高活性脱硫剂脱硫工艺的实验研究

对以粉煤灰为原料制备的高活性脱硫剂进行了半干法烟气脱硫实验研究，考虑添加剂、脱硫剂加入量、反应温度、烟气流量工艺因素的影响时该活性脱硫剂的脱硫性能；实验结果表明，加入添加剂后，脱硫效率提高1．5％～8．1％；当烟气流量〈2m^3／min，钙硫比取1．5—2．0范围时，脱硫效率较高；一定范围内反应温度变化对脱硫效率影响不大。     

石灰与石灰石作湿法脱硫剂的比较

石灰、石灰石是最常用的湿法脱硫剂。从反应机理、运行控制指标、液气比和钙硫比（化学过量比）、浆液循环池等方面对其性能作了比较。两者的脱硫机理、运行控制指标不同,受温度的影响程度也不同。两系统的最小液气比分别为10．0和5．6,化学过量比分别为1．05～1．15和1．25～1．60。前者的脱硫效力优于后者。     

半干半湿法烟气脱硫主要影响因素分析

建立了半干法气流床烟气脱硫实验反应装置。实验研究了温度、绝对含湿量和飞灰对烟气脱硫的影响。烟气温度在65～130℃之间，绝对含湿量通过改变蒸汽量调节，在0％～10％之间，并且采用飞灰一次加入来模拟返灰，石灰与粉煤灰的比例分别为1：3，1：5和1：8。结果表明，没有水蒸气加入时，温度的升高对脱硫效率影响不大，加入水蒸气后温度为68℃左右时，脱硫效率最高；65℃时，绝对含湿量在7．3％时脱硫效率最高；在T=68℃、Ca／S：1．2时，与不加粉煤灰的脱硫剂相比，利用石灰／粉煤灰=1：8的混合脱硫剂时，脱硫效率提高了12．8％。     

高活性脱硫剂脱硫工艺的实验研究

对以粉煤灰为原料制备的高活性脱硫剂进行了半干法烟气脱硫实验研究,考虑添加剂、脱硫剂加入量、反应温度、烟气流量工艺因素的影响时该活性脱硫剂的脱硫性能;实验结果表明,加入添加剂后,脱硫效率提高1.5%～8.1%;当烟气流量＜2 m3/min,钙硫比取1.5～2.0范围时,脱硫效率较高;一定范围内反应温度变化对脱硫效率影响不大.     

粗媒体颗粒流化床半干法烟气脱硫

开发了粗媒体颗粒流化床半干法烟气脱硫技术。在流化床内加入惰性粗媒体颗粒，改善脱硫剂与烟气的接触。延长脱硫剂在床内的停留时间，促进脱硫反应进行，提高脱硫效率和脱硫剂利用率。以工业用石灰石为脱硫剂，实验研究了粗媒体颗粒的加入量及其他操作条件对此过程脱硫效率的影响。结果表明：随着粗媒体颗粒粒径减小及床内加入量增加，烟气脱硫效率提高；随着Ca／S增大、饱和接近度降低、空速及脱硫剂颗粒粒径减小，脱硫效率提高。当粗媒体颗粒的静止床高为122mm，饱和接近度为15～18℃、空速为2850h^-1、钙硫比为1．0—1．1、脱硫剂粒径为64μm时，脱硫效率可达90％以上。     

钙质煤渣吸附剂脱除烟气中二氧化硫的实验研究

利用锅炉本身排出的煤渣作脱硫剂的基本核粒,配人少量的石灰,加水搅拌均匀,使石灰裹覆在煤渣颗粒表面,制成具有较大比表面积的钙质煤渣脱硫剂,用于烟气脱硫实验研究.实验结果表明,钙制煤渣脱硫剂比未经处理的煤渣脱硫率高,在一定的石灰添加范围内(10%～20%),脱硫率随石灰添加量的增加而增加,并存在一最佳用量.     

