雷州半岛桉树人工林地的生物改良研究

研究雷州半岛桉树人工林地的生物改良途径。结果表明；桉树林下间种绿肥、牧草或菠萝，可以提高林地覆盖度，增加林地枯落物，提高土壤肥力，促进桉树的生长。筛选出比较适宜于桉树人工林下间种的植物品种，并对间种的经济效益作了初步分析。     

八达岭林场不同密度油松人工林枯落物水文效应

研究不同林分密度对枯落物水文效应的影响,可为增强水源涵养、提升水文生态功能和优化生态系统服务提供理论依据。以北京八达岭林场4种密度(900、1 260、1 460和1 660 plant·hm~(-2))的油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)人工林为研究对象,采用样地调查和室内浸泡法,分析不同密度下未分解层和半分解层枯落物蓄积量、枯落物持水特征、枯落物持水量和吸水速率及其与浸水时间的关系。结果表明,(1)4种密度油松人工林枯落物蓄积量为14.94-25.74 t·hm~(-2),厚度为20.63-33.37 mm,不同密度林分枯落物蓄积量和厚度表现为1 260 plant·hm~(-2)1 660 plant·hm~(-2)1 460 plant·hm~(-2)900 plant·hm~(-2)。(2)枯落物最大持水量为33.03-51.88 t·hm~(-2),最大拦蓄量为29.98-47.04 t·hm~(-2),有效拦蓄量为25.03-39.25 t·hm~(-2),其中以1 260 plant·hm~(-2)林分最大。(3)枯落物及其各分解层的持水量均随浸水时间呈对数增加,其半分解层枯落物持水量均高于未分解层。(4)枯落物持水速率与浸水时间之间存在明显的幂函数关系,半分解层相对未分解层具有更强的持水能力。综合比较八达岭林场4种密度油松人工林枯落物的持水性能,认为1 260 plant·hm~(-2)的持水能力较好,可较好地涵养水源。     

库布齐沙漠人工防护林林下枯落物及土壤水文效应研究

在库布齐沙漠东北缘采用样地调查和室内浸泡法对库布齐沙漠防风固沙林林下枯落物及土壤层水文效应进行了初步研究,比较分析不同防风固沙林下枯落物及土壤的水文差异,以期为库布齐沙漠防护林的建设与养护提供参考。研究发现,杨树(Populus popular)林的枯落物蓄积量高于同期沙柳(Salix psammophila)林、沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)林及樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)林,杨树林枯落物覆盖下的土壤容重、持水量、孔隙度等物理性状与其他3种林分相比变化显著。不同林龄的4种防风固沙林林下枯落物的厚度介于0.70—2.10 cm,枯落物蓄积量介于7.71—34.37 t·hm~(-2),最大持水量总和介于20.86—59.59 t·hm~(-2),最大拦蓄量总和介于19.27—45.23 t·hm~(-2),有效拦蓄量总和介于16.14—36.29 t·hm~(-2),自然含水率介于19.44%—87.15%。枯落物下土壤容重介于1.44—1.50 g·cm~(-3),土壤最大持水量介于228.80—284.59 g·kg~(-1),土壤总孔隙度介于37.30%—45.08%。回归分析表明,枯落物持水量与浸水时间符合关系式Q=alnt+b,相关系数R2均大于0.881;吸水速率与浸水时间符合关系式V=ktn,相关系数R2均大于0.986。通过对研究区枯落物水文功能参数与土壤性质进行相关分析发现,枯落物的水文功能参数对土壤容重及土壤总孔隙度的影响作用较大。综合研究发现在同林龄不同林分的防护林中,杨树林枯落物的水源涵养能力优于其他3种林分。     

