大气污染对植食昆虫的影响及作用机制

综述了植食昆虫对二氧化硫、氮氧化物、酸雨、臭氧和氟化物污染的不同反应，其基本规律是：中低浓度的大气污染促进植食昆虫的生长、发育、较高浓度的大气污染抑制植食昆虫的生长，不同种类的昆虫反应不同，植食昆虫对臭氧污染的反应多变而没有较统一的规律。另外，还论述了植食昆虫对大气污染的反应机理：一是大气污染→植物→昆虫途径，二是大气污染→生态系统→昆虫途径。     

地表臭氧浓度升高对冬小麦和大豆生长和产量的影响

我国近地层臭氧污染日趋严重,其不断增加的浓度对农作物的生长造成了严重威胁。以冬小麦和大豆为研究对象,基于大田开顶式气室(OTC)试验,分别设置对照(CK)、100 n L·L~(-1)和150 n L·L~(-1)这3个O3浓度处理组,对2种作物生长指标和产量等参数连续观测,结果表明:O3浓度增加对冬小麦和大豆的株高、叶面积和生物量产生影响,并且对大豆的影响更为明显。与此同时,O3浓度增加使得冬小麦的穗重、穗粒数以及大豆的单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重都呈现大幅度下降状态,进而导致其产量降低。在100 n L·L~(-1)臭氧处理下,冬小麦产量较CK降低了12.89%,而大豆产量下降了23.76%。在150 n L·L~(-1)的臭氧处理下,冬小麦产量较对照组降低了29.23%,大豆则比对照组下降了41.57%,与CK相比,大豆产量下降更为明显。上述研究表明,臭氧污染对农作物的生长具有显著影响,且大豆对O3的反应比冬小麦敏感。     

SO2污染对农业害虫的间接影响

用开顶式熏气罩研究了SO2污染对粘虫、黄地老虎、小菜蛾、桃蚜、萝卜蚜和豆蚜等农业害虫的影响．结果表明，适度SO2污染显著地促进了这些昆虫的生长和／或繁殖，但高浓度SO2污染对它们有明显的不良影响，这种作用是通过食料植物间接发生的．这些昆虫对适度SO2污染的反应因种类而异：3种鳞翅目昆虫表现为幼虫的平均相对生长速率（MRGR）明显加快，成虫繁殖力变化不大；3种蚜虫主要表现为成蚜的繁殖力大幅度提高．若蚜（除豆蚜外）的MRGR也显著增加．对被处理食料植物营养成分的分析表明，SO2污染诱导的蛋氨酸相对含量变化可能是它产生这些间接影响的重要原因．     

我国地面臭氧污染及其生态环境效应

地面臭氧是一种重要的二次大气污染物.由于工业化和城市化的迅速发展,我国臭氧前体物排放量不断增加,地面臭氧污染问题尤为突出.在高速发展的城市群区域,地面臭氧已经成为其主要的大气污染物之一.文章论述了我国地面臭氧的来源、特性、污染现状和发展趋势,着重介绍了地面臭氧污染所带来的生态环境效应及其可能的经济损失,包括人体健康危害、建筑材料腐蚀老化、农作物减产以及树木生长抑制等方面.此外,从研究对象与研究区域两方而分析了研究中存在的不足,指出当前我国地面臭氧污染研究的瓶颈是缺乏全国范围的臭氧监测网络.在此基础上对我国今后的研究进行了展望,以期为我国地而臭氧污染的生态环境效应研究起到一定促进作用.     

