盐沼植物对沉积物间隙水营养盐分布的影响

通过2007年8月~2008年5月对长江口崇明东滩中部潮间带4个不同植被带沉积物间隙水营养盐进行季节观测来研究盐沼植物对沉积物间隙水营养盐分布的影响.结果表明,大型植物生长带间隙水的NH4+-N、PO43--P浓度低于光滩,尤其是夏、秋两季NH4+-N的浓度比光滩低1个数量级以上.在植物生长季节,间隙水各种营养盐含量要明显高于冬季,且植物生物量与间隙水氮、磷有明显的相关关系.氮盐受植物的影响最明显,NH4+-N在互花米草与芦苇带分别是44.21、74.38μmol.L-1,明显低于光滩与海三棱草带(分别是340.14、291.87μmol.L-1);NOx--N的浓度比NH4+-N低1~2个数量级,但以芦苇带最高(5.94μmol.L-1).沉积物-水界面分子扩散通量结果表明,潮滩沉积物是上覆水中SiO32--Si、NH4+-N、PO43--P的源,NOx--N(NO3--N、NO2--N的总和)的汇,其中NOx--N从上覆水向沉积物的扩散通量[16.23μmol.(m2.h)-1]大于NH4+-N从沉积物向上覆水的扩散通量[15.53μmol.(m2.h)-1].植物的生长还通过影响沉积物-水界面的物质交换与间隙水中营养盐比值及其与上覆水间营养盐比值,对毗邻富营养化河口生态系统营养盐结构起到调节作用.     

闽江河口芦苇潮汐湿地甲烷通量及主要影响因子

2007年利用静态箱-气相色谱仪法对闽江河口区最大的鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地和入侵种互花米草斑块涨潮前、涨落潮过程及落潮后甲烷通量季节动态进行了原位测定,并利用室内培养-气相色谱仪法测定了芦苇湿地不同土层土壤甲烷产生潜力.结果表明,鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地全年均属于大气甲烷的排放源,排放通量具有明显的季节变化;涨潮前、涨落潮过程和落潮后甲烷通量大小并无一致的规律,平均排放通量分别为5.13、5.06和4.74 mg·m-2·h-1,差异不显著,其中涨落潮过程排放到潮水和大气环境的甲烷通量分别为2.98和2.08 mg·m-2·h-1.互花米草入侵斑块年均甲烷排放通量(11.02mg·m-2·h-1)明显高于芦苇湿地年均甲烷排放通量(4.98mg·m-2·h-1),互花米草入侵明显增加了闽江河口区湿地的甲烷排放通量.芦苇湿地0～40 cm土壤中甲烷产生潜力范围为0.029～0.123μg·g-1·d-1,0～5 cm土层的甲烷产生潜力最大,且与其它土层差异显著(P<0.05).气温、土壤温度和地上生物量对芦苇湿地甲烷排放影响显著(P<0.05),落潮后芦苇湿地甲烷排放通量与盐度有负相关关系.     

崇明东滩芦苇湿地温室气体排放通量及其影响因素

通过静态箱-气相色谱法对崇明东滩芦苇群落在生长周期内的3种温室气体——CH4、N2O和CO2的排放、吸收特征进行研究.结果表明:芦苇群落湿地CH4排放通量受温度影响较大,夏季排放通量明显高于其他季节,年均排放通量为74.46μg/(m2·h);N2O年均排放通量为2.22μg/(m2·h),冬季排放通量最大;CO2的吸收率季节变化明显,年均排放通量为-101.93mg/(m2·h).温度、芦苇植株光合作用及呼吸作用是影响CH4产生和排放的主要因素;而沉积物氮素不足和限制,则是促使芦苇群落表现出对N2O吸收的原因;芦苇的光合作用及土壤呼吸作用随温度和季节的变化是控制芦苇湿地CO2的排放和吸收的主要因素.芦苇植株发达的通气组织是CH4和N2O由大气向沉积物扩散的通道,同时分子扩散过程也是沉积物产生的CH4、N2O和CO2扩散到大气中的途径和方式.     

