新型聚硅铝镁絮凝剂的研制

以硫酸铝、硫酸镁、水玻璃为原料,采用复合共聚法制备出聚硅酸铝镁絮凝剂(PSAM),研究了金属离子与硅摩尔比(M/Si)、铝、镁离子摩尔比(Al/Mg)、硅含量(nSiO2)、碱化度(B)、熟化时间(H)等因素对PSAM絮凝性能的影响。以实际印染废水为处理对象评价了PSAM的絮凝性能,结果表明PSAM对废水的COD和色度有较好的去除效果,絮凝效果优于聚合氯化铝(PAC)等常规絮凝剂。     

以DMCS为硅源的新型聚硅氯化铁铝的形态分布与混凝性能

采用二甲基二氯硅烷(DMCS)为硅源,与氯化铁、氯化铝聚合制备新型聚硅氯化铁铝絮凝剂(PAFSC).其形态分布和处理含藻水的混凝性能结果表明,该混凝剂的最优技术指标为nFe/nAl=0.4,nSi/n(Al Fe)=0.1,碱化度B=1.5,C(Al Fe):0.1 mol/L,pH=2.898,熟化时间为24h的条件下,有效成分Feb、Alb的含量最高,絮凝效果最好,PAFSc对浊度的净化效率可达98.6%.研究表明,二甲基二氯硅烷会产生很强的协同效应,使无机高分子絮凝剂PAFSC有效成分高,絮凝效果好.     

复合絮凝剂聚硅酸铝铁的形貌结构及性能研究

向聚硅酸中引入铝盐、铁盐制得聚硅酸铝铁(PFAS)复合絮凝剂,用电子显微镜观察分析了不同Al/Fe/Si摩尔比的PFAS形貌,用红外光谱研究了其中铝离子、铁离子与聚硅酸的相互作用情况,并对其絮凝性能进行了考察.结果发现:聚硅酸铝铁的形貌均为枝杈状聚集态,并带有分形特征,完全不同于聚硅酸的球形或椭球形,也不同于聚铝、聚合铝铁的晶形;Al/Fe/Si摩尔比对形貌有较大影响.红外光谱证实了PFAS中部分铝离子、铁离子及水解络合铝离子、铁离子可与共存的聚硅酸起螯合(络合)反应生成铁铝硅聚合物,PFAS的絮凝性能高于聚硅酸铝、聚硅酸铁.     

聚硅酸铝铁的合成及絮凝性能研究

以水玻璃、硫酸铝和硫酸铁为原料合成了聚硅酸铝铁,考察了硅酸活化pH值、(Al+Fe)/Si摩尔比、Al/Fe摩尔比、加入量、水样初始pH值等因素对PSAF絮凝性能的影响.PSAF的絮凝效果明显优于聚合氯化铝和硫酸铝,是一种新型无机高分子絮凝剂.     

聚硅硫酸铁铝絮凝剂的制备及混凝处理焦化废水的试验研究

以炼钢污泥为主要原料制备聚硅硫酸铁铝(PFASS)复合絮凝剂,铁铝总浓度为3.0 mol/L。深度处理焦化废水,确定最佳铁与铝物质的量比为9∶1,硅与铁+铝物质的量比为1∶30。采用红外光谱、X射线衍射及扫描电镜等手段分析了PFASS的结构与形貌。结果表明:PFASS共聚物为无定型结构;形貌为片状微粒叠加而成的球形;PFASS中部分铁离子、铝离子及其水解络合离子可与聚硅酸起络合反应,生成共聚物。在pH值为7.0~9.0、PFASS的投加量为348 mg/L、沉淀时间为40 min的条件下,对浊度、色度、CODCr的去除率分别达到98%、68%和61%。     

复合絮凝剂聚硅酸铝铁的制备及应用

以硫酸铝、三氯化铁、硅酸钠为主要原料,制备了聚硅酸铝铁(PSAF).对硅酸聚合过程中SiO2的浓度、pH值等因素进行了探讨,并考察了PSAF的絮凝性能.通过正交实验,研究了不同(Al Fe)/SiO2、Al/Fe摩尔比、处理废水时的投加量、pH值等因素对絮凝效果的影响.结果表明:PSAF中(Al Fe)/SiO2=1∶1、Al/Fe=1∶1、投加量为150 mg/L、pH值=7.0时,对氵皂河废水有较好的处理效果,COD去除率为65.3%,浊度去除率为97.2%.     

