Combined amendment reduces soil Cd availability and rice Cd accumulation in three consecutive rice planting seasons

The scientific application of stabilized materials has been considered an effective method for the in situ remediation of Cd-contaminated soil. This study aimed to investigate the persistence of the effect of a combined amendment of limestone and sepiolite(LS) on soil Cd availability and accumulation in rice grown in a mildly Cd-contaminated paddy field(0.45 mg/kg of Cd) over three consecutive rice seasons. 1125–4500 kg/ha of LS was applied to the soil before the first rice planting season and 5...     

盐渍化环境下秸秆还田对稻米汞及甲基汞累积的影响

通过盆栽试验探讨了盐渍化环境下秸秆还田对土壤中总汞（THg）、甲基汞（MeHg）含量和转化以及对水稻吸收汞的影响.试验用土采集自天津典型污灌地区,人为添加不同梯度的盐分（0、0.2%、0.5% NaCl）及外源汞（0、5mg/kg~Hg（NO₃）₂）,秸秆还田按照0.1%进行处理.结果显示：1.秸秆还田促进稻田系统中无机汞的甲基化.与未添加秸秆的处理相比,秸秆还田后土壤MeHg含量提高了56.8%~76.8%,水稻MeHg含量增加了127%~171.6%.2.在轻度盐渍化稻田开展秸秆还田,会进一步提高稻田土壤中汞的甲基化水平,进而增加水稻籽粒中甲基汞含量.与不添加盐分处理相比,轻度盐渍化环境中（0.2% NaCl）,秸秆还田处理导致土壤MeHg含量提高了92.2%~101.2%,水稻籽粒MeHg含量增长了52.8%~132.1%.更高的盐渍化水平会抑制土壤汞甲基化趋势,水稻籽粒中甲基汞含量降低.在中度盐渍化环境中（0.5% NaCl）,秸秆还田导致土壤MeHg含量降低了57.9%~88.6%,水稻籽粒MeHg含量降低了72.9%~86.8%.以上研究结果表明,在盐渍化且汞污染稻田开展秸秆还田可能大幅度增加该地区汞食物链暴露风险,因此在中轻度盐渍化的污灌区,对秸秆还田等农艺措施需要格外慎重.     

谷壳灰对稻田土壤镉、砷生物有效性及糙米镉、砷累积的影响

为研究富硅材料谷壳灰（HA）对稻田土壤Cd、As生物有效性及糙米中Cd、As累积的影响,以稻壳为原料制备中性HA（总硅量6.26×10⁵ mg·kg^-1）,开展水稻盆栽试验.HA按质量比设置4个添加水平（0、0.5%、1%、2%）,种植3种水稻（黄华占、湘晚籼13、隆优4945）.研究结果表明：①在土壤Cd总量为2.30 mg·kg^-1、As总量为90.45 mg·kg^-1的复合污染土壤中,HA施用后,与对照相比,土壤Cd的TCLP提取态、CaCl₂提取态及酸可提取态含量呈现不同程度的降低,分别降低了7.8%~18.7%、7.4%~18.7%、0.9%~16.7%;土壤As的交换态和TCLP提取态含量也有降低,分别降低了6.1%~47.1%、4.3%~26.7%.②HA施用可促进土壤中酸可提取态Cd向难溶态Cd的转变,水稻湘晚籼13、隆优4945根际土壤残渣态Cd含量分别增大9.8%~23.5%、5.9%~28.1%;土壤中As主要以残渣态存在,HA的施用对土壤专性吸附As含量有增大效应.③HA施用能够降低糙米中Cd和无机As含量,施用0.5%~2% HA能使水稻隆优4945和湘晚籼13糙米Cd含量降低到0.2 mg·kg^-1以下,施用2% HA能使黄华占糙米无机As含量降低到0.2 mg·kg^-1以下.施用HA能够有效降低土壤Cd、As生物有效性和糙米Cd、As含量,同时增大土壤有效Si含量,有利于提高土壤质量.     

Methane emission in a rice field of Thailand

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Mycotoxin production on rice, pulses and oilseeds

 Mycotoxin-producing fungi were isolated from contaminated grains of rice, pulses and oilseeds sold in the local markets of Calcutta for human consumption. It was found that aflatoxin B₁ was produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, aflatoxin G₁ by A. flavus, ochratoxin by Aspergillus ochraceous, sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus japonicus and citrinin by Penicillium citrinum. Aflatoxin B₁ (333–10416 μg/kg) was produced by Aspergillus spp. in rice, pulses and oilseeds. Received: 11 May 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 10 April 2000     

