桑树幼苗对缺铁环境的生理反应

为揭示桑树Morus alba L.对缺铁环境的响应机制,对桑树幼苗在缺铁环境下对难溶性铁的吸收、根系的铁还原活性、活性还原物质的分泌及根际的酸化作用进行了探讨。缺铁培养12 d后,桑树地上部铁含量和叶片叶绿素含量显著降低而叶片丙二醛含量显著增加。缺铁植株可吸收利用难溶性Fe2O3。在缺铁环境下可观察到根际的明显酸化,培养液的pH也随着缺铁处理时间的延长（1、3、4、5、6、7 d）而降低。而且,缺铁处理显著提高根系铁还原酶活性而显著降低根际Eh值。缺铁处理6、7 d后株均活性还原性物质的分泌量为（20.37±0.73）、（37.49±0.30）μmol·d^-1,显著高于加铁处理的株均分泌量[（11.89±0.46）、（12.32±0.30）μmol·d^-1]。此外,在缺铁环境中植株根冠比（0.25±0.06）也显著高于加铁处理（0.14±0.02）。这些结果说明,缺铁诱导的根际酸化、根系还原作用、还原物的分泌及根系的生长可能是桑树幼苗吸收利用难溶性铁的生理响应机制。     

乙烯参与钾对拟南芥缺铁响应的调控

为了解乙烯是否作为信号分子参与钾对植物耐缺铁响应的调控,以拟南芥为研究材料,分析钾在调控植物缺铁响应过程中根中乙烯含量与缺铁响应的变化及其相互关系.结果表明:(1)与缺铁正常供钾(-Fe+K)相比,缺铁同时缺钾(-Fe-K)显著增加根中和根系质外体铁含量,降低植株地上部铁含量,加剧植株地上部缺铁,从而进一步增强根中铁还原酶活性,促进铁吸收相关基因表达.(2)在缺铁同时缺钾(-Fe-K)下添加不同浓度的钾则显著促进根系质外体铁的再利用,降低根中铁和根系质外体铁的含量,增加地上部铁含量,改善植株地上部铁营养状况,从而抑制根系铁还原酶活性.(3)与缺铁正常供钾(-Fe+K)相比,缺铁和缺钾共同胁迫(-Fe-K)显著增加根中乙烯含量,在-Fe+K和-Fe-K条件下外源添加乙烯合成前体均能进一步增加根中乙烯含量并增强铁还原酶活性,而外源添加乙烯合成抑制剂则进一步降低根中乙烯含量并抑制铁还原酶活性.(4)与对照相比,缺铁和缺钾共同胁迫(-Fe-K)下乙烯合成基因ACS4、ACS6和ACS7显著上调.本研究表明钾对拟南芥缺铁响应具有重要调控作用,ACS6、ACS4和ACS7基因介导合成的乙烯作为信号分子参与钾对拟南芥耐缺铁响应的调控.(图5表1参43)     

树体自动滴输微肥对果树生理和果实品质的影响

研究了树体自动滴输技术在苹果树、核桃树及柿树上的应用．结果表明：通过输施微肥可以促进树体营养生长和发育，提高核桃树花粉生活力及坐果率．节果树经输施后，果实着色显著增加，微量元素含量显著提高，铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)元素可分别比对照提高13．28％～22．90％、42．54％～43．22％，处理果实中硒(Se)及锗(Ge)的增幅较大，分别是对照的9．545倍及4．7173倍．该技术是提高我国果树生产力和改善苹果营养价值的有效方法．图1表7参18     

复合肥与有机肥配合施用对黄瓜产量的影响

在湘南地区普遍缺铁钾的红壤上，采用含钾量相对较高而含氮量相对较低的12—12—17s复合肥与有机肥配合施用，结果表明：与当地传统施肥相比较，施用12—12—17s复合肥能显著提高黄瓜产量；复合肥与有机肥配施增产效果更好．因此，复合肥与有机肥配施能大幅度提高黄瓜产量．     

果树光合作用研究进展

综述了果树光合作用的研究方法，观测仪器，日变化和季节变化，以及内在因素(种类、品种、年龄、叶位、叶绿素含量、酶系统)和外部因素(光照、CO2、温度、湿度、土壤、外用药剂)对果树光合作用的影响。     

