绿僵菌液体培养的条件及其对马尾松毛虫的毒力

在不同温度和不同光照条件下对3株金龟子绿僵菌和1株贵州绿僵菌的液体深层培养研究表明，光照对菌丝生长和液生分生孢子产量均无显著影响。但培养温度显著影响菌丝生长和液生分生孢子的产出率，25-28℃为液体深层培养绿僵菌的适宜温度，其中以28℃最佳，对3-4龄马尾松毛虫幼虫的室内毒力测定表明，绿僵菌液生分生孢子的毒力略低于气生分生孢子。     

绿僵菌降解寄主表皮的蛋白酶同工酶研究

研究了不同碳氮源对金龟子绿僵菌（ Ｍｅｔａｒｈｉｚｉｕｍ ａｎｉｓｏｐｌｉａｅ） 产生与分解昆虫外壳相关的蛋白酶活性和同工酶谱带的影响． 结果表明：蝉蜕、虻虫壳、蝇蛆壳、蚕蛹壳、虾壳、胶体几丁质均可使金龟子绿僵菌产生蛋白酶,虾壳和胶体几丁质所产生的蛋白酶比活性最高,蝉蜕次之． 但蛋白酶总活性以蝉蜕最高,虻虫壳次之．样品经等电聚焦电泳后,印迹于Ｘ光片上,显示蛋白酶同工酶,蝉蜕和蚕蛹壳产生的蛋白酶同工酶谱带最丰富． 以蝉蜕为唯一碳氮源时,金龟子绿僵菌产生蛋白酶的最佳条件为２６℃、初始ｐＨ６．０ 、最终孢子浓度ｎ＝ １×１０７ｍＬ－１ ．     

一株能分解纤维素的高温耐碱放线菌

对一株分离于堆肥的分解纤维素的放线菌的形态学和生理生化特征进行了研究．结果表明：基丝由分枝发达的不断裂的菌丝组成，气丝发达；孢子单个长在气丝上，孢子表面光滑，细胞壁含meso-DAP；该菌能分解纤维素，液化明胶、水解酪素和淀粉，在35-60℃生长，pH范围为6．0—12．0．按《伯杰氏系统细菌学鉴定手册》进行了鉴定，初步将此菌归为高温单孢菌属(Thermomonospora sp.)的一个新种．研究了产羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)和滤纸酶(FPA)的条件．CMCase最适产酶时间为5d，FPA为8d，最适产酶温度为50℃，产酶最适起始pH为9．5—10．5．最适氮源为黄豆粉，最佳碳源为棉花纤维．图6表2参10     

一株桃树内生真菌Pestalotiopsis vismiae N1培养条件优化与抗氧化、抗菌活性分析

对一株内生真菌韦司梅拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis vismiae)的培养条件进行探究,在此基础上进一步对其发酵提取物抗氧化、抗菌活性进行分析.通过测定菌丝的生长速度寻找菌丝培养适宜的温度、碳源、氮源和pH,并采用正交试验优化培养条件;通过测定菌株深层发酵液提取物对羟基和DPPH自由基的清除率以分析其抗氧化活性;通过测定菌株深层发酵液提取物对多种病原细菌抑菌圈大小的影响来分析其抗菌活性.结果表明,韦司梅拟盘多毛孢菌丝最适宜培养温度为25℃,在该温度培养条件下菌丝生长最佳碳源为蔗糖,最佳氮源为酵母提取粉,最佳初始pH为6.5,这3种因素的显著性差异大小顺序为碳源氮源 pH;菌株深层发酵液提取物具有良好的抗氧化活性,其对羟基自由基和DPPH自由基清除率的EC50分别为1.19 mg/mL和0.56 mg/mL;菌株发酵液提取物对铜绿假单胞杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均具有一定的抑制作用;深层发酵液提取物抗氧化和抗菌活性具有一定的稳定性.本研究结果可为深入开发利用该真菌资源提供科学依据.(图12表3参26)     

葡萄灰霉病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性

为探讨贵州省福泉市葡萄灰霉病的流行机制与防治研究,对该地区病害的病原菌进行鉴定和生物学特性.从葡萄灰霉病样品中分离纯化了多个病原菌菌株,并进行了形态特征观察和多基因系统发育树分析;选择代表性菌株GZFQ-1进行葡萄的茎、叶片和果实的致病性分析;同时,对GZFQ-1菌株在不同温度、pH条件下的生长情况及对不同碳源和氮源的利用进行研究.根据病原菌的形态学和分子特征,将贵州省福泉市葡萄灰霉病菌鉴定为灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea).该菌株在PDA培养基上生长的最适温度是25℃,其次为22℃;在pH值为5-9的范围内,该菌株均可生长,且在pH值5-8范围内,生长相对较快;以葡萄糖为碳源,以硝酸钾、蛋白胨、组氨酸和异亮氨酸为氮源时,利于菌丝发育,同时,碳、氮源也会影响菌株的生长速率和色素形成.综上所述,发生在贵州省福泉市葡萄灰霉病的病原菌为B.cinerea,且能够引起嫩茎、叶和果实发病,这一结论可为该地区葡萄灰霉病的有效防治提供理论指导.(图6表2参32)     