象山港河纯养殖区沉积物-海水界面N、P营养盐的扩散通量

2008年1月、5月和7月3次对象山港河纯网箱养殖区海底沉积物进行了底质表层间隙水和上覆水营养盐(NH4-N,NO2-N,NO3-N,P04-P)的分析,并使用Fick第一定律对该港湾沉积物--海水界面N、P营养盐的扩散通量进行了估算.研究结果表明,养殖区沉积物间隙水中N、P营养盐含量显著高于非养殖区,上覆水和沉积物间隙水中的N从1月份NH4-N为主逐渐转变到7月份以NO3-N为主.养殖区上覆水中NH4-N最高浓度为234.66μmoL/L,NO3-N最高浓度为79.25μmol/L.养殖区上覆水中N、P营养盐的含量均严重超标.N、P营养盐的扩散通量估算结果显示:随着养殖高峰期的到来,沉积物-海水界面N、P营养盐的扩散方向由从沉积物向上覆水扩散逐渐转向从上覆水向沉积物扩散;养殖区扩散通量值相对于非养殖区显著扩大化;NH4-N通量变化最大,从1月份最高700.41μmoL/(m2·d)降低到7月份27.87 μmoL/(m2·d).海水养殖对沉积物中N、P营养盐扩散通量影响显著.     

冬水田转稻麦轮作对小麦生长季温室气体排放的影响

用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定了川中丘陵地区典型冬水田(RF)及冬水田转稻麦轮作处理(RW)在小麦生长季的温室气体排放通量,并同步测定了土壤温度、水分和可溶态碳氮含量.结果表明,RW在小麦生长季的CH4、生态系统呼吸CO2和N2O平均排放通量分别为0.05、117.01 mg·m-2·h-1(以C计)和77.19μg·m-2·h-1(以N计),而RF相应通量分别为1.43、7.85 mg·m-2·h-1和-0.61μg·m-2·h-1.RW施氮肥后出现N2O的排放峰,其N2O直接排放系数为1.28%.土壤可溶态有机碳含量与CO2通量之间呈显著正相关关系(r=0.342,p0.01),与CH4、N2O的相关关系不显著;硝态氮、可溶态总氮含量与N2O通量的关系为显著正相关,但与CH4通量呈显著负相关.RF的综合增温潜势(以CO2-eq计,下同)为3.03 Mg·hm-2,大于RW(-1.66 Mg·hm-2),暗示冬水田转稻麦轮作会降低生态系统的综合增温效应.     

闽江口鱼虾混养塘水-气界面温室气体通量及主要影响因子

以闽江口区鳝鱼滩湿地分布的鱼虾混合养殖塘为研究对象,于2011年9月-2012年1月,采用悬浮箱-气相色谱法对养殖塘白天水-气界面CO2、CH4和N2O的通量进行观测,并同步测定地面气象及养殖塘表层水的物理、生物和化学指标.结果表明,观测期间养殖塘水-气界面CO2、CH4和N2O 3种温室气体通量变化范围分别为-22.15 ～74.79 mg·m-2·h-、0.08～6.62mg·m-2·h-1和-9.82 ～ 47.16μg·m-2· h-1,平均值分别为21.04、3.15 mg·m-2ˉh-1和16.58 μg·m-2·h-1,整体均表现为大气中3种温室气体的排放源.养殖塘水-气界面3种温室气体通量特征受到人类管理行为(水质管理和饵料投放等)、养殖鱼虾的觅食和代谢过程及气象因子和水体理化性质等诸多因素的共同影响.     

稻鸭复合系统的温室气体排放及其温室效应

利用密闭箱技术和碱液吸收法.通过田间试验研究了稻鸭复合系统土壤CH4、N2O和CO2的排放规律及其温室效应.结果表明:①在水稻生长期间,CH4分别在分蘖期和抽穗期出现2个排放高峰.平均排放通量养鸭处理为(7.68±0.74)mg·m-2·h-1.常规淹水稻田(对照)为(9.53±0.40)mg·m-2·h-1;N2O排放通量呈现出在稻田淹水期间保持较低值,在稻田落干后迅速升高的趋势,平均排放通量养鸭处理为(0.092±0.073)mg·m-2·h-1,对照为(0.082±0.074)mg·m-2·h-1;而CO2的排放则在分蘖期和成熟期田面水逐渐落干后呈现2个排放峰,养鸭处理和对照的平均排放通量分别为(121.20±4.21)mg·m-2·h-1和(107.53±3.92)mg·m-2·h-1.②稻田养鸭显著地降低了CH4的排放.水稻整个生育期间排放量为18.41 g.m-2,比对照减少19.3%;而显著地提高了N2O的排放,整个生育期间排放量为0.2 g·m-2,比对照增加了10%;养鸭稻田土壤CO2的总排放量为273.66 g·m-2,对照为245.73 g·m-2,两者之间没有显著性的差异.③CH4是引起稻田温室气体综合温室效应的主体,其贡献率在60%左右,相对于常规稻作,稻田养鸭能有效降低甲烷的温室效应,使其温室气体的综合温室效应显著降低.说明在中国南部稻鸭共作是一个减缓全球温室效应的可行措施.     

