长江开发开放与湖南东线建设

湖南东线是目前该省生产力发展水平最高的地区。本文在分析大量现状资料的基础上，阐述了东线建设的重要性及其与长江开放开发的内在联系，提出湖南省现阶段应重点开发东线，以岳阳为门户，以长沙、株洲、湘潭城市群为核心，以衡阳为砥柱，采取点一轴开发方式建好湘江中下游经济走廊，积极参与长江流域开放开发。     

实施西部大开发的新思路探讨

本文在分析了国际,国内经济形势的新变化对西部开发带来挑战的基础上,从经济发展的角度对西部开发的几个问题进行了探讨,认为制定西部开发法是西部开发的保障,西部应在市场开发与开放的前提下,积极培育竞争优势和新的经济增长点,走非均衡发展之路。     

中国入世与长江流域可持续发展

中国入世不仅对中国的社会经济产生深远影响，对长江流域的可持续发展也将产生深刻影响。主要的负面影响是：（1）长江流域的钢铁、汽车、化工、农业等产业将受到国际竞争的巨大挑战；（2）新开放、开发、投资、建设热将对长江流域的生态环境带来新的巨大压力。主要的正面影响是：（1）入世加快了各级政府的职能转变，政府转变职能使长江的保护进入一个历史的新阶段；（2）入世强化了绿色壁垒，绿色壁垒作为一种外的在强制将大大有利于长江生态环境的根本改善；（3）入世使中国进入了新的大开放时代，新的大开放背景将使世界在开发、保护诸方面都关注长江；（4）入世和申奥成功使中国大跨度的调水战略提前实施，中国和世界将进入“以水为核心”配置资源、布局经济的时代，这必将更加凸现长江流域开放、开发的重要性。     

重庆在长江经济开发中的主体功能及其发展战略

分析了重庆市的宏观经济态势及在长江经济开发中的战略地位，提出了重庆作为中心城市在长江经济开发中的５大主体功能，即：沿长江地区开发开放带的４大核心之一、三峡地区的发展极、长江上游资源开发与生态保护的重点片区、长江城市群和大产业圈的重要发展轴、长江流域大市场体系的重要组成部分。还提出了重庆市的经济发展战略、重点产业及生产力布局调整的重点地区。     

海南开发建设必须与环境保护协调发展

海南省是我国最大的带有开放、改革试验性的经济特区,在经济开发建设中,同样面临着许多老的和新的人口、资源、环境问题。如何看待、处理开发建设与人口、资源、环境相协调的难题,本文阐述了海南省理论和实践之路。     

景德镇市跨世纪产业发展与布局

９０年代，随着国家长江开放开发和沿京九线开发战略的确立，作为邻江邻线的景德镇市有了千载难缝的历史机遇。从区位条件分析，景德镇市发展应该立足于昌九景三角区域发展的总体目标，确定自己的产业发展重点，设计合理的产业布局。     

长江经济开放开发带湖北科技发展态势及对策

湖北长江经济带的开放开发是在经济发展具有一定实力基础上的再开放再开发，只有以科技为主导，才能使其立足高起点，体现高水平，实现新突破，要始终把握“围绕一条主线，把握两个坚持，努力实现四化”的指导思想，着力建设湖北沿江高新产业带，星火技术密集带，信息公路网络带（一江三带），使湖北长江经济带成为我国中部的科技走廓，为此，要优化科技资源配置，提高研究开发投资水平，建设“八个中心”健全科技服务体系，完善宏观     

常州发展外向型农业有新招

为了促进农业优质、高产、高效、高创汇的方向发展,常州市政府决定敞开“农门”,全方位开放农业。提供了加快农业对外开放新思路路:广泛招商引资,开发农业资源,提高农产品     

长江经济带建设的可持续发展研究

９０年代以来长江沿江地区经济发展速度明显加快,为实现其快速协调发展,须大力发展外向型经济。中快中上游开发开放促进区域经济合作,借鉴国外大河开发经验进行统一规划和建设。构筑上中下注重协调发展的农业支持系统,挖掘土地生产潜力,建设农业生产基地。     

关于开辟珲春防川自由港问题的探讨

港口资源的开发对区域经济社会的发展具有重要意义。本文着重分析了珲春防川建立自由港的国内外环境特点:(1)港口位于东北亚轴心与经济枢纽部位;(2)环日本海各国间存在着较强的资源、技术、劳动力、资金等生产要素的不平衡;(3)建港地区的开发已经令周边各国瞩目;(4)建港地区具有开发的内在优势。提出珲春防川自由港类型选择及建设步骤。对东北地区的开发和我国全方位开放具有重要的参考价值。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.