疏伐对不同林龄云杉人工林地被层水源涵养能力的影响

以川西亚高山暗针叶林区主要的人工林——云杉人工林为研究对象,通过在四川省理县米亚罗镇设置固定样地,进行群落调查、地被层(枯落物和苔藓)取样测定,探讨不同疏伐处理(S0:对照;S1:疏伐10%;S2:疏伐20%)对不同林龄云杉人工林(幼龄林:25年;中龄林:35年;近熟林:50年)地被层水源涵养能力的影响.结果表明:林分成熟前,云杉人工林地被层持水能力随林龄增加而显著提高;从4年短期效应看,疏伐对云杉人工林地被层持水能力无显著影响.地被层蓄积量组成中,枯落物大于苔藓,占比达55.64%-67.21%,且随着林龄的增加先升高后降低;地被层最大持水量组成中,枯落物占比为45.56%-52.26%,且随着林龄的增加逐渐升高.枯落物蓄积量及最大持水量占比均随疏伐强度的增加先升高后降低,苔藓的贡献逐渐增加;枯落物蓄积量、最大持水率及最大持水量组成均表现为叶片大于枝干.叶片蓄积量占比为53.02%-60.89%,最大持水量占比为64.27%-71.25%,且占比均随林龄增加逐渐升高,随疏伐强度增加先升高后降低.因此,枯落物为地被层水源涵养功能的主要承担者,叶片则是枯落物水源涵养功能的承担主体,且两者的持水能力随着林龄的增加而升高,随着疏伐强度的增加先升高再降低;同时,林龄和疏伐强度的增加还逐步提高了苔藓的持水能力.如何通过提高地被层中枯落物叶片及苔藓的蓄积量来提高地被层水源涵养能力,进而提高云杉人工林水源涵养能力将是今后其结构功能调整和可持续经营研究的重点.(图5表8参45)     

崇陵流域不同林分类型枯落物水文效应研究

为研究太行山崇陵流域不同林分枯落物的水源涵养能力,以侧柏(Platycladusorientalis)纯林(Ⅰ)、油松(Pinus tabuliformis)纯林(Ⅱ)、油松-刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)混交林(Ⅲ)和杨树(Populus L.)纯林(Ⅳ) 4种典型林分为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内浸泡法,对枯落物持水性能进行研究。结果表明,(1)4种林分类型枯落物厚度范围为1.56—4.59 cm,蓄积量范围为3.66—18.60t·hm~(-2),蓄积量总体上为ⅢⅡⅠⅣ。(2)不同林分最大持水量为9.02—45.27t·hm~(-2),其变化规律与蓄积量相同,杨树纯林平均最大持水率最大(244.98%),侧柏纯林最小(166.02%)。(3)枯落物有效拦蓄量排序为Ⅲ(26.53)Ⅱ(21.40)Ⅰ(9.32)Ⅳ(6.94),最大拦蓄量与有效拦蓄量规律一致,除杨树纯林外,有效拦蓄量与最大拦蓄量均呈现出半分解层高于未分解层。(4)枯落物各分解层的持水量与浸水时间符合对数函数:Q=alnt+b,且回归系数均大于0.97;枯落物的吸水速率与浸水时间符合幂函数V=ktn,且回归系数均大于0.99。综合比较4种林分枯落物的持水能力,油松-刺槐混交林的持水能力最强。研究结果可为崇陵流域的水土保持措施的制定提供一定的理论支持。     

云南松林不同枯落物输入处理的土壤呼吸动态及其影响因素研究

为揭示枯落物输入变化对林地土壤呼吸的影响,采用枯落物添加和去除试验(DIRT),在对滇中高原磨盘山的云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)林6种不同枯落物处理(对照CK、双倍枯落物DL、去除枯落物NL、去除有机层和A层O/A-Less、去除根系NR、无输入NI)样地土壤呼吸(Rs)和理化性质的测定的基础上,对枯落物输入变化下云南松林地土壤呼吸和土壤理化性质及两者的关系进行了研究。结果表明,(1)不同枯落物处理及不同月份间土壤呼吸差异极显著(P0.01),不同枯落物处理样地的年均土壤呼吸速率分别为:R_(s(DL))=8.32μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、R_(s(CK))=6.34μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、R_(s(NL))=5.71μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、R_(s(NR))=4.32μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、R_(s(O/A-Less))=3.69μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、R_(s(NI))=2.54μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。(2)不同处理对0—10 cm土层土壤水分(φ_w)、土壤温度(t)、全氮(TN)、全碳(TC)、硝态氮(NO3~-)、有机碳(TOC)、p H值和土壤总孔隙度(SP)影响显著(P0.05)。(3)R_s与t和TN呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),而与p H呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01);R_s与φ_w、NO_3~-、TC、SOC、SP、容重和C/N无显著相关性(P0.05)。研究结果对于评估未来气候变化条件下云南松森林生态系统的碳平衡具有重要意义。     

