though the responsibility of reduction in emission does not lie on the non-Annex-I countries, still
effort of maintaining global emission balance can be expected equally from developed and developing countries. The responsibilities
of Kyoto Protocol are (a) to reduce global GHG emissions, (b) to bring about sustainable development in the developing countries
lie on above two groups since its effect on February 16, 2005. Different polluters have different costs of pollution control.
The least costly way of controlling pollution from various sources that reflects different costs of pollution control making
the set of environmental regulations to achieve the emission target at the lowest cost makes the regulation cost-effective.
Though efficiency is not attainable for many regulations, cost-effectiveness is attainable. 相似文献
13.
MARZIO GALEOTTI 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2007,9(4):427-454
There is a long-standing debate on the relationship between economic development and environmental quality. From a sustainable
development viewpoint there has been a growing concern that the economic expansion of the world economy will cause irreparable
damage to our planet. In the last few years several studies have appeared dealing with the relationship between the scale
of economic activity and the level of pollution. In particular, if we concentrate on local pollutants many empirical contributions
have identified a bell-shaped curve linking per capita pollution to per capita GDP (in the case of global pollutants like
CO2 the evidence is less clear-cut). This behavior implies that, starting from low per capita income levels, per capita emissions
or concentrations tend to increase but at a slower pace. After a certain level of income (which typically differs across pollutants)
– the “turning point” – pollution starts to decline as income further increases. In analogy with the historical relationship
between income distribution and income growth, the inverted-U relationship between per capita income and pollution has been
termed “Environmental Kuznets Curve”. The purpose of this paper is not to provide an overview the literature: there are several
survey papers around doing precisely that. We instead reconsider the explanations that have been put forth for its inverted-U
pattern. We consider the literature from this perspective. In addition, without resorting to any econometric estimation, we
consider whether simple data analysis can help to shed some light on the motives that can rationalize the Environmental Kuznets
Curve.
This paper is part of the research work being carried out by the Climate Change Modelling and Policy Unit at Fondazione Eni
Enrico Mattei and has been prepared for the 2004–2005 ESRI Collaboration Project. The author is grateful to Nicola Cantore
for skillful assistance. 相似文献
14.
T. V. Kotova I. M. Miklyaeva G. N. Ogureeva E. G. Suslova L. V. Shvergunova 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2000,31(5):318-323
Objectives and methods of mapping the ecological state of the plant cover at different spatial levels—federal, regional, and
local—are analyzed. The maps used as examples are as follows: at the federal level, “Ecological State of Rangelands in Russia”
(1:10 000 000); at the regional level, “Vegetation of Moscow Oblast” (1:200 000); and at the local level, “Vegetation of Narofominskii
Raion” and “Current State of the Plant Cover in Narofominskii Raion” (1:50 000). 相似文献
15.
Due to its rapid industrialization and urbanization, China faces the daunting challenge of sharply growing energy and resource
consumption. It is now indispensable for the nation to alter its course of development into more sustainable paths in terms
of energy and resource efficiency. In this paper, we discuss the energy intensity of the industrial sectors of the Yangtze
River Delta, consisting of Shanghai City and the neighboring province of Jiangsu—the fastest economically developing region
of the country—and argue possible strategies for energy efficient industrial activities there. We first examine the historical
trends of energy intensity associated with industrial sectors and study the factors affecting the evolution of these trends
by applying decomposition analysis. We then argue that if “business as usual” (BAU) development patterns are continued, energy
intensity level in both regions may surpass China’s policy targets in 2010, and GDP growth as well as energy consumption will
exceed possible pathways under current policy targets by 2020. Thus, appropriate measures are urgently needed to lower energy
intensity and consumption. Based upon these analyses as well as the Chinese government’s policy orientation, we propose two
options as alternative scenarios for improving practices in energy-intensive industries, particularly targeting the cement
and steel production sectors. These options are: (1) diffusion of highly energy efficient technologies into these industries,
and (2) promotion of a circular economy and industrial symbiosis. We highlight that these options can potentially lead to
energy savings and reductions in resource consumption associated with industrial activities and can serve as a regional model
for more sustainable industrial activities in China. 相似文献
16.
Environment, Development and Sustainability - The article “Quantifying carbon footprint for ecological river restoration”, written by “Yiwen Chiu, Yi Yang and Cody Morse”,... 相似文献
17.
