氚在黏土矿物等多孔介质中的滞留机制

通过电感耦合等离子体光谱(ICP)、热重(TG)等分析方法对黏土矿物的结构成分、加热特性等进行了检测;通过蒸馏冷凝等实验,实现了对吸附后黏土矿物的吸附水、层间水、结构水的分离,检测了氚在黏土矿物结构内外各类型水中的分布;通过红外吸收光谱(IR)等分析方法对氚在黏土矿物结构中的吸附位置及形态进行了检测研究;通过同位素效应...     

苏北闵桥含油玄武岩中粘土矿物的组合特征及其应用

苏北闵桥地区含油玄武岩的主要次生蚀变粘土矿物为：皂石，绿泥石，蒙脱石，伊利石，伊利石／蒙脱石混层，高岭石，方沸石等，不同类型的玄武岩中粘土矿物组合不同，最具特征的组合为：致密玄武岩－皂石（为主）＋其它矿物；淬碎玄武岩－蒙脱石（为主）＋伊利石＋伊利石／蒙脱石混层＋高岭石，碎裂玄武岩－皂石（为主）＋绿泥石＋方沸石，蚀变玄武岩中，随着蚀变作用由弱到强，这些粘土矿物可以分成四个带，皂石带－绿泥石带－蒙脱石带－高岭石带，这种分带性与夏威夷玄武岩中热液成因的粘土矿物的分布性具有可比性，在一个玄武岩岩流单元不同部位，特征粘土矿物为：底部－蒙脱石；中倍位－皂石，顶部位－伊利石＋伊利石／蒙脱石混层，风化带特征粘土矿物为蒙脱石，少量高岭石，本文还对利用粘土矿物组合特征在玄武岩含油性，古地理及古环境等方面的应用进行了探讨。     

粘土矿物吸附镉污染物的基本特征

以我国各地典型粘土矿物制备标准样品,对镉进行吸附实验,得到蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石三种矿物的吸附等温线,在广泛浓度范围内符合Langmuir型方程式。研究了温度、接触时间、PH值、粒径、矿种等对吸附的影响效应。提出了镉的溶解-吸附-沉淀区域图,吸附急剧增强和开始发生碳酸镉沉淀的PH值是一致的。发现对不同粒径和不同矿种都存在“饱和吸附值加和现象”。 对湘江中游及上游天然底质样品以化学分离法逐级除去碳酸盐、有机物、金属水合氧化物等组分,以各级样品进行镉的吸附实验。根据吸附等温线和饱和吸附值可以判断不同组分在吸附中的贡献,发现这与各组分相对含量直接有关。 应用本文提出的工作方法。有可能建立天然水体中吸附过程的定量化学模式。     

南京娘娘山碱性岩中REE丰度及其在矿物中的分配系数

从具强烈成分分带的娘娘山碱性火山杂岩中分选出7个全岩。2个基质和8个单矿物,测定了REE含量,验证了矿物学和化学成分研究的结论,即岩浆房内主岩浆体顶部存在一个演化程度较高的粗面——响岩质岩浆层。LREE和HREE与其它不相容元素(如Rb、Zr等)在此岩浆层中强烈富集,而Eu则与Sr、Ba、Sc以及相容元素一样强烈亏损,MREE也显示中等程度的亏损。表明分离结晶是该成分梯度产生的主要原因。     

大气可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))单颗粒硫化特征

使用SEM/EDX对哈尔滨市夏季不同时段采集的可吸入颗粒物单个矿物颗粒的成分和硫化特征进行研究.结果表明,哈尔滨市夏季PM10中可以鉴定出的矿物有29种,其中黏土矿物所占比例超过了40%;中午时段内的样品几乎没有发生硫化,但早晚时段内采集的样品具有普遍的硫化现象,且黏土矿物发生硫化的几率最高,样品S/Ca的平均比值为1.0,是中午时段样品S/Ca值的73倍,不同时段、气象条件下样品的硫化程度不同,显示其硫化机制各不相同;按矿物的元素含量不同,矿物颗粒分为5种类型:"富Si"、"富Ca"、"富S"、"富Fe"、"富Mg",显示矿物颗粒主要来自地壳源;各时段样品中的矿物颗粒具有同源性,说明早晚时段样品中富含的S只能是大气二次化学反应的结果,且规则石膏颗粒主要是由方解石等碳酸钙盐矿物发生的硫化作用形成的.     