北京松山4种典型林分枯落物持水特征研究

为研究北京松山国家自然保护区不同林分枯落物持水效能差异,采用典型样地调查和室内浸泡法,对松山国家级自然保护区内4种典型林分类型,即蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)纯林、油松(Pinus tabuliformis)纯林、山杨(Populus davidiana)纯林和毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)-油松针阔混交林的枯落物水文效应进行分析。结果表明,(1)4种典型林分类型枯落物层蓄积量为8.05—23.78 t·hm~(-2),大小排序为蒙古栎纯林(23.78 t·hm~(-2))山杨纯林(21.26 t·hm~(-2))油松纯林(15.85 t·hm~(-2))针阔混交林(8.05 t·hm~(-2))。(2)山杨纯林枯落物最大持水量最大(7.19 t·hm~(-2)),蒙古栎纯林最小(4.37 t·hm~(-2));比较4种典型林分类型枯落物平均持水率发现,针阔混交林最大(230.9%),蒙古栎纯林最小(106.85%)。(3)4种林分枯落物层持水量与其浸水时间呈对数相关(R~20.75,P0.01);其持水速率与浸泡时间符合幂函数关系(R~20.89,P0.01)。山杨纯林有效拦蓄量(13.67 t·hm~(-2))与有效拦蓄率(114.3%)均较高,而油松纯林有效拦蓄量(4.46 t·hm~(-2))及其有效拦蓄率(58.11%)均显著低于其他林分类型。根据水文指标评价上述4种典型林分枯落物持水能力,松山自然保护区内山杨纯林枯落物持水能力最佳,其水源涵养综合能力优于其他3种类型林分枯落物。研究结果可为区域植被恢复和水土流失防治提供理论基础。     

宁夏荒漠草原枯落物分解过程中植物营养元素变化特征

以宁夏荒漠草原优势植物赖草(Leymus secalinus)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)及二者混合物为研究对象,采用分解袋法研究了不同处理间植物枯落物营养元素残留率变化特征,旨在揭示荒漠草原优势植物枯落物分解过程中营养元素变化规律。结果显示,(1)随着分解时间变化,P在3种处理植物枯落物中均呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律;K在胡枝子和混合枯落物中呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律,而在赖草枯落物中则仅表现为释放现象;N在赖草和胡枝子枯落物中呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律,而在混合枯落物中则仅表现为释放现象。(2)经过640d分解,P和K残留率表现为胡枝子枯落物赖草枯落物混合枯落物,N残留率表现为赖草枯落物混合枯落物胡枝子枯落物。(3)经过640 d分解,植物枯落物P、K和N在3种处理间整体上呈净释放状态。研究表明,宁夏荒漠草原植物枯落物营养元素变化特征与植物种的差异性密切相关;混合植物枯落物P和K释放率高于单一种植物枯落物,而N释放率表现为胡枝子枯落物高于赖草及二者混合枯落物。     