小麦/花生不同间作方式对花生吸收积累Cd的影响

为明确间作小麦对花生吸收积累镉(Cd)的影响,采用温室盆栽试验,研究了PVC管阻隔、尼龙网阻隔、混作等3种种植方式下两个花生品种的积累特征.结果表明,3种间隔方式相比,缺铁土壤中尼龙网阻隔处理的白沙1016和花育20植株Cd含量均显著高于其他处理,根系部分Cd含量分别达到9.28 mg·kg-1和9.83 mg·kg-1,地上部分Cd含量分别为1.51 mg·kg-1和2.25 mg·kg-1.研究结果说明,在排除两种作物根系竞争的前提下,小麦根系分泌物可以活化土壤中的Cd,促进花生对Cd的吸收.不论土壤缺铁与否,两品种花生根系部分Cd含量顺序均为:尼龙网阻隔>PVC管阻隔>混作,品种之间差异不显著.在缺铁土壤中花生Cd的积累量顺序为:尼龙网阻隔>PVC管阻隔>混作.在两种作物混作模式下,小麦Cd积累量与花生Cd积累量呈负相关的关系,说明小麦和花生会竞争吸收土壤中的Cd.两个品种花生在缺铁混作处理中Cd的迁移率最大,分别为11.7%和12.2%.研究结果显示,在相对狭小的根系生长空间内,间作小麦会对花生吸收Cd产生较强的竞争作用,然而土壤缺铁导致小麦分泌的麦根酸类植物铁载体能够活化土壤中的Cd.可以推测,在土壤缺铁条件下,大田种植的小麦/花生间、套种体系中的花生籽粒仍然存在着一定的Cd污染风险.     

昆明市双哨乡户级庭园植物多样性分析

采用参与性生物多样性评估方法，在双哨乡植物遗传资源多样性保护利用协会参与下，对该乡双桥村118户农户的庭园植物多样性进行了调查。结果表明，双桥村共有庭园植物93种，包括花卉、蔬菜、果树等；有67户农户拥有庭园植物，庭园植物多样性在不同农户间存在较大差异，67户农户中80．5％的农户仅拥有1～9种庭园植物。19．5％的农户拥有10种以上，对庭园植物物种多样性保护的贡献较大。户主的年龄、文化程度和家庭人口等与庭园植物物种多样性密切相关。     

菜心喷施德国Fertinova叶面肥的增产效果

德国Fertinova叶面肥,已有多年的生产历史,目前已远销世界各地．它对蔬菜、果树、玉米、甘蔗等均有良好的增产效果．本试验通过菜心,研究其增产效果和增产因素,为Fertinov叶面肥的施用提供科学依据．1试验材料与方法1．1材料试验肥料由FertinovaInternational（FarEast）Lt     

珠江三角洲冲积平原种植热带果树的土壤条件探讨

以广州市番禺区万顷沙十五涌的土壤为例，探讨珠江三角洲冲积平原种植热带果树的土壤条件。该地土壤位于珠江三角洲冲积平原，是由工人围海造田而成的，有关部门计划在此大面积种植木瓜、杨桃、番石榴等热带果树。通过在种植果树前进行土壤本底调查，摸清土壤养分含量状况，找出土壤存在问题，并结合果树生长的需要，提出土壤利用改良意见。降低地下水位，合理施肥，建立合理的间套作制度，是提高和稳定土壤肥力的基本措施。     

大气中氟化物和二氧化硫对连云港市郊果树、蔬菜的影响

通过植物监测,对连云港市郊局部地区果树、蔬菜等连年来品质产量下降的原因进行研究。结果发现大气中氟化物(HF)含量高,局部以化工为主的地区污染较为突出,已对果树、蔬菜造成直接危害。此外,二氧化硫(SO_2)及其复合污染也存在一定影响。     

Oviposition site guarding by male walnut flies and its possible consequences for mating success