稻草及其燃烧烟尘中正构烷烃的研究

利用气质联用仪测定了中国6种稻草及其明火和闷火燃烧烟尘中正构烷烃的含量.结果表明,稻草中正构烷烃的平均含量为73.0μg/g.碳数分布范围为C12~C37,呈以C29为主峰的单峰型分布.高碳数正构烷烃(>C23)具有明显的奇碳数优势,其平均碳优势指数是2.9.在明火焚烧和闷烧烟尘中正构烷烃的含量均值分别是 1633.1,5458.5μg/g.碳数分布范围为C14~C35,呈以C29或C31为主峰的单峰型分布.碳数在C27以上的正构烷烃具有明显的奇碳数优势,其平均碳优势指数分别是1.5和1.9.稻草烟尘中正构烷烃的组成与原秸秆存在显著的差别.     

稻草焚烧产生的多环芳烃排放特征研究

采用室内模拟实验研究了稻草焚烧时15 种PAHs 排放因子,并对江苏省2000~2005 年来源于稻草焚烧产生的PAHs 排放量进行了估算.结果表明,稻草焚烧烟气中各PAH 的排放因子为11.5~1782.3µg/kg,其中苊(Ace)最大,其次为萘(Nap)、菲(Phe)和芴(Flu),以低分子量PAHs为主;灰烬中PAHs 排放因子也以低分子量PAHs 为主,但排放总量仅为烟气中的3.2%.根据烟气中排放因子计算,江苏省因稻草焚烧排放的PAHs 总量年平均为39.2t 左右,超过工业用煤和交通燃油等排放总和.     

Pyrolysis of rice husk and sawdust for liquid fuel

The paper is focused on studying how to convert rice husk and sawdust into liquid fuel. Rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were pyrolyzed at the temperature between 420℃ and 540℃, and the main product of liquid fuel was obtained. The experimental result showed that the yield of liquid fuel heavily depended on the kind of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. In the experiments, the maximum liquid yields for rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were 56% at 465 ℃, 61% at 490℃ and 60% at 475℃ respectively. Analysis with GC-MS and other apparatus indicated that the liquid fuel is a complicated organic compound with low caloric value and can be directly used as fuel oil without any up-grading. As a crude oil, the liquid fuel can be refined to be vehicle oil.     

以稻草秸秆为底物制取复合型生物絮凝剂的研究

以稻草秸秆作碳源,采用两段式发酵工艺制取复合型生物絮凝剂,首先通过纤维素降解菌HIT-3对稻草秸秆进行生物降解,再使产絮菌F2-F6利用秸秆糖化液替代葡萄糖制备生物絮凝剂,并定量分析了复合型生物絮凝剂的产量.结果表明,预处理后的秸秆还原糖产率达到10.6%,纤维素酶活性最大为0.13U/mL,TOC含量不断增加,TN含量不断减少,纤维素降解菌株对稻草秸秆具有很好的降解作用,生物絮凝剂絮凝率为90%.向秸秆糖化液中补加0.2g/L酵母膏调整发酵液营养比例,可使产絮高峰期提前,絮凝率达到95%.每t稻草秸秆可以制取复合型生物絮凝剂44kg.     

Yield loss in conventional and natural rice farming systems

Compared to modern, conventional agriculture, alternative agricultural production systems may rely on biologically different mechanisms (syndromes) to attain similar production goals. Yield loss to rice in conventional and natural farming rice paddies in Japan was evaluated by simulated injury (leaf-clipping) and monitoring plants damaged by insect herbivores. Rice grown under natural farming practices was more tolerant of simulated injury and injury from Oulema oryzae than rice grown under conventional practices. Natural farming rice retained proportionately more tillers and had a higher proportion of mature seeds than conventionally grown rice. In conventional paddies, the simulated injury may have made the rice plants more susceptible to plant pathogens than their non-injured counterparts, resulting in higher disease attack and proportionately greater yield loss. These results suggest that, pests may affect yield loss independently in natural farming, but in conventional paddies, multiple pest injury may interact synergistically, compounding yield loss.     

Attributes of a hopper-predator community in a rice field

A hopper-predator community in an experimental rice field was observed weekly with regard to information content (H′), formation of a geometric series or the grade of orderly distribution of component taxa (R²), and clumping index (I). These community attributes changed with time in close association with one another, and attained the highest values around the heading time of the rice. Significant correlations were found between the density of prey and that of predators when a certain time-lag was assumed for the increase of predators.     