喀斯特高原石漠化区次生林叶片—枯落物—土壤连续体碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

探究喀斯特高原石漠化区贵州青冈[Cyclobalanopsis argyrotricha (A. Camus) Chun et Y. T. Chang]-云贵鹅耳枥(Carpinus pubescens Burk)林、麻栎(Quercus acutissima Carruth)林、猴樟(Cinnamomum bodinieri Levl)林和华山松(Pinus armandii Franch)林4种次生林叶片—枯落物—土壤连续体C、N、P生态化学计量特征及相关性,可为喀斯特森林恢复重建和经营管理提供依据.对4种次生林叶片、枯落物及土壤进行野外取样,室内测定C、N、P含量及计算生态化学计量比.结果显示:4种次生林叶片组分的C、N、P元素含量为474.34、18.59、1.78 g/kg;枯落物组分C、N、P元素含量为444.21、12.84、0.96 g/kg;土壤组分(0-10 cm)的C、N、P元素含量为80.40、2.80、0.86 g/kg,叶片—枯落物—土壤连续体C、N、P含量皆表现为高—中—低变化趋势.4种森林叶片—枯落物—土壤连续体各组分C:N:P计量比依次为266:10:1、490:14:1、93:3:1,叶片-枯落物-土壤连续体C:N:P质量比呈中—高—低的变化趋势. C/N、C/P、N/P在叶片—枯落物—土壤连续体各组分中变化趋势不同,C/N在4种森林中变化规律不一致,而C/P与N/P在4种森林中皆表现为中—高—低变化趋势.土壤组分N/P与叶片组分C/P、N/P,枯落物组分N/P与叶片组分C/P、N/P之间皆为显著正相关,而枯落物和土壤组分的N/P之间没有表现出显著的相关性.与已有的研究结果相比,喀斯特次生林叶片—枯落物—土壤连续体C含量呈中—低—高格局,N含量为中—高—高格局,P含量为高—高—高格局,C:N:P化学计量为低—低—高格局,叶片N/P、枯落物C/N较低,土壤C/N相对较高,C/P、N/P相对较低.综上所述,喀斯特高原石漠化区次生林枯落物分解较快,土壤中P回归充分而N回归不足,植被生长主要受到N的限制,且养分循环速度与优势种相关,优势种选择是森林恢复与经营的核心内容.(表5参38)     

荒漠草原典型植物群落枯落物生态水文功能

在退化荒漠草原生态系统恢复过程中,枯落物是联系植被和土壤物质循环与能量流动的重要中间环节,且发挥着重要的生态水文功能。通过调查荒漠草原5种典型植物群落（蒙古冰草群落、甘草群落、赖草群落、杂类草群落和沙蒿群落）枯落物蓄积量、持水性能、对降雨的截留和对土壤水分蒸发的抑制作用,分析了荒漠草原不同植被类型枯落物的生态水文功能。结果表明：枯落物蓄积量和最大持水量均为蒙古冰草群落〉甘草群落〉赖草群落〉杂类草群落〉沙蒿群落;5种群落枯落物层对降雨的截留量在3.36～5.27 mm,截留率在3.40%～6.82%,枯落物对降雨的截留量与降雨量呈正相关,而降雨量与截留率呈负相关,且枯落物对降雨的截留具有显著的季节变化规律。在不同枯落物覆盖下,枯落物对土壤的抑制效应也存在显著差异,0.5~2 cm覆盖厚度比不盖枯落物土壤水分蒸发减少了19.25%～76.82%,枯落物层减少土壤水分蒸发效应随枯落物层厚度增大而增加。枯落物的蓄积与覆盖对土壤水分的运移和蓄存产生明显的生物学作用,已经成为荒漠草原最重要的生态过程之一。     

Simulation of wildfire effects on the nitrogen cycle of a Pinus banksiana ecosystem in New Brunswick, Canada

A non-linear, deterministic model of biomass accumulation and nitrogen cycling in an even-aged, pure jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stand was developed and used to explore effects of fire intensity and frequency of burning on the long-term nitrogen cycle. Given the model structure and assumptions, simulated results showed that successive fires at both light and severe fire intensities caused gradual depletion of the amount of N accumulated in the vegetation layers. Fires also reduced the amount of N in the litter and soil pools, with the initially large soil organically-bound N pool showing a particularly sharp decline, and decreased the productivity of the simulated stand. A frequency of one fire per 20 years for five successive burns produced declines of N accumulated in the tree stratum of 50–75% (depending upon fire intensity) in comparison with the undisturbed system at a corresponding age, whereas a 100-year frequency produced decreases of 10–22%. Similarly, declines in litter layer N were 54–72% at a 40-year frequency, compared with 30–55% at a 100-year frequency. The simulated results also suggested that both the stand age when burning occurred and the fire frequency were important, because distinctive patterns of accumulation and decline of N in ecosystem pools existed with increasing stand age. A serious lack of information regarding processes inherent in the model was found to exist in certain cases. Important processes which are currently poorly quantified include: (1) the factors controlling rates of tree growth; (2) the relation of foliar and other tissue N to soil N concentrations and foliar translocation; (3) the relation of forest floor conditions to decomposition and stand structural characteristics; and (4) the controls of a variety of soil N transformations, transfers, leaching and decomposition rates. Because of this basic lack of information and the great dependence of the model's behavior on these processes, the present version of the model is not suitable for real-world prediction. The model does have use as a means of combining hypotheses about a system into an explicit structure and examining the collective consequences of this, as well as pointing out future research needs for the system.     