半干半湿法烟气脱硫主要影响因素分析

建立了半干法气流床烟气脱硫实验反应装置。实验研究了温度、绝对含湿量和飞灰对烟气脱硫的影响。烟气温度在65～130℃之间,绝对含湿量通过改变蒸汽量调节,在0%～10%之间,并且采用飞灰一次加入来模拟返灰,石灰与粉煤灰的比例分别为1∶3,1∶5和1∶8。结果表明,没有水蒸气加入时,温度的升高对脱硫效率影响不大,加入水蒸气后温度为68℃左右时,脱硫效率最高;65℃时,绝对含湿量在73%时脱硫效率最高;在T=68℃、Ca/S=12时,与不加粉煤灰的脱硫剂相比,利用石灰/粉煤灰=1∶8的混合脱硫剂时,脱硫效率提高了128%。     

粗媒体颗粒流化床半干法烟气脱硫

开发了粗媒体颗粒流化床半干法烟气脱硫技术.在流化床内加入惰性粗媒体颗粒,改善脱硫剂与烟气的接触,延长脱硫剂在床内的停留时间,促进脱硫反应进行,提高脱硫效率和脱硫剂利用率.以工业用石灰石为脱硫剂,实验研究了粗媒体颗粒的加入量及其他操作条件对此过程脱硫效率的影响.结果表明:随着粗媒体颗粒粒径减小及床内加入量增加,烟气脱硫效率提高;随着Ca/S增大、饱和接近度降低、空速及脱硫剂颗粒粒径减小,脱硫效率提高.当粗媒体颗粒的静止床高为122 mm,饱和接近度为15～18℃、空速为2850 h-1、钙硫比为1.0～1.1、脱硫剂粒径为64μm时,脱硫效率可达90%以上.     

相对湿度对钙基脱硫剂干法烟气脱硫效率的影响

为得到干法烟气脱硫较优的相对湿度,并验证钙基脱硫剂在干法烟气脱硫中的可行性,在模拟干法烟气脱硫实验台上,研究了钙基脱硫剂在不同相对湿度(0～45%)条件下,脱硫剂的出口浓度、脱硫效率和固硫量。结果表明,在相对湿度从0变化至45%时,可以稳定运行的穿透时间由160 min增加到720 min,可达100%脱硫效率的运行时间由0增至580 min,脱硫剂的固硫量从43.37 mg增加到332.09 mg;增加相对湿度能显著提高烟气脱硫效率,在保证烟气不穿透物料且不出现黏壁现象的条件下,较优的相对湿度为45%。研究明确了在低相对湿度条件下此种脱硫剂的可行性并确定了较优化的干法脱硫湿度,为干法脱硫条件的选择提供了参考。     

FeSO4/Ac脱硫剂脱硫性能的研究

为寻找经济适用且具有较高效率的烟气脱硫方法．研制了FeSO4／Ac脱硫剂。并对FeSO4／Ac脱硫剂的脱硫性能进行了实验研究。实验研究结果显示,烟气中O2、水蒸气含量的多少及脱硫温度的高低会影响FeSO4／Ac脱硫剂的脱硫性能。实验证明,当n(O2):n(SO2)=7～10、n(H2O)：n(SO2)=3～5、脱硫温度取120℃时,FeSO4／Ac脱硫剂具有良好的脱硫性能,脱硫效率可达92．1％～96．8％。FeSO4／Ac脱硫剂能够再生重复使用。采用水蒸气加热再生法对FeSO4／Ac脱硫剂进行再生,实验结果显示,经4次加热法再生的FeSO4／Ac脱硫剂的脱硫效率仍能达到91％。     

The impact of wet flue gas desulfurization scrubbing on mercury emissions from coal-fired power stations

