电量采集过程电磁辐射对大气环境的污染分析研究

电量采集过程中会产生大量电磁辐射,电磁辐射对大气环境造成严重影响。针对电量采集过程电磁辐射对大气环境造成的污染进行分析,分析电量采集过程电磁辐射原理,列举电磁辐射弦网波、偶极辐射波、四极辐射波等几种比较常见的电磁波模式;改进电磁辐射污染治理体系,使得各方面协调合作,实现电量采集过程电磁辐射引发大气环境污染的高效治理,为电磁辐射治理的相关领域提供理论支撑。     

大型舰船在天线辐射下电磁特性的研究

舰船各电子系统间的电磁兼容问题已经引起了广泛的关注.研究了大型水面舰艇在单个或者多个舰载天线辐射下的舰船表面电磁场的分布情况,计算了舰船在舰栽天线的辐射下,舰船上某一点的电场强度.计算时,考虑了不同天线形式、不同波源对于舰船表面电磁特性的影响.给出了舰船表面各个位置所接受到的电磁场能量的大小,这对大型舰船上电子设备的放...     

长波远程导航台电磁辐射环境影响研究

对我国首座长波远程导航台的脉冲长波天线周围电场强度进行测试和有关理论计算,结果表明：发射机房内一般电场强度在０．５－３．６Ｖ／ｍ,其相应脉冲峰值为３８．５－２７６．９Ｖ／ｍ,距离发射天线８５０－１１００ｍ据住区内,场强为０．７－３．９Ｖ／ｍ,峰值为５３．９－３００．３Ｖ／ｍ;环境场强随与天线的距离增大而迅速衰减。在离天线１２００ｍ以外,场衰减到极小值。     

工频电磁场环境管理目标值的研究

介绍了国外工频电磁场对人体影响的最新研究进展,收集了国内外工频电磁场的限制标准,结合南方沿海某城市近年来工频电磁场投诉的热点和难点,针对问题研究防治对策,提出了深圳市工频电磁场的环境管理目标值。     

电磁环境胁迫对铜绿微囊藻氧化应激和光合固碳酶的影响作用研究

研究了3种典型电磁环境(射频电磁辐射(RF-EMF)、极低频电磁场(ELF-EMF)、交变电场(AEF))胁迫对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)细胞氧化应激(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA))和光合固碳酶(核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)、果糖-1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶(FBA))的影响作用.结果表明,短期和长期RF-EMF、ELF-EMF及AEF暴露胁迫铜绿微囊藻细胞,总体能极显著提高藻细胞的SOD活性(p0.01).铜绿微囊藻经RF-EMF、ELF-EMF及AEF短期暴露处理后,均极显著提高了藻细胞内MDA含量(p0.01);铜绿微囊藻经RFEMF、AEF长期暴露处理后,藻细胞内MDA含量极显著降低(p0.01).RF-EMF暴露处理铜绿微囊藻,总体能显著提高藻细胞Rubisco酶活性(p0.05).长期RF-EMF、AEF和ELF-EMF暴露下的铜绿微囊藻,总体表现出FBA酶活性极显著降低(p0.01).以上结果说明,RF-EMF、ELFEMF、AEF均能够诱导铜绿微囊藻发生氧化应激反应.而RF-EMF能够对铜绿微囊藻细胞参与光合作用的关键酶(Rubisco和FBA)产生一定的调控作用,表明射频电磁波能够在一定程度上影响铜绿微囊藻细胞的光合作用.     

Epigeic Collembola in winter wheat under organic,integrated and conventional farm management regimes

Community characteristics of Collembola assemblages in conventional, integrated and organic fields of winter wheat were compared among three randomly chosen areas in England using analysis of similarities, cluster analysis, multi-dimensional scaling and several measures of diversity and evenness. Indicator values were used to identify indicator species. Significant differences were found in the abundance of most species and in community structure among the three geographical regions but few differences between the farming regimes were significant. Despite a lack of significant differences among regimes, Entomobrya multifasciata and Isotomurus spp. were consistently, although not significantly more common in conventional than organic fields whereas the opposite was true for Isotoma viridis and Isotoma notabilis. Farming regime significantly affected the abundance of Sminthurinus elegans and Sminthurus viridis but the effect differed between geographical regions. Community composition and species dominance were influenced by farming regime, but no species were indicative of the different farming systems, as most occurred ubiquitously in all fields. Organically and conventionally farmed fields were found not to differ significantly from each other in community composition, but both differed from integrated fields. These findings are compared with the results from other recent European studies of the effects of farming systems on arthropods and their wider ecological implications are discussed.     