桉树人工林生态系统养分循环与平衡研究Ⅴ.桉树林间种山毛豆对土壤肥力与林木生长的作用

桉树人工林间种山毛豆对提高土壤肥力和促进林木生长有极其显著的作用。间种5年后，林地表层土壤有机质和全量养分N、P、K的质量分数，分别为18．21kg／hm^2、0．85kg/hm^2、0．43kg／hm^2、1．30kg/hm^2，而对照林地分别为13．70kg/hm^2、0.56kghm^2、0．34kg/hm^2、1．10kg/hm^2；林地土壤有效养分含量显著提高；土壤结构和土壤水分物理性质显著改善；桉树生长量显著增加，刚果W5桉平均株高增长16％，平均胸径增长22％，单位面积的木材蓄积量增加59％。     

川西亚高山针叶林人工恢复过程的土壤性性质变化

研究川西岷江上游高山针叶林区不同年龄阶段的人工云杉林地凋落物及其养分贮量和土壤养分及主要理化性质的变化趋势，结果表明：（1）人工云杉林的凋落物及其氮、磷、钾贮量、以60年代抚育成熟林最高，40年代抚育成熟林大幅度下降，分别下降34．1％及49．8％，70．5％，46．7％；（2）人工云杉林地表土的有机质、全氮、全磷随林龄的增加而降低，据典型土壤剖面资料，40年代比60年代抚育林土壤分别降低72．4％，78．6％，42．2％；（3）相应于土壤有机质的变化，与60年代人工云杉成熟林相比，40年代成熟林土壤的自然含水量、总孔工、保肥力（CEC）和交换性盐某养分等均明显降低，表现出肥力退化的趋势，因此，当人工云杉林达到成熟林后，后采取诸如适当间伐等措施，以改善林地生态条件，避免土壤肥力退化，图4表6参11。     

杉木观光木混交林和杉木纯林群落细根生产力、分布及养分归还

研究了福建三明27a生杉机光木混交林和杉木群落细根（d＜2mm）的生产力、分布、和养分归还。结果表明，混交林细根生物量、N、P养分现存量分别为5．381thm^2、48．085kghm^-2和4．174kghm^-2，分别比杉木纯林增加17．4％、27．2％和20．0％，混交林林细根的年净生产力达4．124thm^-2a^-1，比纯林高出16．9％，混交林杉木和观光木细根均在表层土壤富集，而在较深层土壤再会得分布具镶嵌性；与混交林杉林相比，纯林杉木土吉表层细根量较少，最大分布层次下移，混交林中观光木细根的周转速率咪1．16，杉木为0．96和0．95；而林下植被层细根周转速率（1．46－1．52）均同于相应的乔木层，混交林细根的年死亡量、N和P养分年归还量分别达2．119thm^-2、18．559kghm^-21．565kgkhm^-2，分别是纯林的1．21倍、1．23倍和1．14 倍，其中林下植被细根占有较为重要位置，对细根分布与土壤性质的相关分析表明，细根的垂直分布与土壤全N的相关性最强（0．87－0．89）。     

