气凝胶型隔热层消防服概念研究

对现役消防服的隔热层材料和使用性能进行了分析,介绍了国内外多种新型隔热材料研究进展和应用现状。初步对比讨论了具有超低密度和热导率的SiO_2气凝胶应用于消防服的可行性,指出采用SiO_2气凝胶作为隔热层的消防服综合导热系数仅为现役消防服的1/4,而重量仅为现役消防服的1/3。     

新型组合式消防服热防护性能分析

本文对不同隔热层材料组成的消防服的热防护性能进行了实验测试与分析验证,评价了新型组合式消防服和传统组合式消防服的隔热性能优劣。结果表明以SiO2气凝胶材料为隔热层的新型组合式消防服的导热系数约为传统型的1/4,具有更显著的热防护效果。     

气凝胶消防服概念研究

对现役消防服的隔热材质和使用性能,以及气凝胶作为新型纳米隔热材料在服装方面的应用现状进行了分析。根据初步对比讨论了SiO2气凝胶复合材料用于消防服的可行性,得出以下结论：在同样的热防护性能前提下,采用SiO2气凝胶复合材料可使消防服重量及厚度降低70％以上。     

消防服用织物材料热湿舒适性综合评价

为提高消防服的热湿舒适性能,减少消防员在灭火救援过程中的热应激反应,基于现有消防服用织物材料的物性参数和单项热湿舒适性指标,采用多元回归分析的方法综合评价消防服各层材料的热湿舒适性能,研究各外层材料的单项热湿舒适性指标与物性参数之间的关系。结果表明:以黑色芳砜伦为外层材料、Goretex为防水透气层材料、Nomex针刺毡为隔热层材料、Nomex/FR-VISCOSE(50%Nomex,50%阻燃黏胶)为舒适层材料的消防服热湿舒适性最好,并得出织物的吸湿速率常数、透湿率和干燥率与物性参数之间的显著多元回归模型。     

消防服充填用弹性气凝胶球粒的力学性能

为保护消防员在救援活动中免受打击伤害,以Si O2气凝胶粉末、无氨乳胶和水为原材料,制备一种用于充填消防服隔热内衬的弹性气凝胶球粒。首先,探究弹性气凝胶球粒的力学传导机制;然后,测试其宏观形貌和微观结构表征及比表面积;最后,在不同的压力下进行力学性能试验。结果表明:弹性气凝胶球粒的微观结构相比气凝胶粉末更为紧致;当单个弹性气凝胶球粒受力,压力达到2 kN时,样品局部开裂,传递的力在1—5圈逐渐减小,但到第4圈时传递的力明显变小;当弹性气凝胶球粒整体受力时,经15 k N的压力作用后没有开裂现象,得出消防服隔热内衬应该以正六边形为单元填充中心球和1—3圈球。     

火焰环境下隔热内衬气凝胶球粒的耐热特性

为减少或避免消防员在火灾救援活动中遭受热伤害,以SiO2气凝胶粉末、聚乙烯醇和水为原材料,制备一种用于充填消防服隔热内衬的气凝胶球粒,其压缩变形率在15.83%以内。首先探究气凝胶球粒的耐热机制及热传导影响因素;然后对其进行微观结构表征和比表面积测试;最后在不同火焰温度下测试耐热特性。结果表明:在同一测试温度下,气凝胶球粒表面变黑程度越大,所需时间越长;温度低于168.2℃时,球粒表面最大变黑程度为80%;随着温度的升高,球粒达到同一变黑程度所需的时间逐渐减少;热重试验得出气凝胶球粒的失重率比气凝胶粉末小。     

上消所研制消防员水域救援系列装备

公安部上海消防研究所依托国家"十二五"科技支撑计划项目,针对水域救援工作特点和防护需求,成功研制了消防员水域救援系列装备,包括消防员水域救援防护服、水域救援头盔和新型水面漂浮救生绳3种产品,填补了国内消防水域防护装备上的空白,可有效满足消防员水域救援的个人防护需求。消防员水域救援防护服消防员水域救援护服为全干式设计,采用自主研发的3层材料复合防水透湿面料、高性能密封橡     

消防服织物热防护性能影响因素研究

消防服是消防过程中保护消防员免受热伤害的必备装备,应具有优异的阻燃性、热防护性及热湿舒适性。在生产或使用过程中消防服的防护效果会受到多种因素的影响,根据消防服织物及其热防护性能原理,本文归纳总结了纤维材料、结构参数、空气层、复合作用、多层织物复合以及后整理技术等影响消防服热防护性能的六个方面的规律,为织物的合理设计和消防服的有效使用提供借鉴。     