鸭茅真小孢帽菌的生物学特性及甘肃中部主栽玉米品种的抗性评价

为明确鸭茅真小孢帽菌（Eutiarosporella dactylidis）生物学特性及主栽玉米品种对其引起的叶枯病的田间抗病能力,从碳氮源、酸碱度及生长温度等方面对该病菌的生物学特性进行研究,并通过人工接种的方法对甘肃中部产区12个主栽玉米品种抗性进行分析评价.结果表明,该病菌的菌丝生长最适温度为25℃,形成分生孢子器的最适温度范围为15-25℃;菌落可在pH 4.0-12.0的培养基上生长,在pH 6.0时,菌落生长速度最快,偏酸条件有利于分生孢子器的形成;营养生长最适碳源和氮源分别为葡萄糖和酵母浸膏,氮源对产生分生孢子器的数量影响较显著,而碳源对其影响不显著;PDA和PSA有利于菌丝体生长和分生孢子器形成;14 h光照+10 h黑暗交替条件有利于菌丝扩展,而24 h紫外线有利于形成分生孢子器. 12个供试玉米栽培品种对该病菌引起的叶枯病的抗性存在差异,病情指数为16.05-83.82;其中1个品种（登义2号）表现抗病（R）,1个品种（诚信1号）表现中抗（MR）,分别占8.33%;其余10个品种均表现感病（S）,占83.33%.本研究表明鸭茅真小孢帽菌环境适应性广,生产上缺少抗病品...     

蓝藻发酵生产微生物农药的影响因素研究

采用摇瓶发酵试验探讨了蓝藻为原料制备苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂的可行性,并考察了不同培养条件（蓝藻含固率、种龄、接种量、初始pH、摇床转速、发酵温度）对苏云金杆菌生长增殖、产孢与产毒效果的影响。研究结果表明,无需任何预处理工序,Btk 130菌株能在蓝藻为唯一原料的培养基中正常生长发育,并且产孢产毒。发酵48 h后,芽孢产率达到86.7%,远高于常规培养基;生物毒效为282 IU.mL-1,与常规培养基相当。培养条件优化结果表明,在蓝藻含固率为2%、初始pH为7.0、接种物种龄为9 h、接种量为2%、培养温度为30℃、摇瓶转速为200 r.min-1的条件下培养48 h,Btk 130可达到较好的发酵效果,活菌数及抗热芽孢数可达7.32 CFU.mL-1和6.38 CFU.mL-1,生物毒效为528 IU.mL-1。该研究不仅为蓝藻提供了高附加值的处置新途径,而且可显著降低生物杀虫剂的生产成本,具有广阔的应用前景。     

纤维素酶产生菌HS-F9的筛选鉴定和产酶条件优化

为了选育高产纤维素酶菌株,通过刚果红鉴别培养基以及滤纸条崩解实验测定,从牛粪堆肥中筛选到一株产纤维素酶的真菌HS-F9,根据菌株形态特性和18SrRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride).利用液体发酵培养产生纤维素酶,研究了碳源、氮源、培养时间、培养温度、培养基起始pH、接种量对菌株HS-F9产酶的影响.结果表明:产EG、CBH和FPA的最适碳源均为CMC-Na;EG和CBH在以蛋白胨为唯一氮源时酶活最高,FPase则在以黄豆粉为唯一氮源时酶活最高;产生EG、CBH和FPA的最适温度分别为30℃、30℃、33℃;最适起始pH为3.0、3.0和4.0;EG和FPase的最适接种量为2%,CBH最适接种量达到了8%;培养时间均以5～6d为宜.在最适条件下培养,该菌株EG、CBH和FPase的酶活分别达到了5275.3U/mL、8502.1U/mL和3619.1U/mL,是未优化前的1.42、1.35和1.32倍.图6表2参23     

漂白废水白腐菌脱色的条件

碳源、氮源、Mn^2 浓度及pH值对F7菌漂白废水脱色有较大的影响，最佳培养基组成为：ρ（葡萄糖）10g/L，ρ（NH4Cl）0．13g/L，ρ（Mn^2 )20mg/L，随葡萄糖和NH4Cl添国量的增加，菌体生物量增加，但高浓度的NH4Cl对F7菌脱色有抑制作用，F7菌适宜生长pH值为4－5，适宜脱色pHwfhgo 3-6,最适脱色pH值为5．0另外，经脱色处理的漂白废水的毒性明显下降。     

光合细菌对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效应

为了探讨光合细菌对水华藻类的控制作用,在实验室条件下,通过菌藻共同培养,研究了沼泽红假单孢菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustras)、球形红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)及其混合培养物对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的抑制效应.实验结果表明,光合细菌混合培养物对铜绿微囊藻抑藻作用最强,培养5 d时,铜绿微囊藻生物量降低率达58.9%,培养时间、培养温度、菌体投加量及培养基pH值等对光合细菌混合培养物的抑藻作用均有不同程度的影响.光合细菌混合培养物发挥抑藻作用的适宜条件为培养温度25℃,培养时间≤5 d,光合细菌投加量(V_(光合细菌菌悬液):V_(藻培养液)=1:80),藻培养基pH为8.0左右.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.