珠三角西南部春季臭氧来源与敏感性分析

随着近年臭氧污染程度的加剧,珠三角春季也出现了较严重的大范围臭氧污染事件。然而,目前对于春季臭氧污染的研究仍较少,深入分析研究春季臭氧污染的气象条件、污染成因及其来源对于臭氧污染防治具有重大的现实意义。2017年4月珠三角西南部出现了多次臭氧中度以上污染,该研究以此为例分析了该时段气象条件与臭氧质量浓度的相关关系,利用HYSPLIT轨迹模型分析西南部地区臭氧污染的气团来源,使用WRF/CAMx模型定量分析了珠三角西南部春季臭氧来源与臭氧生成敏感性。结果表明,春季臭氧质量浓度随日照时长和气温日较差的增加而增加,随相对湿度的增加而减少。当局地风向为偏东时,珠三角西南部臭氧污染最严重。东北和偏东路径的气团输送对高质量浓度臭氧有重要贡献,春季白天天然源的贡献为12%—13%,工业源的贡献为15%—18%,交通源的贡献约为10%。除去背景臭氧后,广州和佛山等珠三角中部城市对江门、中山和珠海的臭氧贡献分别为30%、27%和20%,东莞、惠州和深圳等珠三角东部城市对珠海东面站点的臭氧贡献约为27%,但对珠海西部站点的臭氧贡献仅约为10%。粤北地区的前体物排放对江门和中山的臭氧也有超过10%的贡献,珠三角西南部本地的贡献相对较少,这说明臭氧的区域输送特征明显,每个城市排放的污染物主要影响其下风向的城市。臭氧生成敏感性分析结果表明,春季珠三角西南部臭氧主要在VOCs敏感区中生成。综上,春季臭氧污染治理宜从区域VOCs联防联控的角度进行治理。     

氯代苯类化合物在飞灰表面的热分解

密闭体系中,在生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的催化作用下,一氯苯到六氯苯表现出不同的热分解特性.这12种氯苯化合物分别经过300℃、30min加热处理,得到的脱氯/加氢反应产物的总量为初始氯苯化合物的50%-90%;而这些反应底物自身的含量为其原始含量的20%-90%.高氯代苯比低氯代苯更容易发生脱氯/加氢的反应.通过与热力学数据的比较,我们认为氯苯化合物脱氯/加氢反应是由热力学控制的.对于HCB而言,有两条主要的脱氯途径,其比例不相上下:1)HCB→五氯苯→1,2,3,5.四氯苯→1,3,5-三氯苯→1,3-二氯苯→1-氯苯;2)HCB→五氯苯→1,2,4,5-四氯苯→1,2,4-三氯苯→1,4-二氯苯→1-氯苯.     

区域尺度大气污染物特征分析

大气污染是人民的"心肺之患",为研究区域尺度下大气污染特征,为大气污染防治攻坚战提供理论支持,以华北平原7地市作为研究区,以2015年全年空气质量指数为数据基础,通过描述性统计分析及建立向量自回归模型得出以下结论:研究区重污染天气主要发生在1月、12月,且空气质量指数波动性较大,4月至9月空气质量指数在100左右波动,起伏较小;以PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)为首的颗粒物是研究区的首要污染物;首要污染物为臭氧,主要发生在6月至9月,呈现明显的季节性特征;以研究区内濮阳市为例,通过运用脉冲响应函数及方差分解分析得出濮阳市空气质量以内源污染为主.     

沈阳市烟囱分布对大气污染的影响

本文介绍采用航空遥感技术和实地调查研究相结合的方法,分析了沈阳市烟囱数量、高度、密度以及高、中、低架烟囱的分布状况和特点,同时与大气污染监测结果对照分析了沈阳市煤烟型大气污染的规律及特点,研究了沈阳市烟囱分布对大气污染的影响。最后,提出了沈阳市燃煤污染的防治途径。     

以超Ci几率和方法表示大气污染状况

为了比较真实和比较清楚地表示大气污染状况提出以超Ci几率和方法整理污染物浓度数据。指出用F≥Ci～C图可以求碍当浓度≥Ci时的超Ci几率和F≥Ci及当F为某一特定值时的C值。比较不同季节、地区,每日的不同时间的F≥Ci值,可以判断和比较大气污染程度。避免了以少数或个别数据进行比较而得到与实际情况相反的结论。用此方法对天津地区一年四季的二氧化硫、总颗粒物、氮氧化物和硫酸盐的污染状况做了判断。因此方法处理天津市大气监测数据的结果表明:以煤炭为主要燃料的城市大气污染程度在早晨较严重。傍晚次之,中午较轻;城市污染程度大于郊区,冬季大于夏季。春季和秋季的污染程度居于二者之间,表现出城市大气污染与煤为主要能源及冬季取暖有关。     

