鞋类防滑性能实验方法的研究

本文通过两种鞋类防滑性能的测试方法,测定不同材料、不同路面、不同湿度的动摩擦系数来对鞋类防滑性能进行研究.对于不同的测试对象探索不同的测试条件和评定标准,从而可以获得科学准确适应面广的研究成果.     

ASTM发布测定鞋类防滑性标准

最近,ASTM发布一项新标准——ASTM F2913《使用整鞋试验仪测定摩擦系数以评价鞋类和测试表面防滑性能的试验方法》,将为从事安全及风险管理的专业人员测定鞋类在不同地板材料中的防滑性提供帮助。     

防护服热阻研究简介

通过测试几种防寒服装保暖材料的性能,对防寒服装的层次配套规则进行了探讨和分析,同时对防寒材料保暖性能的表征方法进行了介绍。     

夹心式复合结构防寒鞋靴用系列保暖材料研制成功

总后勤部军需装备研究所最近开发成功了一种夹心式复合结构防寒鞋靴用系列保暖材料。这种保暖材料属于多层平片复合结构，分为一般保护层、保暖蓄热层和有效阻隔层等：采用三种不同结构、不同功能的非织造材料复合制成，具有较好的保暖测试结果和较高的部队试验满意度。还能够满足人体在剧烈运动后对导汗、透湿的舒适性需求。其中，一般保护层由薄型或超薄型无纺布组成，保暖蓄热层由高蓬松材料或高保暖材料组成，有效阻隔层由高弹性、抗压缩材料组成。     

绝缘鞋靴绝缘性能测试中几个问题的探讨

绝缘鞋靴与电有关,起着保护职工生命安全的重要作用,是国家强制性发放生产许可证的产品。在劳保鞋类质量监督检验中,绝缘性能测试历来是重中之重。由于试样种类不同,实际测试中有许多具体问题值得探讨。 1 干湿法试验对绝缘性能测试结果的总体影响及原因分析 现行绝缘鞋靴绝缘性能试验方法标准规定,内电极可用水或金属两种不同的介质。前     

防寒服保暖性能的测试和评价指标

近年来,随着人们生活水平的日益提高,轻便舒适的防寒保暖服装成为冬季服装的首选,而市场上各种保暖服装层出不穷,其宣传也是五花八门,一时间使消费者无从选购。那么,到底什么样的保暖服装既保暖,又轻便舒适,能满足生活质量不断提高的人们实际生活的需要呢?这就涉及到如何对保暖材料与服装的保暖性能进行科学评价的问题。笔者通过查阅大量资料,发现不同的研究者对保暖材料与服装的保暖性、舒适性的看法不     

3M公司"新雪丽"产品推广SHOW在京举行

40年前由3M公司研发的一种新型保暖材料——新雪丽,经过不懈的努力,已经形成8种类型产品,成为欧美市场上保暖性能最好的“薄型”保暖材料,在消费者心中树立起御寒衣物的新观念。     

防寒服保暖材料研究

服装保暖材料是影响服装防寒性能的决定因素,不少中外学者对服装保暖材料都进行了研究与试验,笔者曾在“浅谈科学穿衣”一文中,从理论与实践的结合上对服装保暖材料作了较系统的阐述。但是,随着科学技术的发展,新型服装保暖材料的相继问世,人们着装观念不断变化,对服装保暖材料的研究和认识也有所深化和提高。本文重点对影响材料保暖的因素及服装保暖材料研究的途径进行探讨。1含气量和导热系数对材料保暖性的影响纤维是热的不良导体,然而空气的热传导率比纤维更小,大约只有棉花的1/3,羊毛和睛纶的1/2。表1是空气、水分和各种纤维的导热系数…     

水上个体救生具的概念、种类和结构分析

水上个体救生具是指随身携带、供个体使用的一种在紧急状况下可以提供浮力以使落水者漂浮在水面上的水上救生工具 ,具有安全漂浮、营救、适体和保暖等基本性能。水上个体救生具根据用途、结构和浮力材料的不同有不同的分类 ,同时材料性能优化、结构适体和属具集成是其发展趋向。     

护膝护肘抗冲击测试方法研究

本文对国内外有关护膝护肘抗冲击测试方法标准进行了综述分析,进行了2种测试设备、不同测试方法、多种材料的抗冲击性能对比测试,提出了制定护膝护肘抗冲击测试方法标准并增加重复性冲击测试的现实意义。     

The use of footwear insulation values measured on a thermal foot model.