Field studies showed that male Rhagoletis juglandis and R. boycei flies guard egg-laying punctures (and the eggs within) on host walnut (Juglans major) fruit and defend those sites from conspecific and heterospecific males. In field experiments with artificially punctured fruit,as well as field observations on unmanipulated fruit, males were consistently more likely to be sighted and stayed longer on damaged fruit than on undamaged fruit. On artificially punctured fruit, they consistently spent more time in the vicinity of a puncture than expected by chance alone. Males together on damaged fruit were more likely to engage in contests over those fruit than males together on undamaged fruit. Copulations were consistently more frequent for either species on damaged than undamaged fruit, both in observations of unmanipulated fruit and in artificial puncture experiments. Analyses which controlled for the longer male residence time on damaged fruit suggested strongly that copulations were consistently achieved at higher per capita rates on damaged than on undamaged fruit, indicating that puncture-guarding functions to increase access to females. An exception to the pattern in male mating success was noted at a site where both species used host fruit on the same trees. In this case, R. juglandis males were only slightly more common on punctured fruit than on control fruit and male success in copulation did not differ significantly between the two types of fruit. This anomalous result was apparently due to an almost absolute advantage enjoyed by R. boycei males in on-fruit contests with R. juglandis males. A likely basis for improvements in mating success associated with puncture guarding was a propensity for females to deposit eggs into existing punctures. Both in observations of unmanipulated fruit and in artificial puncture experiments, females consistently attempted oviposition more often in damaged than undamaged fruit. In artificial puncture experiments, both species at both sites deposited most clutches in damaged fruit. Mating generally took place as females initiated oviposition. The possible functions of puncture use by females as well as alternative functions of puncture guarding by males are discussed.     

Relationship between fruit growth and peduncle cross-sectional area in durian (Durio zibethinus Murray)

The relationship between fruit growth and peduncle cross-sectional area in the tropical tree Durio zibethinus Murray growing in an experimental field of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), was examined. Fruit dry mass was allometrically related to the product of lateral and longitudinal fruit diameters by a power function, and the mass growth rate of the fruits was linearly related to the peduncle cross-sectional area. This linear relationship indicates that the specific fruit growth rate, defined as the fruit mass growth rate per unit cross-sectional area of peduncle, is constant. On the basis of previous findings of proportionality between the fruit growth rate and the rate of translocation of photosynthates into the fruit through the peduncle, it was concluded that fruit growth rate, translocation rate and peduncle cross-sectional area are proportional to each other.     

促进科技创新,提高衡阳果业竞争力

作者从WTO对果业的影响及现代果业科技创新的表现，揭示了衡阳果业技术创新的优势与存在的问题，并从健全科技创新制度，提高果业生产科技含量和农业信息化等方面提出了促进科技创新，提高衡阳果业竞争力的途径。     

氮磷钾对寒害腰果植株恢复生长结果的影响

通过观测不同施肥处理区寒害腰果植株重新开花坐果状况,分析施肥对寒害腰果植株恢复生长的影响,并分析腰果叶片养分含量与结果量之间的关系。结果表明:氮对寒害腰果植株重新开花的花枝数影响最大,钾次之,磷影响最小,随着氮施用量的增加,植株的花枝数逐渐增大;氮是影响寒害腰果植株结果量的主要因素,植株结果量随着氮施用量的增加而增加,磷、钾各处理间的结果量均未达到统计上显著差异;在施氮肥的基础上,配施磷钾肥,可以提高寒害腰果植株结果量,9个施肥处理中以N3P3K2处理的结果量最多。     

金柚系列专用肥的中试示范效果

报导了金柚专用肥的中试示范及其效果。示范试验的调查结果表明,在金柚花芽分化期施用金柚专用肥的壮梢促花肥有明显促进柚树花芽分化、保花保果、提高产量的作用,在稳果壮果期施用金柚专用肥的稳果壮果肥可使柚果品质明显提高,从而提高果园的经济效益。     

钾对龙眼产量和品质的影响

为了提高龙眼产量，提高钾肥的施肥效益，于1993～1995年进行龙眼果园不同钾肥用量的施肥试验．结果表明，龙眼在施用氮碗肥及补充土壤缺乏的中微量元素养分的基础上，增施钾肥可增大果型、提高单果重，显著增加果实产量，并可改善果实品质；龙眼增施钾肥有明显的经济效益．提出龙眼适宜的施钾量为：每株每产50kg鲜果树面年施K2O1.2kg．     