地质污染源中汞的迁移转化

对21个金属矿区作了调查,发现埋藏深达300m或被160m厚土壤覆盖的矿体以及富汞岩石在其上方土壤中含汞量明显增高。本工作初步探讨了含汞地质体中汞的迁移和转化。试验表明,地质体中汞呈多种存在形式,其中汞可转化为气态和可溶态,并沿岩石孔隙和断裂构造向上迁移。含汞硫化物中汞的迁移是与汞的含留及其存在形式、矿物组成、地下水的性质和活动以及迁移通道的发育程度有关。在含氯离子浓度高的地下水条件下,可溶性汞将以稳定络合物形式长距离迁移。土壤中的有机质,铁、锰高价氧化物,粘土矿物等对表层土壤中汞的富集有重要影响。     

北京城区可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的矿物学研究

使用X射线衍射技术(XRD)和扫描电镜技术(SEM/EDX)对北京PM10中的矿物组分进行了分析.结果表明,北京PM10中的矿物组分存在明显的季节变化规律,春季PM10中的矿物组成种类最多;秋季PM10中的矿物种类最少;在夏季PM10中,矿物的种类有所减少,却有新的物种出现,如NH4Cl、K(NH4)Ca(SO4)2?H2O、As2O3?SO3等.粘土矿物是北京PM10中含量最高的矿物,石英的含量次之,其他依次为方解石、石膏、长石、白云石以及其他矿物颗粒;北京PM10中还存在一定数量的复合颗粒,颗粒表面常有S、Cl元素的存在.     

Model consideration for the origin of life

In an attempt to understand the origin of living systems we encounter the following problems: How can we conceive the origin of the first self-reproducing forms, and by means of what stimuli could a constant increase in the complexity of such forms commence? How can a translation apparatus for genetic information develop? One cannot that such an apparatus for the synthesis of enzymes can function alone without the interference of enzymes themselves, which, however, could only become available after the construction of the apparatus itself. What stimulus mechanism is conceivable that leads to the division of the genetic apparatus into a replication system, and an enzyme-synthesis system?The main problem therefore, is not the search for basic theoretical concepts. It is not a question which can be answered by means of specific experiments. One should rather explore the principal possibilities of how molecules combine to produce more and more complicated functional units. We look for the fundamental structural changes in the organizational systems and the driving forces initiating these developments. Questions concerning the detailed chemical realization are of secondary importance. In trying to solve the puzzle of how the genetic apparatus is gradually built up as complex aggregates of molecules, we consider a consistent causal chain of simple and transparent physicochemical model steps.     

Mechanisms of electromagnetic interaction with cellular systems

The question of how electromagnetic fields - static or low to high frequency - interact with biological systems is of great interest. The current discussion among biologists, chemists, and physicists emphasizes aspects of experimental verification and of defining microscopic and macroscopic mechanisms. Both aspects are reviewed here. We emphasize that in certain situationsnonthermal interactions of electromagnetic fields occur with cellular systems.     

柴达木盆地储集层中粘土矿物的分布规律及其影响因素

通过对储集层中粘土矿物类型、组合方式和横向分布规律的研究 ,探讨了影响粘土矿物形成和演化的控制因素 ,为成岩作用和粘土矿物对储集层物性的影响研究提供信息和参数     

超临界水的物理化学性质及意义

水的许多性质在其临界区域随温度、压力的升高有着异常的变化行为，这种行为不仅控制着热液体系中的质量和热量输运过程，使得流体和对流热通量以及水溶液溶质的大多数标准偏摩尔性质在水的临界点附近接近正的或负的无穷大，而且也影响着体系中的化学过程。超临界水溶液流体与室温下的电解质溶液在许多方面有很大的差别，这些差别对水如何溶解矿物及迁移金属和配合物具有深刻的影响。     

四川盆地沉积岩矿复杂矿物定名微机处理程序

岩石化学成分计算及矿物定名是一项复杂的劳动 ,过去都是手工计算 ,劳动强度大 ,准确率低。为了解决这一问题 ,利用Basic语言编写了RNCAC微机处理程序 ,对四川盆地沉积岩成分进行了计算 ,并对复杂矿物进行了定名。经手工检验 ,该程序计算准确率高 ,计算迅速 ,可以有效提高工作效率 ,减轻劳动强度。     

A note on the consumption of acid through cation exchange with clay minerals in atmospheric precipitation