This article introduces a predictive capability for Hg retention in any Ca-based wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubber, given mercury (Hg) speciation at the FGD inlet, the flue gas composition, and the sulphur dioxide (SO2) capture efficiency. A preliminary statistical analysis of data from 17 full-scale wet FGDs connects flue gas compositions, the extents of Hg oxidation at FGD inlets, and Hg retention efficiencies. These connections clearly signal that solution chemistry within the FGD determines Hg retention. A more thorough analysis based on thermochemical equilibrium yields highly accurate predictions for total Hg retention with no parameter adjustments. For the most reliable data, the predictions were within measurement uncertainties for both limestone and Mg/lime systems operating in both forced and natural oxidation mode. With the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Information Collection Request (ICR) database, the quantitative performance was almost as good for the most modern FGDs, which probably conform to the very high SO2 absorption efficiencies assumed in the calculations. The large discrepancies for older FGDs are tentatively attributed to the unspecified SO2 capture efficiencies and operating temperatures and to the possible elimination of HCl in prescrubbers. The equilibrium calculations suggest that Hg retention is most sensitive to inlet HCl and O2 levels and the FGD temperature; weakly dependent on SO2 capture efficiency; and insensitive to HgCl2, NO, CA:S ratio, slurry dilution level in limestone FGDs, and MgSO3 levels in Mg/lime systems. Consequently, systems with prescrubbers to eliminate HCl probably retain less Hg than fully integrated FGDs. The analysis also predicts re-emission of Hg(O) but only for inlet O2 levels that are much lower than those in full-scale FGDs.     

石灰石湿法脱硫过程中SO2吸收数学模型

为揭示石灰石湿法脱硫体系中喷淋塔内SO2的浓度和脱硫效率的变化情况,针对喷淋塔内石灰石在气膜控制、气液膜控制和固体溶解控制的3个不同阶段,以双膜理论为基础,以单个石灰石颗粒为研究对象,通过石灰石在不同阶段的转化率和粒径变化,得到SO2在不同阶段脱硫效率随时间的变化规律,建立SO2吸收的数学模型.模型计算结果表明,在烟气行程上,脱硫效率受SO2气膜传质阻力和石灰石溶解速率限制.在吸收塔底部和上端SO2吸收速率较低,在SO2和石灰石摩尔比在适宜条件下,有效吸收段高度为2 m左右.理论模型揭示的规律对喷淋塔的设计和运行参数选取有一定借鉴意义.     

无机盐对SO2—H2O—CaCO3气液固三相反应系统pH值的影响

研究了硫酸钠、硝酸钠和氯化钠及相应钙盐对石灰石浆液烟气脱硫条件下ＳＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ－ＣａＣＯ３气、液、固三相反应系统中ｐＨ值的影响。发现硫酸钠能明显提高系统的ｐＨ值，硝酸钠和氯化钠使ｐＨ值提高的幅度不大，而３种钙盐均使ｐＨ值降低。根据膜模型的分析结果，认为无机盐影响该反应系统ｐＨ值的主要原因是无机盐的加入改变了石灰石表面的ｐＨ值。     

The importance of the location of sodium chlorite application in a multipollutant flue gas cleaning system

In this study, removing sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), and mercury (Hg) from simulated flue gas was investigated in two laboratory-sized bubbling reactors that simulated an oxidizing reactor (where the NO and Hg(0) oxidation reactions are expected to occur) and a wet limestone scrubber, respectively. A sodium chlorite solution was used as the oxidizing agent. The sodium chlorite solution was an effective additive that enhanced the NO(x), Hg, and SO2 capture from the flue gas. Furthermore, it was discovered that the location of the sodium chlorite application (before, in, or after the wet scrubber) greatly influences which pollutants are removed and the amount removed. This effect is related to the chemical conditions (pH, absence/presence of particular gases) that are present at different positions throughout the flue gas cleaning system profile. The research results indicated that there is a potential to achieve nearly zero SO2, NO(x), and Hg emissions (complete SO2, NO, and Hg removals and -90% of NO(x) absorption from initial values of 1500 ppmv of SO2, 200 ppmv of NO(x), and 206 microg/m3 of Hg(0)) from the flue gas when sodium chlorite was applied before the wet limestone scrubber. However applying the oxidizer after the wet limestone scrubber was the most effective configuration for Hg and NO(x) control for extremely low chlorite concentrations (below 0.002 M) and therefore appears to be the best configuration for Hg control or as an additional step in NO(x) recleaning (after other NO(x) control facilities). The multipollutant scrubber, into which the chlorite was injected simultaneously with the calcium carbonate slurry, appeared to be the least expensive solution (when consider only capital cost), but exhibited the lowest NO(x) absorption at -50%. The bench-scale test results presented can be used to develop performance predictions for a full- or pilot-scale multipollutant flue gas cleaning system equipped with wet flue gas desulfurization scrubber.     