象山港河鲀养殖区沉积物—海水界面N、P营养盐的扩散通量

2008年1月、5月和7月3次对象山港河鲀网箱养殖区海底沉积物进行了底质表层间隙水和上覆水营养盐(NH4-N,NO2-N,NO3-N,PO4-P)的分析,并使用Fick第一定律对该港湾沉积物——海水界面N、P营养盐的扩散通量进行了估算。研究结果表明,养殖区沉积物间隙水中N、P营养盐含量显著高于非养殖区,上覆水和沉积物间隙水中的N从1月份NH4-N为主逐渐转变到7月份以NO3-N为主。养殖区上覆水中NH4-N最高浓度为234.66μmol/L,NO3-N最高浓度为79.25μmol/L。养殖区上覆水中N、P营养盐的含量均严重超标。N、P营养盐的扩散通量估算结果显示:随着养殖高峰期的到来,沉积物—海水界面N、P营养盐的扩散方向由从沉积物向上覆水扩散逐渐转向从上覆水向沉积物扩散;养殖区扩散通量值相对于非养殖区显著扩大化;NH4-N通量变化最大,从1月份最高700.41μmol/(m2.d)降低到7月份27.87μmol/(m2.d)。海水养殖对沉积物中N、P营养盐扩散通量影响显著。     

芦苇植株对湿地温室气体排放的影响及其日变化特征

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对夏季(7月、8月和9月)长江河口湿地芦苇植被CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的叶面通量、茎秆扩散速率以及沉积物通量的日变化进行研究。结果显示,通过芦苇叶片排放的N_2O与CH_4的量分别为2.99μg/(m~2·h)和15.36μg/(m~2·h),CO_2则呈现白天吸收(-120.86 mg/(m~2·h))、夜间排放(69.39 mg/(m~2·h))的特点。芦苇茎秆N_2O、CH_4和CO_2平均扩散速率分别为1.96μg/h、142.45μg/h和10.69 mg/h,沉积物平均排放通量为N_2O 8.18μg/(m~2·h)、CH_41.58 mg/(m~2·h)、CO_2169.66 mg/(m~2·h)。芦苇茎秆和沉积物界面CH_4和CO_2的排放均呈现出明显的"单峰型"昼夜变化规律,其排放峰值集中在日照及温度最高的9:00至15:00。芦苇植株是影响温室气体排放变化的因素之一。芦苇植株在光合作用下吸收CO_2并促进CH_4的排放,而芦苇发达的根系及茎秆是温室气体排放的主要途径。同时,Pearson相关性分析表明温度对芦苇群落CH_4和NO2的排放影响显著,但与CO_2通量的相关性不明显。土壤氧化还原电位对3种气体的排放均有显著影响。     

华中地区水旱轮作模式下水稻季施氮肥对油菜季施氮肥土壤N2O排放的影响

设置了水稻季与油菜季均不施用氮肥(N0-0);水稻季施用氮肥150 kg·hm-2(以N计,下同),油菜季不施用氮肥(N150-0);水稻季与油菜季均施用氮肥150 kg·hm-2(N150-150);水稻季不施用氮肥,油菜季施用氮肥150 kg·hm-2(N0-150)4种施肥处理,采用静态箱/气相色谱法对旱作油菜季N_2O的排放进行了原位观测(2016年9月—2017年4月),研究了华中地区水旱轮作模式下水稻季施肥对油菜季土壤N_2O排放的影响.结果表明,油菜季N_2O排放主要集中在施基肥后1周内.N0-0、N150-0、N150-150和N0-150处理N_2O排放通量变化范围分别为-10.81~181.26、-20.48~95.61、-8.87~638.56和-21.76~827.86μg·m-2·h-1,平均排放通量分别为4.58、3.89、21.06和27.24μg·m-2·h-1,N_2O累积排放量分别为0.20、0.17、0.92和1.19 kg·hm-2,施氮肥处理(N150-150和N0-150)N_2O排放量显著高于不施氮肥处理(N0-0、N150-0)(p0.05).N150-150和N0-150处理N_2O排放通量与土壤孔隙充水率(WFPS)具有显著正相关关系(p0.05);N150-150和N0-150处理N_2O排放通量与土壤可溶性有机氮(DON)和无机氮(NO-3-N和NH+4-N)具有显著正相关关系(p0.01).以上结果表明,油菜季N_2O排放与稻季施用氮肥无关,施氮肥对土壤活性氮含量的影响是导致N_2O排放差异的主要原因,而土壤孔隙充水率也是影响油菜季N_2O排放的重要环境因子.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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