消防员穿着灭火服作业发生中暑原因分析及对策

本文从气候条件、灭火防护服结构及功能特点、消防部队应用技术等方面，分析了消防员穿着灭火服作业时发生中暑的原因，提出了改进意见。     

消防员防护服隔热层新材料的研制工艺介绍

消防员防护服是用于保护消防员身体免受各种伤害的防护装备。通常消防员防护服由多层面料组成。其中隔热层是消防员防护服重要组成部分，起到耐高温隔热作用，确保消防员灭火作业时，免受高温和辐射热伤害。消防员灭火防护服的隔热层主要采用针刺无纺方法加工的阻燃粘胶或碳纤维毡材料，     

基于数值模拟的外墙保温体系防火问题研究

针对国内现有的外墙外保温系统的防火性较差的现状,通过分析上海公寓楼外墙保温层的火灾,得到外墙外保温防火的三种重要因素（粘结或固定方式、防火隔离带的构造、防火保护面层）。鉴于现在流行的保温材料为膨胀聚苯板（EPS）,因而选用EPS作为模拟材料,利用数值模拟计算得出以下结论：认为火灾时有空腔的保温层比无空腔的保温层更危险;设置防火隔离带能有效得阻隔火灾的蔓延,较宽的隔离带效果更好。除此之外,外保温层防火设计中还应考虑以下三方面的问题,即遴选适当的保温材料、建议保温层也使用类似于防火分区的防火措施和保证保温效果的同时增加防火隔离带的宽度。研究结论和建议对于解决外墙保温体系防火问题具有重要的参考价值和现实意义。     

外墙保温材料在火灾中的燃烧现象小尺寸实验研究

利用外墙保温材料的小尺寸燃烧实验来研究外墙保温材料在火灾过程中的燃烧特性,分析总结外墙保温材料在火灾过程中的燃烧现象.建立外墙保温材料火灾实验模型,对外墙保温材料火灾实验的实验方法以及数据测定方式进行了介绍.采用不同阻燃性质的保温材料,研究阻燃成分阻止竖向燃烧的效果.观察不同的保温材料在燃烧过程中的点燃性能.根据材料的阻燃性能、点火位置、固定方式的不同,总结燃烧痕迹的变化规律.分析非阻燃材料在燃烧的过程中的熔滴生成,发现产生的熔滴对未燃保温材料的点燃现象.观察不同的保温材料在燃烧过程中的烟气生成及烟气层的形成.通过小尺寸火灾试验的方法来研究建筑外墙保温材料火灾的特性,提出使用阻燃型外墙保温材料的必要性.     

玻化微珠保温砂浆在隧道防火设计中的应用研究

针对当前多发的隧道火灾,探讨玻化微珠保温砂浆在隧道防火设计中的可行性。通过有限元计算分析,对设置玻化微珠保温砂浆隔热层的隧道衬砌结构防火性能进行研究,同时对不同火灾规模下隧道温度场的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明玻化微珠保温砂浆可以很好地阻止热量的入侵,初步验证了其在隧道防火应用的可行性,可为后续隧道防火设计及相关研究提供参考。     

Modelling breakdown of industrial thermal insulation during fire exposure

The aging of many of the installations in the oil and gas industry may increase the likelihood of loss of containment of flammable substances, which could lead to major accidents. Flame temperatures in a typical hydrocarbon fire may reach 1100–1200 °C, which are associated with heat flux levels between 250 and 350 kW/m². To limit or delay the escalation of an initial fire, passive fire protection (PFP) can be an effective barrier. Additionally, both equipment and piping may require thermal insulation for heat or cold conservation. Previous studies have investigated whether thermal insulation alone may protect the equipment for a required time period, e.g., until adequate depressurization is achieved. The present study entails the development of a numerical model for predicting the heat transport through a multi-layer wall of a distillation column exposed to fire. The outer surface is covered by stainless-steel weather protective cladding, followed by PFP, thermal insulation, and finally an inner column of carbon steel of variable thicknesses. The model for the breakdown of thermal insulation is based on observed dimensional changes and independent measurements of the thermal conductivity of the insulation after heat treatment. The calculated temperature profiles of thermally insulated carbon steel during fire exposure are compared to fire test results for carbon steel with thicknesses of 16, 12, 6 and 3 mm. The model's predictions agree reasonably well with the experiments. The degradation of the thermal insulation at temperatures above 1100 °C limits its applicability as fire protection, especially for low carbon-steel thickness. However, the model predicts that adding a 10-mm layer of more heat-resistant insulation (PFP) inside the fire-exposed cladding may considerably extend the time to breakdown of the thermal insulation.     