The first estimates of the consumption of potentially available strong acid in atmospheric precipitation through the mechanism of cation exchange with clay minerals have been obtained for three climatically different regions of the world: (1) Antarctica (South Pole); (2) continental Europe (north of the Alps); and (3) the continental Mediterranean.From the calculations involving the ranges of the concentrations of potentially available strong acid and of clay minerals of low-to-medium cation exchange capacity for each of the three regions it is suggested that the above process of acid consumption may almost always be insignificant in liquid (or liquified) precipitation over Antarctica and continental Europe.On the other hand, it is only under the most favourable conditions—involving the maximum stipulated cation exchange capacity of the clay minerals—that the same process could possibly lead to a maximum acid consumption in precipitation water up to ∼30% in the eastern Mediterranean region.The cation exchange process is also considered briefly in relation to the probable recycling of clay minerals of aeolian origin through evaporating clouds. Application of the first principles of cloud physics to the qualitative discussion suggests that clay minerals acting as freezing nuclei may have the best chance of participating in cation exchange, and hence, in acid consumption in clouds.     

粘土矿物对重金属有害元素吸附性研究

文章从粘土矿物主要性能出发,结合粘土矿物吸附能力试验和已知采矿污染区粘土矿物吸附能力测试,研究了蒙脱石、高岭石、伊利石等粘土矿物对Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg等重金属有害元素的吸附性,探讨了粘土矿物在水污染治理中的应用。     

The institutions-adaptive capacity nexus: Insights from coastal resources co-management in Cambodia and Vietnam

Responding to the unprecedented social-environmental change facing humankind will require responsive and flexible governance institutions (i.e., systems of rules and social norms) that facilitate adaptive capacity of individuals, groups and organisations. This may explain the sustained interest in the institutional dimensions of adaptive capacity. However, a better understanding of how institutions may enable adaptive capacity is still evolving. The literature is yet to clearly articulate how institutions relate to attributes of adaptive capacity. This study contributes to address this knowledge gap; it employs an evaluative approach that underscores the relationship between types of institutions and attributes of adaptive capacity (i.e., variety, learning capacity, autonomy, leadership, resources and fair governance). Such approach is used to examine how institutions enable adaptive capacity in the context of coastal resources co-managemen in the Peam Krasaop Wildlife Sanctuary (Cambodia) and Tam Giang Lagoon (Vietnam). In this study, complexity emerges as a defining feature of adaptive capacity. It results from the relationship between institutions and adaptive capacity and the contextual factors in which such relationship takes place. Exercises aiming to assess adaptive capacity should consider the institutions-adaptive capacity nexus together with the embedding social, cultural and political context.     

Does the preferential microbial colonisation of ferromagnesian minerals affect mineral weathering in soil?

Fungal activity is thought to play a direct and effective role in the breakdown and dissolution of primary minerals and in the synthesis of clay minerals in soil environments, with important consequences for plant growth and ecosystem functioning. We have studied primary mineral weathering in volcanic soils developed on trachydacite in southern Tuscany using a combination of qualitative and quantitative mineralogical and microbiological techniques. Specifically, we characterized the weathering and microbiological colonization of the magnetically separated ferromagnesian minerals (biotite and orthopyroxene) and non-ferromagnesian constituents (K-feldspar and volcanic glass) of the coarse sand fraction (250-1,000 microm). Our results show that in the basal horizons of the soils, the ferromagnesian minerals are much more intensively colonized by microorganisms than K-feldspar and glass, but that the composition of the microbial communities living on the two mineral fractions is similar. Moreover, X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscope observations show that although the ferromagnesian minerals are preferentially associated with an embryonic form of the clay mineral halloysite, they are still relatively fresh. We interpret our results as indicating that in this instance microbial activity, and particularly fungal activity, has not been an effective agent of mineral weathering, that the association with clay minerals is indirect, and that fungal weathering of primary minerals may not be as important a source of plant nutrients as previously claimed.     

Levels of behavioral organization and the evolution of division of labor

The major features of insect societies that fascinate biologists are the self-sacrificing altruism expressed by colony members, the complex division of labor, and the tremendous plasticity demonstrated in the face of changing environments. The social behavior of insects is a result of complex interactions at different levels of biological organization. Genes give rise to proteins and peptides that build the nervous and muscular systems, regulate their own synthesis, interact with each other, and affect the behavior of individuals. Social behavior emerges from the complex interactions of individuals that are themselves far removed from the direct effects of the genes. In order to understand how social organization evolves, we must understand the mechanisms that link the different levels of organization. In this review, we discuss how behavior is influenced by genes and the neural system and how social behavior emerges from the behavioral activities of individuals. We show how different levels of organization share common features and are linked through common mechanisms. We focus on the behavior of the honey bee, the best studied of all social insects.     