草原沙化和人工固沙草地生态演替中昆虫群落多样性变化的数值分析

对宁夏沙坡头自然保护区不同沙化和人工固沙草地地段昆虫和植物群落特征参数、环境因子进行了调查．按不同营养层类群、栖息型类群和重要目分别进行了昆虫多样性变化规律的研究,应用主分量分析法和相关分析法,分析了草原沙化和人工固沙草地生态演替中昆虫不同类群多样性间以及多样性变化与植物、环境因子的关系．结果表明,昆虫多样性随草地沙化的加重而降低,以直翅目、膜翅目和食叶类群的下降率最大;随草地的恢复昆虫多样性趋于增加,以鳞翅目、同翅目、半翅目、脉翅目及捕食类群增长率为大．寄生类群和捕食类群多样性取决于植食类群多样性;杂食类群与地栖性类群成显著性相关．影响昆虫多样性变化的主要环境因子为植物种类、层次结构、盖度和表土层厚度、坚硬度等．     

An empirical analysis of air pollution dose-response curves

The authors combine information from 2 million death certificates and 2 million observations from the Public Use Sample. With several strategies for controlling extraneous variation, the authors explore these data in order to measure the chronic effects of several air pollutants on white mortality rates. In the United States, approximately 140,000 deaths a year (Wo of all deaths) may be associated with air pollution. The size of this effect increases dramatically with age, with children displaying no detectable associations. Some pollutants, especially sulfate, are closely associated with many deaths, whereas other pollutants, especially ozone and nitrogen dioxide, have no apparent effect on expected lifetimes.     

Intercontinental transport of air pollution

There is an increasing interest on the intercontinental transport of air pollution among the three main emission regions at northern mid-latitudes: North America, Europe, and East Asia. Air pollutants with sufficient long lifetime can be transported from one continent to another. Observations from ground sites, aircraft and satellites have demonstrated this intercontinental-scale transport of air pollutants in the free troposphere. Numerical models have been applied to understand the pathways of the transport and the impact of intercontinental pollution transport. This paper reviews current observational evidence and modeling studies of intercontinental transport of ozone and its precursors, and the resulting impacts on air quality.     

大气生物污染与健康的研究

本文综述了大气生物污染及其引起疾病方面的研究。在大气微生物污染方面包括了细菌、病毒，特别是真菌污染及其引起的疾病，甚至癌症。在植物花粉对大气的污染方面，介绍了枯草热的发生原因和对健康的危害。作者认为，大气生物污染的评价、治理和毒理学效应等问题值得注意并应进一步研究。     

天气条件对福州近地层臭氧分布的影响

利用2009—2010年福州市近地层臭氧连续观测资料,并结合气象资料分析不同天气型对臭氧浓度变化的影响,以及臭氧浓度与气象要素的相关性。结果表明：在高压后部、地面倒槽等6种天气型影响下,福州市臭氧浓度值较高;在低涡锋面、台风（热带辐合带）等4种天气型影响下,臭氧浓度值较低。导致福州市臭氧平均浓度值最高的天气型是台风（热带辐合带）外围,最低的是低涡锋面系统。高压后部、地面倒槽和锋前暖区等强暖性、且非常不利于污染物扩散的天气型易造成臭氧浓度超标。臭氧浓度与气象要素关系密切,与温度、日照、太阳辐射显著正相关,与云量、相对湿度、降水量显著负相关,受偏南和偏东风影响,平均风速较大时,臭氧浓度较高,在SSE方位上臭氧小时浓度超标率最高。     

The effect of pollution on crime: Evidence from data on particulate matter and ozone

We estimate the effect of short-term air pollution exposure (PM_2.5 and ozone) on several categories of crime, with a particular emphasis on aggressive behavior. To identify this relationship, we combine detailed daily data on crime, air pollution, and weather for an eight-year period across the United States. Our primary identification strategy employs extremely high dimensional fixed effects and we perform a series of robustness checks to address confounding variation between temperature and air pollution. We find a robust positive effect of increased air pollution on violent crimes, and specifically assaults, but no relationship between increases in air pollution and property crimes. The effects are present in and out of the home, at levels well below Ambient Air Pollution Standards, and PM_2.5 effects are strongest at lower temperatures. The results suggest that a 10% reduction in daily PM_2.5 and ozone could save $1.4 billion in crime costs per year, a previously overlooked cost associated with pollution.     