PPH (potassium polyacrylate & hectorite) composite materials – A new fire accident emergency method for thermal protection of adjacent tanks

When a chemical tank fire happens in a storage area, it is very important to protect adjacent tanks so as to decrease fire accident losses. In this paper, a new thermal protection method was put forward based on a PPH (potassium polyacrylate & hectorite) thermal insulation composite material spraying on an adjacent tank under fire. Firstly, the PPH material was prepared successfully by a polymerization reaction of potassium acrylate, hectorite, NaHSO₃ and (NH₄)₂S₂O₈. Secondly, thermal insulation performance of the PPH material was characterized by heat transfer process at high incident heat flux using cone calorimeter. The results show that thermal insulation performance of the PPH material is affected by a content change of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, NaHSO₃ and hectorite in formulations. The content of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ 0.14 wt%, NaHSO₃ 1.38 wt% and hectorite 1.4 wt% was an optimum formulation ratio to obtain best thermal insulation performance. Finally, possible thermal insulation mechanisms of the PPH material were presented using SEM, TG and TG-IR techniques. One of the thermal insulation mechanisms is the incident heat flux absorbed by water evaporation from the PPH material. Another is the thermal protection of the char formed from the PPH material at high incident thermal radiation, which can prevent heat and mass transfer.     

受限空间水幕隔热阻烟性能的试验研

为了研究消防水幕衰减火灾热辐射和阻隔火灾烟气蔓延的隔热阻烟特性,基于搭建的3 m× 3 m × 2.5 m（长×宽×高）小尺寸试验平台,开展大量实体火灾试验,研究水幕作用下空间温度分布特性以及烟气运动规律,并重点分析了喷头压力和喷头类型2种参数对水幕隔热阻烟性能的影响。结果表明:实施水幕分隔对火灾上层高温烟气具有明显的降温作用;实施水幕能够有效阻止火灾烟气的前期扩散;喷头压力越大,水幕的隔热效率越高,当喷头压力增大至0.6 MPa时,水幕的隔热效率可达70%以上;使用ZSTWC撞击式水雾喷头比ZSTM-AT式扇形水幕喷头更有利于形成均匀分布的水幕断面。     

聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险影响因素分析

为了研究聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险的问题,对比了3种火灾测试方法,分别是基于ISO 5660的小尺寸锥形量热计实验方法、基于ISO 9705的大尺寸实验方法和基于BS 8414的全尺寸实验方法。讨论了3种方法评测外墙保温系统火灾风险的适用性,进一步在比较分析热释放速率、临界热流强度、火蔓延情况、火灾行为以及实验后样品完整性等参数的基础上,得到了影响聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险的关键因素。结果表明:虽然空腔的形成在此类系统火灾中不可避免,但系统保护层的严密性和完整性决定了空腔火蔓延的危险性以及聚苯乙烯在系统内的融化流动及燃烧特性。针对聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险影响因素,进一步给出了此类系统的防火措施。     

Fire tests on defective tank-car thermal protection systems

Many railway tank-cars carrying hazardous materials are thermally protected from fire impingement by thermal insulation and a steel jacket applied to the outside of the tank-car shell. Over time, it is possible that the thermal insulation will sag, rip, degrade, or be crushed under the steel jacket. A thermographic technique to determine whether or not a tank has insulation deficiencies has been developed, but it is necessary to determine which thermal deficiencies do not affect a tank’s survivability in a fire and which thermal deficiencies must be repaired. In order to develop a guideline in assessing thermal defects, a thermal model and experimental data would be beneficial.A series of fire tests were performed on a quarter-section tank-car mock-up to assist in developing a guideline and to provide validation data for a thermal model. Twelve fire tests, with constant, credible, simulated pool fire conditions, were performed on the tank-car mock-up with various insulation deficiencies. An infrared thermal imaging camera was used to measure the tank wall temperature. The thermal images were useful in determining the temperature profiles across the defects at different times and the transient temperature behaviour at different locations.It was seen that the properly installed thermal protection system significantly reduced the heat transfer from the fire to the tank wall. It was also seen that the steel jacket alone (i.e. 100% defect) acted as a radiation shield and provided a significant level of protection. With small defects, it was observed that the surrounding protected material provided a cooling effect by thermal conduction. A square defect greater than about 40 cm on each side should be considered significant, because unlike smaller defects, there is little benefit from the surrounding material as far as the peak defect temperature is concerned.