The use of physiological data from human tests in modelling should consider background data, such as activity, environmental factors and clothing insulation on the whole body. The present paper focuses on local thermal comfort of feet with special attention on the effects of physical changes of footwear thermal properties. An alternative test method is available for footwear thermal testing besides the standard method. The possibility to use insulation values acquired on a thermal foot model in practice is shown here. The paper describes the correlation between cold and pain sensations, and foot skin temperatures of the subjects and relates these to insulation measured on a thermal foot model. Recommendations are made for footwear choice according to environmental temperature.     

Determination of Heat Loss from the Feet and Insulation of the Footwear

This study compared the methods of determining footwear insulation on human participants and a thermal foot model. Another purpose was to find the minimal number of measurement points on the human foot that is needed for insulation calculation. A bare foot was tested at 3 ambient temperatures on 6 participants. Three types of footwear were tested on 2 participants. The mean insulation for a bare foot obtained on the participant and model were similar. The insulation of warm footwear measured by the 2 methods was also similar. For thin footwear the insulation values from the participants were higher than those from the thermal model. The differences could be related to undefined physiological factors. Two points on the foot can be enough to measure the insulation of footwear on human participants (r = .98). However, due to the big individual differences of humans, and good repeatability and simplicity of thermal foot method, the latter should be preferred for testing.     

Effect of Sweating on Insulation of Footwear

The study aimed to find out the influence of sweating on footwear insulation with a thermal foot model. Simultaneously, the influence of applied weight (35 kg), sock, and steel toe cap were studied. Water to 3 sweat glands was supplied with a pump at the rate of 10 g/hr in total. Four models of boots with steel toe caps were tested. The same models were manufactured also without steel toe. Sweating reduced footwear insulation 19–25% (30–37% in toes). During static conditions, only a minimal amount of sweat evaporated from boots. Weight affected sole insulation: Reduction depended on compressibility of sole material. The influence of steel toe varied with insulation. The method of thermal foot model appears to be a practical tool for footwear evaluation.     

A Comparison of Two Methods of Determining Thermal Properties of Footwear

The present European Standard for footwear testing (Standard No. EN 344:1992; European Committee for Standardization [CEN], 1992) classifies footwear thermally by a temperature drop inside the footwear during 30 min at defined conditions. Today, other methods for footwear thermal testing are also available. The aim of this study was to compare EN 344:1992 with a thermal foot method. Six boots were tested according to both methods. Additional tests with modified standard tests were also carried out. The methods ranked the footwear in a similar way. However, the test according to standard EN 344:1992 is a pass-or-fail test, whereas data that is gained from the thermal foot method gives more information and allows further use in research and product development. A change of the present standard method is suggested.     

Thermal manikin measurements--exact or not?

According to the European prestandard ENV 342:1998, the thermal insulation of cold-protective clothing is measured with a thermal manikin. Systematic studies on the reproducibility of the values, measured with different types of clothing on the commonly used standing and walking manikins, have not been reported in the literature. Over 300 measurements were done in 8 different European laboratories. The reproducibility of the thermal insulation test results was good. The coefficient of variation was lower than 8%. The measured clothing should fit the manikin precisely, because poorly fitting clothing gave an error in the results. The correlation between parallel and serial insulation values was excellent and parallel values were about 20% lower than serial ones. The influence of ambient conditions was critical only in the case of air velocity. The reproducibility of thermal insulation test results in a single laboratory was good, and the variation was lower than 3%.     