3 forest simulation model

The 3 forest simulation model is a process model of tree growth, carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a single-species, even-aged forest stand. It is based on the model. Major changes include the computation of sun angle and radiation as a function of latitude and day of the year, the closed-form integration of canopy production as a function of day and hour, the introduction of tree number, height, and diameter as separate state variables, and different growth strategies, mortalities, and resulting self-thinning as function of crowding competition.The tree/soil system is described by a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the state variables: tree number, base diameter, tree height, wood biomass, nitrogen in wood, leaf mass, fine root mass, fruit biomass, assimilate, carbon and nitrogen in litter, carbon and nitrogen in soil organic matter, and plant-available nitrogen. The model includes explicit formulations of all relevant ecophysiological processes such as: computation of radiation as a function of seasonal time, daytime and cloudiness, light attenuation in the canopy, and canopy photosynthesis as function of latitude, seasonal time, and daytime, respiration of all parts, assimilate allocation, increment formation, nitrogen fixation, mineralization, humification and leaching, forest management (thinning, felling, litter removal, fertilization etc.), temperature effects on respiration and decomposition, and environmental effects (pollution damage to photosynthesis, leaves, and fine roots). Only ecophysiological parameters which can be either directly measured or estimated with reasonable certainty are used. 3 is a generic process model which requires species- and site-specific parametrization. It can be applied to deciduous and coniferous forests under tropical, as well as temperate or boreal conditions.The paper presents a full documentation of the mathematical model as well as representative simulation results for spruce and acacia.     

treedyn3 forest simulation model

The treedyn3 forest simulation model is a process model of tree growth, carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a single-species, even-aged forest stand. It is based on the treedyn model. Major changes include the computation of sun angle and radiation as a function of latitude and day of the year, the closed-form integration of canopy production as a function of day and hour, the introduction of tree number, height, and diameter as separate state variables, and different growth strategies, mortalities, and resulting self-thinning as function of crowding competition.The tree/soil system is described by a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the state variables: tree number, base diameter, tree height, wood biomass, nitrogen in wood, leaf mass, fine root mass, fruit biomass, assimilate, carbon and nitrogen in litter, carbon and nitrogen in soil organic matter, and plant-available nitrogen. The model includes explicit formulations of all relevant ecophysiological processes such as: computation of radiation as a function of seasonal time, daytime and cloudiness, light attenuation in the canopy, and canopy photosynthesis as function of latitude, seasonal time, and daytime, respiration of all parts, assimilate allocation, increment formation, nitrogen fixation, mineralization, humification and leaching, forest management (thinning, felling, litter removal, fertilization etc.), temperature effects on respiration and decomposition, and environmental effects (pollution damage to photosynthesis, leaves, and fine roots). Only ecophysiological parameters which can be either directly measured or estimated with reasonable certainty are used. treedyn3 is a generic process model which requires species- and site-specific parametrization. It can be applied to deciduous and coniferous forests under tropical, as well as temperate or boreal conditions.The paper presents a full documentation of the mathematical model as well as representative simulation results for spruce and acacia.     

Do evergreen and deciduous trees have different effects on net N mineralization in soil?

Evergreen and deciduous plants are widely expected to have different impacts on soil nitrogen (N) availability because of differences in leaf litter chemistry and ensuing effects on net N mineralization (N(min)). We evaluated this hypothesis by compiling published data on net N(min) rates beneath co-occurring stands of evergreen and deciduous trees. The compiled data included 35 sets of co-occurring stands in temperate and boreal forests. Evergreen and deciduous stands did not have consistently divergent effects on net N(min) rates; net N(min) beneath deciduous trees was higher when comparing natural stands (19 contrasts), but equivalent to evergreens in plantations (16 contrasts). We also compared net N(min) rates beneath pairs of co-occurring genera. Most pairs of genera did not differ consistently, i.e., tree species from one genus had higher net N(min) at some sites and lower net N(min) at other sites. Moreover, several common deciduous genera (Acer, Betula, Populus) and deciduous Quercus spp. did not typically have higher net N(min) rates than common evergreen genera (Pinus, Picea). There are several reasons why tree effects on net N(min) are poorly predicted by leaf habit and phylogeny. For example, the amount of N mineralized from decomposing leaves might be less than the amount of N mineralized from organic matter pools that are less affected by leaf litter traits, such as dead roots and soil organic matter. Also, effects of plant traits and plant groups on net N(min) probably depend on site-specific factors such as stand age and soil type.     