Urban ecosystem services: tree diversity and stability of tropospheric ozone removal

Urban forests provide important ecosystem services, such as urban air quality improvement by removing pollutants. While robust evidence exists that plant physiology, abundance, and distribution within cities are basic parameters affecting the magnitude and efficiency of air pollution removal, little is known about effects of plant diversity on the stability of this ecosystem service. Here, by means of a spatial analysis integrating system dynamic modeling and geostatistics, we assessed the effects of tree diversity on the removal of tropospheric ozone (O3) in Rome, Italy, in two years (2003 and 2004) that were very different for climatic conditions and ozone levels. Different tree functional groups showed complementary uptake patterns, related to tree physiology and phenology, maintaining a stable community function across different climatic conditions. Our results, although depending on the city-specific conditions of the studied area, suggest a higher function stability at increasing diversity levels in urban ecosystems. In Rome, such ecosystem services, based on published unitary costs of externalities and of mortality associated with O3, can be prudently valued to roughly US$2 and $3 million/year, respectively.     

大气臭氧污染的生物学指标监测评价

臭氧是具有很大危害性的大气污染物之一,近150年来大气对流层中的臭氧质量浓度已经增加了36%,在今后50～100年内还将以每年0.5%-2%的速度继续升高。植物对大气污染物的敏感性是由多种因素相互作用而成的复杂综合性状。以不同质量浓度（分别为0.0、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0 mg·L-1）臭氧（O3）胁迫下的不同类型植物为例,观察植物在不同时间（2、4、6、8 h）的外观伤害症状和细胞膜透性与O3质量浓度的相关性。试验结果表明：不同植物对O3的敏感度不同,蔬菜对臭氧相对较敏感;低质量浓度长时间和高质量浓度短时间的作用条件下,植物的受害症状基本相同,典型症状表现为叶片上散布细密点状斑,斑点的颜色呈白色、黄色、棕褐色,也有褪绿斑;植物细胞膜透性数据即电导率直接反映植物受损程度。综合植物外观症状指标与生理生化指标建立了相对定量化的大气质量生物学指标评价模式,即划分为轻微（0-0.2）、轻度（0.2-0.4）、中度（0.4-0.6）、高度（0.6-0.8）、严重（0.8-1.0）5个受害等级,以定量的判断O3气体对植物的伤害。     

Air quality improvement in Los Angeles—perspectives for developing cities

Air quality improvement in Los Angeles can inform air quality policies in developing cities. Emission control efforts, their results, costs and health benefits are briefly summarized. Today's developing cities face new challenges including regional pollution. Air quality issues in Beijing are briefly compared and contrasted with Los Angeles. Opportunities for co-benefits for climate and air quality improvement are identified. Air quality improvement in Los Angeles, California is reviewed with an emphasis on aspects that may inform air quality policy formulation in developing cities. In the mid-twentieth century the air quality in Los Angeles was degraded to an extent comparable to the worst found in developing cities today; ozone exceeded 600 ppb and annual average particulate matter <10 mm reached ~150 mg·m⁻³. Today's air quality is much better due to very effective emission controls; e.g., modern automobiles emit about 1% of the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emitted by vehicles of 50 years ago. An overview is given of the emission control efforts in Los Angeles and their impact on ambient concentrations of primary and secondary pollutants; the costs and health benefits of these controls are briefly summarized. Today's developing cities have new challenges that are discussed: the effects of regional pollution transport are much greater in countries with very high population densities; often very large current populations must be supplied with goods and services even while economic development and air quality concerns are addressed; and many of currently developing cities are located in or close to the tropics where photochemical processing of pollution is expected to be more rapid than at higher latitudes. The air quality issues of Beijing are briefly compared and contrasted with those of Los Angeles, and the opportunities for co-benefits for climate and air quality improvement are pointed out.