10kV配电站电磁场对周边环境的影响分析

介绍了极低频电磁场对人体的影响,结合城市居民对10kV配电站电磁场的投诉情况,分析了10kV配电站电磁场对周边居民的影响,提出了对10kV配电站的电磁辐射防治对策。     

基于电磁混响技术的电磁环境与自然环境综合试验技术

目的研究电磁环境与自然环境综合试验方法。方法针对装备电磁环境与温度、湿度环境的多物理场综合试验需求,基于电磁混响技术,解决不同环境模拟相容性问题,对关键部件进行分析和设计,并依据相关标准进行了性能测试。依据IEC61000-4-21,分别测试电磁环境与自然环境综合箱在常温、高温和低温条件下的场均匀性。结果综合场均匀性偏差最大值小于3 d B,性能满足标准要求。结论基于电磁混响技术的综合试验方法,为装备在多重环境应力综合作用下效应机理研究和适应性考核提供了手段。     

极低频电磁场对健康影响的流行病学调查及人体测试研究进展

流行病学调查结果表明，环境的极低频电磁场暴露与人群某些肿瘤，如白血病、乳腺癌、脑肿瘤等，以及生殖、神经、心血管和内分泌等系统疾患的发病相关，这些结果在一定程度上得到实验室人体测试的支持。然而，极低频电磁场对健康影响的确切效应，迄今尚未能作出结论，亟等进一步开展多层次、多水平的研究。     

The conversion of overgrazed pastures to almond orchards and alfalfa cropping systems may favor microbial indicators of soil quality in Central Iran

Land use changes may have a major influence on soil quality that is important in sustaining ecosystem productivity. Yet, the effects of these changes on soil quality are not well understood, particularly in poor heterogeneous pastures overgrazed by sheep. The aim of this study was to determine the short-term response of soil quality indicators to changes in land use from permanent pastures overgrazed to almond orchards and then to alfalfa cropping systems occurring in Saman plain, Central Iran. Soil quality indicators were evaluated in four land use systems including permanent pastures (PP) overgrazed by sheep, pastures converted to almond orchards (AO) for more than 45 years, almond orchards converted to alfalfa fields for 5 years (FA) and almond orchards converted to alfalfa fields for 2 years (TA). Composite soil samples from each of the four random replicates of the land use systems were sampled to a depth of 30 cm, and analyzed for soil bulk density, total N, total organic C, wet aggregate stability, C mineralization, microbial biomass C, and phosphatase activities. Land use changes (i.e. conversion of pastures to almond orchards and then to alfalfa fields) resulted in significant increases in soil bulk density, and total organic C and N contents. Similarly, total organic C and N pools were far greater in TA and FA compared to PP and AO land use systems. The soil porosity and aggregate stability (MWD) in PP and AO land use systems were significantly greater than those in TA and FA land use systems. Carbon mineralization and microbial biomass C and the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases were substantially higher in the alfalfa fields than those in overgrazed pastures and almond orchards. The microbial metabolic quotient (qCO₂) increased in alfalfa fields, although the increases were marginal. It would appear that (1) the conversion of poor pastures to alfalfa cropping systems favors soil microbial properties, (2) microbial properties are the most sensitive soil quality indicators responding positively to short-term changes in land use. It is also concluded that improvement in soil quality and enhanced biological activity in alfalfa fields demonstrated the gradual resilience of the poor and overgrazed pastures once converted to a fast growing and N₂ fixing legume crop.     