湿法脱硫石灰石浆液密度的敏感性分析

石灰石浆液的性能是影响湿法烟气脱硫效率的主要因素,而石灰石浆液的密度又是影响其性能的主要参数。现场制浆过程中,运行参数的变动会使得浆液密度值发生变化,从而影响浆液性能。因此,通过调整制浆系统运行参数,寻找石灰石浆液密度敏感因素,对优化浆液性能具有重要意义。以某600 MW火力发电厂湿式脱硫制浆系统作为研究对象,通过现场...     

Application of the Lime/Limestone Flue Gas Desulfurization Process to Smelter Gases

In this presentation, adaptation of the lime/limestone process for flue gas desulfurization (FGD) is discussed and how this process can be adapted to applications in the nonferrous smelting industry such as fugitive gases, copper reverberatory furnace gases, lead sintering gases, molybdenum roasting plant tail gases, and other weak SO₂ smelter gases. Different methods for particulate removal are also discussed with emphasis on how the particulate removal process can be integrated with the desulfurization process.     

Spray-dry desulfurization of flue gas from heavy oil combustion

An experimental investigation on sulfur dioxide removal in a pilot-scale spray dryer from the flue gas generated by combustion of low-sulfur (S) heavy oil is reported. A limewater slurry was sprayed through an ultrasonic two-fluid atomizer in the spray-dry chamber, and the spent sorbent was collected downstream in a pulse-jet baghouse together with fly ash. Flue gas was sampled at different points to measure the desulfurization efficiency after both the spray-dry chamber and the baghouse. Parametric tests were performed to study the effect of the following variables: gas inlet temperature, difference between gas outlet temperature and adiabatic saturation temperature, lime-to-S ratio, and average size of lime particles in the slurry. Results indicated that spray drying is an effective technology for the desulfurization of low-S fuel oil flue gas, provided operating conditions are chosen carefully. In particular, the lowest gas inlet and outlet temperatures compatible with baghouse operation should be selected, as should a sufficiently high lime-to-S ratio. The attainment of a small lime particle size in the slurry is critical for obtaining a high desulfurization efficiency. A previously presented spray-dry flue gas desulfurization model was used to simulate the pilot-scale desulfurization tests, to check the ability of the model to predict the S capture data and its usefulness as a design tool, minimizing the need for pilot-scale experimentation. Comparison between model and experimental results was fairly good for the whole range of calcium/S ratios considered.     

湿法烟气脱硫反应过程的实验研究

在石灰石/石膏湿法烟气脱硫中试台上,系统开展了浆液pH值、飞灰浓度、液气比、入口SO2浓度、烟气速度和氧化方式等对脱硫反应过程影响的实验研究。实验表明,脱硫效率随着石膏浆液pH值、液气比的升高而增加,且入口SO2浓度越高,液气比越低,影响效应越明显;脱硫效率随着烟气速度、烟气温度和入口SO2浓度的增加而下降;石膏浆液中飞灰含量对系统脱硫效率具有一定的促进作用:pH值>5.6,飞灰浸出液中Fe3+含量相对较低,Fe3+对脱硫反应过渡态催化氧化影响程度较轻,不同工况脱硫效率差别不大。pH值<5.6,飞灰浸出液中Fe3+含量随pH值降低而增大,增效效果逐渐显著;氧化方式对脱硫反应过程有明显的影响,强制氧化工艺的脱硫效率比自然氧化的高5%左右。     

石灰石中微量杂质对其脱硫活性的影响研究

石灰石的活性对湿法烟气脱硫工艺具有重要意义。采用间歇式硫酸消溶的方法，分别研究了石灰石中各微量杂质浓度对石灰石活性的影响，就其影响结果及其影响机理进行了理论分析，并用拟合曲线的方法预测各种杂质成分的影响程度。结果表明，二氧化硅和氧化铁的含量在一定范围内能提高石灰石的活性，超过此范围将使其活性降低，而氧化镁的存在能大幅提高石灰石的活性，氧化铝对石灰石活性影响不大。