A process systems approach to life cycle inventories for minerals: South African and Australian case studies

In this paper, we present a process synthesis approach to the development of Life Cycle Inventories (LCIs) for production of minerals from primary ore bodies, based on a heuristics-driven flowsheeting methodology. Technologies are specified to a level of detail consistent with information availability and mass balance closure. This approach enables the creation of flowsheets for all minerals processing activities using a “cradle-to-gate” system boundary, from which it is possible to generate LCIs using accepted practices for the mapping of resource flows and emissions onto a profile of environmental burdens. In this work, LCIs are presented only for the foreground system (i.e. the flows from background systems, such as electricity generation, are documented but their environmental burden profile is not included in the LCIs reported). This method allows for the detailing of these inventories on a commodity, sector, or geographic (regional) basis. The approach has been demonstrated for all sub-sectors of the Australian and the South African minerals processing industries. A case study of the gold sub-sector in each region is presented in some detail, in order to highlight the key features of the approach and the usefulness of the LCI profiles generated. The potential for this approach to support comparative technology assessment and sub-sectoral performance is demonstrated for the copper sub-sector. Some indication of the value of the approach to assist in company benchmarking is presented. The performance of all key sectors, namely coal, gold, non-ferrous metals, ferrous metals, uranium, platinum group metals and mineral sands, though not detailed here, is available on our on-line data-base.¹. This information is used to develop an aggregated picture of minerals LCIs for the minerals processing activity in Australian and South Africa.     

污染场地卤代烃非生物自然衰减研究进展

传统的卤代烃自然衰减研究主要关注生物降解过程,然而近年有研究发现卤代烃可以被地层中的活性矿物还原降解.对天然活性矿物介导下卤代烃非生物自然衰减的研究进展总结显示,可以还原降解卤代烃的天然矿物主要包括铁硫矿物、铁氧矿物和含铁黏土矿物等,其中铁硫矿物在含水层中分布最为广泛.常见的反应机制包括还原消除、氢解、自由基加成、自由基偶联、脱卤化氢、水解,其中还原消除和氢解是其中最重要的两种反应机制,常见于卤代烷烃和卤代烯烃的非生物降解.卤代烃的非生物降解产物主要取决于还原降解途径和母体卤代烃.不同矿物对卤代烃的降解活性大致表现为马基诺矿?黄铁矿>黑云母>蛭石≈绿锈>磁铁矿≈蒙脱石.卤代烃的降解速率除受矿物种类影响外,还受到卤代烃种类、pH、硫化物浓度、共存金属离子、天然有机物、矿物形态等因素的影响.现有的研究已经确证活性矿物的还原降解是卤代烃自然衰减的重要机制,但该领域中仍然有一些重要知识点有待进一步研究.关于活性铁矿物Fe（Ⅱ）类型和反应能力之间的关系、还原卤代烃过程中Fe（Ⅱ）的结构变化以及结构态Fe（Ⅱ）向卤代烃的电子转移方式等仍然不清楚,建议进行更深入的研究;现有研究大都基于实验室小试装置,实际场地的研究不多,建议今后进一步探究实验室发现的规律是否符合场地中的实际情况;地下水位波动导致活性矿物间歇性暴露在溶解氧中,可能产生羟自由基（·OH）实现并导致卤代烃的氧化降解,这方面的研究目前尚存在不足,建议给予更多关注.      

逐级化学分离法对水体沉积物各组分吸附作用模式的研究

天然水体中悬浮物和沉积物的主要活性组分,通常是粘土矿物,铁、锰、铝水合氧化物,有机物和碳酸盐。本文研究它们在重金属吸附中各自所起的作用。提出了一种逐级化学分离程序和多组分吸附剂的吸附模式及计算方法。应用于湘江上、中、下游三种底质样品,进行了所有分级样品的镉吸附实验。吸附模式计算得到若干有益的结果。 不论颗粒物整体,或是其各种组分,在广泛的重金属浓度范围内,都得到Langmuir型吸附等温式,并由它们共同组成Langmuir型吸附模式。电子显微镜研究表明,粘土矿物表面只有局部被其他组分复盖。模式计算表明,在湘江沉积物样品总吸附量中,粘土矿物的吸附、贡献仍占主要地位(60—70%)。金属水合氧化物(15—25%)和有机物(11—22%)大致在同一水平而前者略高,碳酸盐的作用(0.1—5%)则较微小。各种组分在吸附中所起的作用评价应该同它们的相对含量联系起来,综合加以考虑。