移动基站近距离区域电磁辐射污染分布特征

针对居住在城市移动基站附近的居民日益关注的电磁辐射污染问题,通过移动基站近距离区域电磁场分布连续24h监测与分析,研究正常工作日内基站周围近距离区域电磁场功率密度随时间和距离的变化,以及功率密度的概率分布,并根据24h各时段内的话务量,使用统计分析(SAS)系统对此影响因素进行相关性分析.结果显示,一天内移动基站天线附近电磁辐射随时间呈现明显的波动,其功率密度的概率分布接近正态分布,手机的话务量与电磁场强度具有一定的相关性.在近距离区域,功率密度随距离增加,在一定距离上出现峰值,峰值出现的距离与天线高度有关.对我国一般的城市基站,环境电磁辐射低于标准限值.     

信息机房防雷击电磁脉冲的屏蔽分析

当雷击中建筑物或附近时,雷电流在建筑物周围空间产生瞬变的强电磁场对机房设备造成严重危害。文章通过研究对不同雷击点在机房各种不同屏蔽措施下产生的磁场强度分析,来研究机房屏蔽效能,以期找到防御雷击电磁脉冲的方法。     

Post-dispersal weed seed predation by avian and non-avian predators

Seed predation by avian and non-avian predators was quantified in the boundaries and cropped areas of cereal fields by presenting known quantities of seed with and without exclusion cages. Predator encounter-rates with the dishes exceeded 99%. Birds removed on average 6.7% seed from the dishes during the seven-day trials compared to 51% by non-avian predators. A comparison was made of the causal factors responsible for predation of Avena fatua, Chenopodium album and Cirsium arvense seeds. A. fatua seeds were preyed most heavily by both avian and non-avian predators. Seed removal by birds was greater in the cropped area than in the field boundary, non-avian predators being generally more active in the field boundary. Seed predation by birds was greater in spring than in any other season, whilst losses to other animals were greater during autumn and winter. Although, birds were not the main seed predators in cereal fields, they may contribute to weed seed depletion, of relevance to reduced-input farming systems where herbicides use is restricted.     

电磁脉冲武器对车辆装备的损伤效应研究

根据电磁脉冲武器的损伤机理和特点,分析了电磁脉冲武器对车辆装备的损伤效应,并选取车辆上典型电子系统进行试验研究。结果表明车辆装备电磁能量耦合途径多、敏感对象多,电磁脉冲武器对其主要损伤效应是工作失灵和功能损坏。     

适应复杂电磁环境加强武器装备管理

分析了复杂电磁环境的构成与特征及其对武器装备的影响,重点从武器装备的电磁兼容设计、装备训练、战场使用管理等方面提出了加强武器装备管理的对策,为适应复杂电磁环境下武器装备的使用管理提供了参考.     

舰船复杂电磁环境对人员的损伤及其防护

介绍了现代舰船装备面临的复杂电磁环境,在分析电磁辐射对人员危害机理（热效应与非热效应）的基础上,结合舰船电磁辐射对人员的损伤最新进展,从实际设计和管理控制的角度提出受舰船电磁辐射危害的人员四大防护技术和措施,着重阐述了个人防护技术。     

中国旱作农田一氧化氮排放及减排:Meta分析

农田是大气污染物一氧化氮（NO）的主要排放源之一.与水稻田相比,旱作农田NO排放量和排放系数高,但其异质性及影响因素尚不明确.目前,我国农田NO排放和减排的研究以原位观测为主,缺乏系统的整合（Meta）分析.通过收集文献数据,定量分析玉米-冬小麦、水稻-冬小麦旱地阶段、蔬菜、茶园和果园等旱作体系NO排放量和排放系数的异质性及主要影响因素;定量评价减量施氮、有机肥替代化肥、配施新型增效氮肥和施用生物质炭等管理措施对NO排放量和排放系数的影响.收集相关文献共计49篇（发表于2006~2021年）.结果表明,玉麦轮作、茶园和果园体系年排放量平均值分别为1.44、7.45和0.92 kg ·hm^-2,在这3个体系间有显著性差异（P<0.05）,稻麦轮作旱地阶段和蔬菜季节排放量平均值分别为2.13 kg ·hm^-2和2.09 kg ·hm^-2.在玉麦轮作、稻麦轮作旱地阶段和茶园体系中,NO排放量均与施氮量呈正相关关系（P<0.01）,但在蔬菜和果园体系中二者无显著相关性.玉麦轮作、稻麦轮作旱地阶段、蔬菜、茶园和果园体系排放系数平均值分别为0.31%、0.71%、0.96%、1.74%和0.13%,除玉麦轮作分别与稻麦轮作旱地阶段和蔬菜体系间的差异不显著外（P>0.05）,在其余体系间均有显著性差异（P<0.01）.由于各体系间排放系数差异大,在编制区域或全国农田NO排放清单时,有必要对各作物体系采用不同的排放系数.减量施氮仅在减氮比例高于25%时可显著降低NO排放量（36%）,但对排放系数的影响不显著.由于减氮比例过高可能会造成作物减产,尚需进一步确定既不影响作物产量又降低NO排放的减氮比例.有机肥替代化肥在土壤有机碳含量低［ω（SOC）<15 g ·kg^-1］或酸性（pH<7）条件下以及配施新型增效氮肥在玉麦轮作农田中可显著降低NO排放量（-46%~-38%）和排放系数（-62%~-45%）,施用生物质炭的影响不显著.可为不同田间条件下分别采取有效的NO减排措施提供依据.     