聚硅酸硫酸铝铁对焦化废水的复合絮凝处理

合成制备了新型复合絮凝荆聚硅酸硫酸铝铁(PAFSS),并以此对焦化废水的处理进行了系统的研究.考虑硅酸钠溶液浓度、硅酸聚合时间、Al/Fe/SiO2摩尔比、温度等因素对絮凝效果的影响,通过正交试验确定最佳制备工艺条件,比较了PAFSS与其他絮凝剂的处理效果.研究表明PAFSS是一种既有较强的电中和能力,又有较优絮凝性能的无机复合型混凝剂.     

电絮凝法处理纺织废水研究

为了考察铁、铝电极电絮凝法处理纺织废水的效果和影响因素,以铁板和铝板为电极对纺织废水进行了电絮凝处理,考察了初始pH值、电流密度、电絮凝时间对COD去除率、色度去除率、电能消耗及电极损失的影响。结果表明:初始pH值为7时,铁、铝电极电絮凝后最终pH值均有上升,但均未超过8,无需调节pH值;随电流密度增加,COD去除率、色度去除率、电能消耗及电极损失呈上升趋势,电流密度为7.5 mA/cm2时,铁电极的COD去除率可达72%,色度去除率可达89.1%,高于铝电极;电絮凝时间为15 min时,铁电极的COD去除率可达到76%,色度去除度可达90%,高于铝电极,且电能消耗低于铝电极。研究表明,铁电极电絮凝法处理纺织废水具有技术可行性,最佳试验条件为:初始pH值中性,电流密度7.5 mA/cm2,电絮凝时间15 min。     

硫酸铝渣和硫铁矿烧渣制聚硅酸硫酸铁的研究

研究硫酸铝渣和硫铁矿烧渣制聚硅酸硫酸铁的工艺流程及其主要参数.提取硫酸铝渣中的SiO2得到Na2SiO3溶液,提取硫铁矿烧渣中铁得到FeSO4结晶.用FeSO4结晶制备聚合硫酸铁.用含3.5% SiO2的Na2SiO3溶液,控制pH=4.0,制得聚硅酸,将聚合硫酸铁加入聚硅酸制得聚硅酸硫酸铁絮凝剂.红外光谱分析表明,聚硅酸硫酸铁结合了SO2-4.检测了聚硅酸硫酸铁对模拟浊水和垃圾填埋场渗滤液的絮凝效果,用铁和硅物质的量比为0.5、用量0.5 mL/L的聚硅酸硫酸铁,处理模拟浊水,除浊率可达90%以上.用铁和硅物质的量比为1.5、用量4.0 mL/L的聚硅酸硫酸铁处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液生化处理尾水,CODCr去除率可达60%.     

聚硅硫酸铁提高焦化废水处理效果的研究

确定了絮凝-氧化工艺对焦化二沉池水进行强化处理,选择了聚硅硫酸铁(PFSS)作为絮凝剂,次氯酸盐作为氧化剂,并考察了pH值、n(Fe)/n(Si)、药剂投加量等因素对处理效果的影响,得出最佳处理条件为:絮凝时废水pH=6.0～7.5,絮凝剂PFSS投加量为400mg/L(以Fe3 计),其中n(Fe)/n(Si)=2;氧化时废水pH=6.5～7.5,氧化剂M-180B投加量为0.4 g/L.处理后焦化废水的COD由1 837.6 mg/L降至125.3 mg/L,出水pH值在7.3左右,能够达标排放.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.