南亚热带中幼龄针阔混交林生态化学计量特征

为了解南亚热带中幼龄针阔混交林植物、凋落物和土壤生态化学计量特征,本研究以10-11 a、7-9 a和3-5 a林龄人工针阔混交林为研究对象,通过对植物叶片（乔木、灌木和草本）、凋落物及土壤的碳（C）、氮（N）和磷（P）含量及计量比分析,探讨了中幼龄针阔混交林生态化学计量特征、相互关系及其N、P养分限制。结果表明,1）针阔混交林乔木、灌木和草本叶片碳含量均值分别为502.88、472.18和438.31 mg·g-1,其叶片碳含量表现为乔木〉灌木〉草本;叶片全氮含量均值分别为15.87、19.61和15.72 mg·g-1,叶片全磷含量均值为1-09、1.24和0.91 mg·g-1,其叶片氮和磷含量均表现为灌木〉乔木〉草本;凋落物碳、氮和磷含量均值分别为497-07、11-36和0.45 mg·g-1,凋落物氮和磷含量均低于植物。2）针阔混交林乔木叶片C/N、C/P和N/P均值分别为34.43、517-06和15.63,灌木和草本叶片C/N、C/P和N/P均值分别为26.60和28.55、438.77和507.59、16.52和17.95,而凋落物C/N、C/P和N/P为46.50、1193.26和26.17;不同林龄杉木叶片N/P均低于14,表明杉木生长受N限制;10-11 a林龄阔叶树生长受N的限制,7-9 a和3-5 a林龄阔叶树生长受P的限制,灌木和草本生长基本受P限制。3）植物叶片全氮和全磷含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,C/N与C/P呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,而全磷含量与C/N、C/P、N/P呈极显著和显著负相关（P〈0.01,P〈0-05）;土壤有机碳含量与土壤全氮含量、C/P、N/P呈极显著和显著正相关（P〈0.01,P〈0-05）。本研究为中幼龄人工林抚育及可持续经营提供科学参考。     

中亚热带杉木人工林冰雪灾害引发的林木损害及林地养分分布

对中亚热带被冰雪灾害破坏的杉木林地的杉木损害程度及其林地养分分布变化进行了调查,冻雨在杉木枝叶上形成冰柱,造成大量的林木折冠,林木折断的树干部位随胸径的增加而显著升高。树木残体的干质量达25987.6kg·hm-2,树干、枝、叶和皮分别占44%、27%、22%和7%。树木残体中叶、干、枝和皮的N、P和K储量分别占其N、P和K总储量的62%、18%、13%和7%。杉木林地的N、P、K3种养分的积累量为63294.5kg·hm-2,杉木残体的养分仅占杉木林地的0.23%,凋落物层的养分占0.09%,而土壤养分所占比例高达99.68%。3种养分数量在各组分中均为N〉K〉P。雨雪冰冻灾害造成的杉木折干增加了土壤肥力。林冠残体分解引起的养分含量下降,林冠破坏后几乎没有凋落物归还土壤,华南地区频降大雨造成的速效养分流失将使土壤变得贫瘠。     

Impact of litter removal on soil characteristics under a Pinus caribaea stand

ABSTRACT

Forest productivity is dependent on soil quality, which in turn is related to litter; yet there is limited understanding of the relationships between litter and soil quality. The effects of litter removal treatment on tree growth and soil properties were examined in a Pinus caribaea stand with the aim of providing an understanding of consequences of litter removal on soil patterns. This knowledge is important for planning appropriate long-term forest management. Three pairs of 30 × 30 m² plots (each pair a control and treatment) were established in the center of a P. caribaea stand in April 2002. The controls were left undisturbed with an intact litter layer, while litter was removed monthly from treated plots. The diameter and height of the P. caribaea decreased and soil quality was degraded over the experimental period in litter-removed (treated) plots. Litter removal also produced a significant increase in soil bulk density at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths. The capillary porosity, capillary moisture capacity, and natural water content in controls at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths were significantly greater than treated plots. The non-capillary porosity in controls at the 0–20 cm depth was also significantly higher than treated plots. The organic carbon, total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K) and alkalized N content in each layer, and available P and exchangeable K at 0–20 and 40–60 cm depths in control plots were significantly greater than litter-removed plots. The numbers of bacteria at 0–20 and 40–60 cm depths and of fungi at 20–40 and 40–60 cm depths were higher in control than treated plots. The number of actinomyces and urease, catalase, and acid phosphatase activities in controls at each depth were significantly greater than litter-removed plots.