海水电磁屏蔽体

目的将海水作为一种电磁屏蔽材料,研究其电磁屏蔽效能以及影响因素。方法基于海水和玻璃的电磁特性参数,并利用电场和磁场切向分量连续边界条件,推导由双层玻璃封装海水所构成的复合电磁屏蔽体结构的屏蔽效能计算公式。结果具有一定厚度和盐度的海水墙体可以展示出良好的电磁屏蔽效能。通过增加海水层的厚度,提高海水的盐度以及温度,均可以有效增强海水电磁屏蔽体的屏蔽效能。改变封装海水的玻璃层厚度,对海水电磁屏蔽体的屏蔽效能影响较小。结论海水可以作为一种有效的电磁屏蔽材料,并具有光波透明、电磁屏蔽效能易重构、可循环导热等独特的优势。在军事和民用领域,海水电磁屏蔽体将具有重要的理论和应用价值。     

低反射、高吸收海水电磁屏蔽体

目的通过在有耗海水电磁屏蔽体上加载阻抗匹配层,研究具有低反射、高吸收特性海水电磁屏蔽体结构。方法基于有耗海水电磁屏蔽体的输入阻抗,并利用传输线原理,计算对应匹配媒质层的结构与电磁参数。针对初始具有较好电磁屏蔽效能的反射型海水电磁屏蔽体样本,计算和加载工作在ISM 433 MHz频段的匹配媒质层。结果加载了匹配媒质层的海水电磁屏蔽体能展示出良好的低反射、高吸收电磁屏蔽特性。当入射电磁波全部穿透进入海水层,产生传导和极化衰减后,对屏蔽效能影响较小。结论由海水层和匹配媒质层组成的多元材料电磁屏蔽体,可以实现低反射、高吸收电磁屏蔽效果,并保持良好电磁屏效能的优势。低反射电磁屏蔽体有望在精度仪器、目标反探测等领域发挥重要作用。     

GC-MS和GC-ECD同时在线观测本底大气中的HCFC-142b

2010年5月～2011年5月,利用自组装气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)和气相色谱-电子捕获检测法(GC-ECD)在线观测系统,在北京上甸子区域大气本底站开展了二氟一氯乙烷(HCFC-142b)在线观测对比实验,GC-MS和GC-ECD系统分析精度分别为0.23%和0.88%.观测期间HCFC-142b浓度变化范围约为21×10-12～355×10-12;通过独立样本T检验P>0.05,表明两种方法获得的HCFC-142b浓度数据无显著性差异;对两套系统观测浓度数据的差值分析表明,造成两套系统观测浓度间微小差别的主要因素是空气样品时间分辨率和观测精度.利用局部近似回归法进行本底值筛分,GC-MS和GC-ECD法获得的本底浓度均值差、中值差、25和75百分位数值差均优于系统观测精度.两种方法捕获HCFC-142b污染过程一致,污染浓度均具有夏秋高冬低的特点;两种方法观测HCFC-142b污染浓度的年变化趋势一致.