稻壳焦炭导电特性的影响因素

为开发生物质焦炭电磁屏蔽材料,研究了各种因素对稻壳焦炭导电特性的影响规律.利用自制的高温炭化试验装置,考察了炭化终温、升温速率、终温下的保留时间、粒径大小、催化剂种类及配比等因素对焦炭电阻率的影响规律.研究结果表明:炭化终温对稻壳焦炭电阻率影响较大,特别是在1000℃以下,提高炭化终温可将焦炭电阻率从106 Ω·cm以上降低到2Ω·cm左右;而当炭化终温从1000℃提高到1400℃时,电阻率仅从2Ω·cm左右降低到1.5Ω·cm左右.提高升温速率会降低焦炭产率,但对电阻率的影响不大.延长炭化终温时间对降低电阻率有一定作用,但当物料粒径较小时其作用几乎可以忽略.Fe2O3和NiO可作为炭化催化剂降低焦炭电阻率,两者催化效果相当,稻壳与催化剂的最佳质量配比在50:1左右.当炭化终温>1000℃、升温速率为20℃·min-1、保留时间为30min、稻壳粒径为0.1～0.3mm、稻壳:催化剂=50:1时,所获焦炭电阻率为0.2～1.0Ω·cm.     

噻虫啉在水稻中的残留消解动态及风险评估

为了评价19.8%噻虫啉悬浮剂在水稻上使用的安全性,于2011—2012年在福州、天津和南京三地进行了为期2年的田间试验,采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)研究了噻虫啉在水稻秆、稻米和稻壳中的消解动态和最终残留.结果表明:噻虫啉在水稻植株中的消解规律符合一级动力学模型,在三地的半衰期为3.8~17.3 d.在推荐使用剂量86.4 g·hm-2(以有效成分计)下,距最后一次施药30 d后收获的稻米中噻虫啉的残留量未超过日本规定的最大残留限量(MRL)值(0.1 mg·kg-1).通过计算得出每人每天从稻米中所摄入的噻虫啉为0.121 mg,风险商值(RQ)为0.192,处于安全水平.     

Secobarbital suppression of anaerobic type of rice seedling germination

The Science of Nature -     

不同制备温度的水稻生物炭电子交换能力研究

为探究不同热解温度下生物炭的电子交换能力,通过限氧升温炭化法,利用水稻秸秆在不同热解温度条件下制备生物炭,与氧气、铁氰化钾氧化剂和柠檬酸钛还原剂进行氧化还原反应,对生物炭的得电子能力（EAC）和失电子能力（EDC）进行定量分析.结果显示,热解温度对生物炭的电子交换能力有较大影响,随热解温度升高至500℃时,生物炭的EAC和EDC达到最大,分别为3.86,1.72mmol/g高于500℃后,随着温度的增加,EAC和EDC逐渐减小,这是由于生物炭的醌类和酚类官能团的结构改变以及持久性自由基强度变化的联合作用.此外,柠檬酸钛和连二硫酸钠两种氧化还原电位不同的还原剂进一步证实了还原剂电位对生物炭EAC的影响.且生物炭具有氧化还原的可逆性,可逆的EAC与EDC之和近似等于生物炭的电子储存能力.     

稻、麦籽实中Cd的结合形态

对污染区稻、麦籽实中Cd的存在形态进行了分析,结果表明,在籽实主要营养成分以蛋白质中结合Cd的比例最高;根据籽实中蛋白质在各种溶剂中溶解度不同,区分清蛋白、醇溶谷蛋白、球蛋白及谷蛋白,对其中Cd的分析表明,以球蛋白和谷蛋白结合Cd的比例为高;通过Sephadex G75柱层析对Tris-HCl可溶性组分的分离分析表明,Cd-蛋白质结合体的表观分子量为54.510₃和5.510₃,并对其氨基酸组成进行了分析.     

Modified accumulation of selected heavy metals in Bt transgenic rice

Safety assessment of genetically modified crops generally does not take into account the potential hazard of altered patterns of heavy metal accumulation in plants. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the impact of heavy metal amendments on the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in a Bt transgenic rice Ke-Ming-Dao (KMD) and its wild-type Xiushui 11 (Xs11). In control soils, significant di erence was only found in contents of Cu (p < 0.01) and Pb (p < 0.05) in straw between KMD and Xs11. At three levels of Cd amendments (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), the Cd contents in grain and straw of KMD were significantly higher than those of Xs11, and all grain Cd contents were significantly higher than the International Criteria (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) as specified by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). These results implied that it may be unsafe for growing Bt transgenic rice in heavily Cd-polluted areas. No significant di erence in Zn was found between the two varieties with the exception of roots at Zn amendment level of 600 mg/kg, while Pb contents in KMD were much higher in the straw at the lead amendment level of 1000 mg/kg and in the root at 250 mg Pb/kg. Data on the heavy metal accumulation patterns for the genetically modified rice may be used for the selection of growing areas as well as for plant residue management for Bt rice.