Paolo Bazzoffi 《Regional Environmental Change》2009,9(3):169-179
Council Regulations (EC) No 1257/1999 and the EU Soil Thematic Strategy give great importance to soil and land conservation
to develop knowledge driven governance for rural development. In the hilly areas of Italy cultivated intensively, and especially
in the ones devoted to viticulture, agricultural practices determine high loss of soil with consequent degradation of the
soil resource. In addition to it, offsite effects of soil erosion can be unsustainable, due to sediment transfer to the channel
network and infrastructures. In order to achieve a sustainable rural development there is a need for tools and instruments
to allow European regional administrations, to develop, implement, manage and monitor rural development plans. To counteract
the environmental threats intensified by agricultural activity, the environmental functions “soil erosion control” and “water
runoff control” were investigated in the Chianti area by using GIS. To determine the EMR (Environmental Minimum Requirements)
values for soil erosion the “regeneration” capability of soils was considered, and the value of estimated soil loss was compared
with the value of soil reformation. A scenario analysis was also performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the agroenvironmental
measure “grass cover” in reducing erosion. The concept of tolerable erosion based on soil productivity and soil reformation
rate only is reductive and off-site effects of soil erosion should be also taken into account. For this reason, it was proposed
to extend the concept of hydrogeological risk to soil erosion by implementing the notion of soil erosion tolerance (T) with the new concept of environmental risk of soil erosion (ERSE). The new ERSE index takes into account all the in- and
off-farm externalities of soil erosion. For this reason, it can be considered an aggregated environmental indicator that enables
policy makers to evaluate the impacts of soil erosion by following an holistic approach. 相似文献
18.
A. V. Ilyinykh D. K. Kurenshchikov A. A. Baburin E. L. Imranova 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2011,42(3):236-240
For the first time, an attempt has been made to reveal possible causes of the relative “brevity” of gypsy moth outbreaks in
the Russian Far East. The results show that major factors limiting these outbreaks include the weakly manifested seasonal
drift of gypsy moth foci, oviposition habits, as well as specific weather conditions during the period of larval development
and death that facilitating the dispersal of insect pathogens in components of the forest ecosystem. 相似文献
19.
This paper quantitatively assesses the influences of various demographic and socio-economic factors, past adaptive behavioral
factors, access to weather/climate information, and spatial/locational factors on coastal populations’ perceived adaptive
capacity against major impacts of hydro-meteorological disasters on their livelihood. A total of 285 respondents from three
coastal villages in Bangladesh were randomly interviewed between January and April 2009. Respondents rated their perceived
adaptive capacity against 25 anticipated impacts of sea-level rise (SLR)-induced events on their livelihood. By employing
the principal component analysis (PCA), perceived adaptive capacity was grouped into five major categories. Then, an adaptive
capacity index for each of five major impacts, namely, “infrastructure damage and disrupted mobility,” “food and nutritional
insecurity,” “low earning and higher cost of maintenance,” “loss of employment in offshore activities,” and “crisis of potable
water and public health risk,” was prepared. How adaptive capacity against each of these major five categories of impacts
differs due to the influence of various factors was assessed by employing the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) technique.
The MANOVAs show that age, sex, level of education, type of occupation, farmland holdings, past adaptive behavior against
rainfall, salinity intrusion, freshwater crises, use of radio for weather information, and the distance of the homestead from
the shoreline have varying levels of influence on respondents’ perceived adaptive capacity against each of the five major
categories of impacts. Others factors have moderate to limited influences. The policy implication is that specific programs,
rather than a generic one-size fits all program, must be initiated for enhancement of adaptive capacity against specific impacts. 相似文献
20.
Ethan D. Schoolman Jeremy S. Guest Kathleen F. Bush Andrew R. Bell 《Sustainability Science》2012,7(1):67-80
Sustainability research is expected to incorporate concepts, methods, and data from a diverse array of academic disciplines.
We investigate the extent to which sustainability research lives up to this ideal of an interdisciplinary field. Using bibliometric
data, we orient our study around the “tripartite model” of sustainability, which suggests that sustainability research should
draw from the three “pillars” of the environmental, economic, and social sciences. We ask three questions: (i) is sustainability
research truly more interdisciplinary than research generally, (ii) to what extent does research grounded in one pillar draw
on research from the other two, and (iii) if certain disciplines or pillars are more interdisciplinary than others, then what
explains this variation? Our results indicate that sustainability science, while more interdisciplinary than other scientific
fields, falls short of the expectations inherent in the tripartite model. The pillar with the fewest articles published on
sustainability—economics—is also the most integrative, while the pillar with the most articles—environmental sciences—draws
the least from outside disciplines. But interdisciplinarity comes at a cost: sustainability research in economics and the
social sciences is centered around a relatively small number of interdisciplinary journals, which may be becoming less valued
over time. These findings suggest that, if sustainability research is to live up to its interdisciplinary ideals, researchers
must be provided with greater incentives to draw from fields other than their own. 相似文献