外墙保温材料在火灾中的燃烧现象小尺寸实验研究

利用外墙保温材料的小尺寸燃烧实验来研究外墙保温材料在火灾过程中的燃烧特性,分析总结外墙保温材料在火灾过程中的燃烧现象.建立外墙保温材料火灾实验模型,对外墙保温材料火灾实验的实验方法以及数据测定方式进行了介绍.采用不同阻燃性质的保温材料,研究阻燃成分阻止竖向燃烧的效果.观察不同的保温材料在燃烧过程中的点燃性能.根据材料的阻燃性能、点火位置、固定方式的不同,总结燃烧痕迹的变化规律.分析非阻燃材料在燃烧的过程中的熔滴生成,发现产生的熔滴对未燃保温材料的点燃现象.观察不同的保温材料在燃烧过程中的烟气生成及烟气层的形成.通过小尺寸火灾试验的方法来研究建筑外墙保温材料火灾的特性,提出使用阻燃型外墙保温材料的必要性.     

Modelling breakdown of industrial thermal insulation during fire exposure

The aging of many of the installations in the oil and gas industry may increase the likelihood of loss of containment of flammable substances, which could lead to major accidents. Flame temperatures in a typical hydrocarbon fire may reach 1100–1200 °C, which are associated with heat flux levels between 250 and 350 kW/m². To limit or delay the escalation of an initial fire, passive fire protection (PFP) can be an effective barrier. Additionally, both equipment and piping may require thermal insulation for heat or cold conservation. Previous studies have investigated whether thermal insulation alone may protect the equipment for a required time period, e.g., until adequate depressurization is achieved. The present study entails the development of a numerical model for predicting the heat transport through a multi-layer wall of a distillation column exposed to fire. The outer surface is covered by stainless-steel weather protective cladding, followed by PFP, thermal insulation, and finally an inner column of carbon steel of variable thicknesses. The model for the breakdown of thermal insulation is based on observed dimensional changes and independent measurements of the thermal conductivity of the insulation after heat treatment. The calculated temperature profiles of thermally insulated carbon steel during fire exposure are compared to fire test results for carbon steel with thicknesses of 16, 12, 6 and 3 mm. The model's predictions agree reasonably well with the experiments. The degradation of the thermal insulation at temperatures above 1100 °C limits its applicability as fire protection, especially for low carbon-steel thickness. However, the model predicts that adding a 10-mm layer of more heat-resistant insulation (PFP) inside the fire-exposed cladding may considerably extend the time to breakdown of the thermal insulation.     

气凝胶消防服隔热层研制的可行性分析

为了减少火焰环境对消防员的伤害,基于消防服隔热层对消防员生命安全保障的重要性,运用对比描述的方法对现有隔热层进行了分析比较,探究了其优缺点和性能,提出了轻质且具有优异隔热性能是隔热层的发展趋势,通过对气凝胶性能的理论分析和服用性能分析,研究了利用气凝胶材料研制消防服的隔热层,结果表明气凝胶在服装领域应用已经比较广泛,在消防服领域中也已有初步应用,但用气凝胶研制消防服隔热层仍存在着一定的挑战。     

玻化微珠保温砂浆在隧道防火设计中的应用研究

针对当前多发的隧道火灾,探讨玻化微珠保温砂浆在隧道防火设计中的可行性。通过有限元计算分析,对设置玻化微珠保温砂浆隔热层的隧道衬砌结构防火性能进行研究,同时对不同火灾规模下隧道温度场的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明玻化微珠保温砂浆可以很好地阻止热量的入侵,初步验证了其在隧道防火应用的可行性,可为后续隧道防火设计及相关研究提供参考。     

防火型家用救生舱舱体热环境与结构优化研究

为优化防火型家用救生舱舱体隔热设计,提出了适用于火灾工况的多重绝热结构设计方法,采用数值模拟和实验的方法研究了防火型家用救生舱舱体的温度分布,分析了12种不同围护结构形式下舱体的绝热保温性能,获得多重绝热结构的最优厚度及绝热材料的最优配比。研究成果可为防火型家用救生舱的隔热设计提供一定的理论支撑和工程设计参考。