KClO3对龙眼产期的调控效应

以自行配制、主要有效成份为KClO3的龙眼产期调控剂进行田间试验．结果表明：催花土壤施用剂量以每平方米树冠面积180g效果最佳；不同品种龙眼对药物的敏感程度不同，以石硖、储良龙眼最为敏感，平均抽花率可达80％以上．不同季节和不同梢期施药，龙眼抽花率存在显著差别；药剂干施回泥后淋水、干施淋水后回泥和拌水淋施这3种土壤给药方式的促花效果差异不显著；反季节与正造栽培收获的龙眼相比，果实质量存在一定差异，春季收获的果实个大肉厚，外观较佳，但糖份含量等品质指标则较差．KClO3调控龙眼产期的效果明显，配合相应的树体管理和土壤水分养分调控措施，可实现龙眼产期的人工合理控制．表7参20     

Linking fruit traits to variation in predispersal vertebrate seed predation, insect seed predation, and pathogen attack

The importance of vertebrates, invertebrates, and pathogens for plant communities has long been recognized, but their absolute and relative importance in early recruitment of multiple coexisting tropical plant species has not been quantified. Further, little is known about the relationship of fruit traits to seed mortality due to natural enemies in tropical plants. To investigate the influences of vertebrates, invertebrates, and pathogens on reproduction of seven canopy plant species varying in fruit traits, we quantified reductions in fruit development and seed germination due to vertebrates, invertebrates, and fungal pathogens through experimental removal of these enemies using canopy exclosures, insecticide, and fungicide, respectively. We also measured morphological fruit traits hypothesized to mediate interactions of plants with natural enemies of seeds. Vertebrates, invertebrates, and fungi differentially affected predispersal seed mortality depending on the plant species. Fruit morphology explained some variation among species; species with larger fruit and less physical protection surrounding seeds exhibited greater negative effects of fungi on fruit development and germination and experienced reduced seed survival integrated over fruit development and germination in response to vertebrates. Within species, variation in seed size also contributed to variation in natural enemy effects on seed viability. Further, seedling growth was higher for seeds that developed in vertebrate exclosures for Anacardium excelsum and under the fungicide treatment for Castilla elastica, suggesting that predispersal effects of natural enemies may carry through to the seedling stage. This is the first experimental test of the relative effects of vertebrates, invertebrates, and pathogens on seed survival in the canopy. This study motivates further investigation to determine the generality of our results for plant communities. If there is strong variation in natural enemy attack among species related to differences in fruit morphology, then quantification of fruit traits will aid in predicting the outcomes of interactions between plants and their natural enemies. This is particularly important in tropical forests, where high species diversity makes it logistically impossible to study every plant life history stage of every species.     

采果期甜椒氮素营养特性及分配规律

利用^15N示踪技术研究了水培甜椒果实收获期间吸收的氮素在体内的动态分配规律。结果表明：甜椒果实收获期间营养器官与生殖器官干物质积累动态呈一平行的线性增长趋势，果实干物质积累量于始采期以后开始超过叶片，而果实氮素积累到盛采期才超过叶片，果实含氮量在整个采果期间保持稳定，随生长发育，叶片含氮迅速下降，盛采期时与果实和根相近，且均高于茎和侧枝，始采期通过根吸收的标记态氮主要贮存在叶片与果实中，叶片、果实是甜椒始采用氮素分配的最主要器官。此后，叶片和根成为主要的氮素输出器官，而果实则成为主要的输入器官。研究发现，甜椒体内的氮即使一度成为结合态，能能够被再度输出，但是，氮素在植株体内滞留的时间越长，越难以再度向外输出，并且不同器官输出的难易程度也是不相同的，比较而言，叶片和根中一度成为结合态的氮素容易被再交输出，甜椒果实是氮的强力库，氮素竞争力最强。     

果树注射施肥初探

通过对果树注射施肥技术原理,特点与操作方法的介绍,并与传统的方法相对比.从果品产量与品质,肥料利用率,环境影响程度等方面分析了果树注射施肥的效果,该方法具有较大的推广应用前景.