低温复合条件下救灾帐篷环境适应性试验与评价

目的研究救灾帐篷性能受恶劣环境的影响。方法建立多灾复合环境试验平台,利用其平台开展救灾帐篷不同工况下的试验研究,探究不同环境下救灾帐篷内部热环境分布和保温性能的变化。结果帐篷内部热环境分层现象只发生在温度上升阶段,而在附加风载后,分层现象减弱,在下降阶段,各内表面温度变化情况表现基本一致,当附加雪载环境温度低于–10℃时,救灾帐篷的保温性变差。利用价值函数法建立了救灾帐篷耦合环境适应性评价指标体系,提出了风&低温、雨雪复合环境下救灾帐篷适应性评价方法,得出评价得分,并与试验结果相印证。结论低温复合环境下,帐篷内环境受外界影响较大,保温性能不佳,易出现“冷室效应”,应积极寻找新型材料改善帐篷在恶劣环境下的环境适应性。     

4×250 kW发电机组低温环境适应性试验研究

目的研究某大功率发电机组的低温环境适应性。方法将发电机组放置于高低温综合环境模拟试验室,室温降至–55℃,保温48 h,而后升温至–40℃,保温12 h,恢复常温。结果经检查,机组用时11′20″低温启动成功,其低温持续工作的稳态电压调整率为–0.880%,稳态频率调整率为–0.036%,稳态电压波动率为0.175%,稳态频率波动率为0.080%。试验过程中,样机塑料件、橡胶件、金属件未出现故障。结论该发电机组的启动性能、电气性能、结构材料等满足低温环境适应性要求,也为其他发电机组的低温环境适应性考核提供了指导方法。     

漠河低温工作极值及其统计方法探讨

为提高漠河试验站低温工作极值统计的准确性,推进低温工作极值在装备低温环境适应性评估中的应用.以最低温度、平均温度、小于–35℃的天数为基准条件,分别统计了漠河不同年份的低温工作极值,研究了基准条件、统计年份、数据缺失情况对严酷月确定和工作极值的影响.基准条件、统计年份、数据缺失都会影响严酷月的确定和低温工作极值的统计,统计年份的影响比基准条件大,数据缺失影响的严重性需要看数据缺失的多少和时间段.工作极值结果至少包括数据年限、基准条件、严酷月、时间风险率、与时间风险率对应的工作极值等内容.1991—2005年,时间风险率为1％、5％、10％、20％、30％的最低温度工作极值分别为:–44.0、–40.7、–38.1、–35.6、–33.6℃.     

CANON反应器运行稳定性及温度冲击的影响

为考察长期运行条件下全程自养脱氮(CANON)反应器的运行效果,以人工配置无机高氨氮废水为进水,研究了连续流CANON反应器的运行稳定性.CANON反应器在控制内部温度为35℃±1℃,pH 7.39～8.01,水力停留时间3.7～5.1 h条件下,稳定运行超过1 a,短程硝化性能与厌氧氨氧化性能均获得稳定,平均TN去除负荷达到1.8 kg.(m3.d)-1,平均TN去除率为65.09%,最大TN去除率可达81.65%.低温冲击时,虽然ANAMMOX菌与AOB都会受到低温的抑制,但由于ANAMMOX菌对低温更加敏感,受到的抑制更加严重,因此造成NO2--N严重积累.温度恢复35℃后,CANON反应器性能很快恢复正常,短暂的低温冲击不会对CANON反应器稳定性构成显著影响;当经历超过50℃以上的高温冲击时,尽管AOB可在1周内恢复正常,但ANAMMOX菌的活性被完全破坏,使CANON反应器彻底崩溃,应予以避免.     

应用磁异常信号监测填埋体位移的技术研究

在比较填埋场内部位移监测方法的基础上,提出利用增强填埋场内目标体所产生的磁异常信号(磁通量密度,以ΔT计)观测填埋体位移的方法. 建立正演模型,研究目标体磁异常信号的理论曲线变化特征及其在不同环境条件下的信号变化规律. 对ΔT实测值分析表明,填埋场环境背景值(-100～100 nT)并不会掩盖特征目标体磁异常信号的最大理论值(724.31～2 804.24 nT),确定了该方法的可行性. 模拟表明,在规定目标体大小、磁化强度的条件下,当目标体埋深为1～2 m时,其水平位置定位误差≤0.02 m,竖直位置定位误差≤0.09 m,证实了磁测定位方法具有良好的应用前景.      

centrifugal用热控装置设计

目的 评估飞行器产品在飞行过程对热–离心综合环境的适应性,研制一套热–离心综合环境试验用热控装置。方法 从热–离心试验需求出发,完成综合试验系统总体研制目标及系统方案设计。针对高g值离心环境（离心加速度值≥90g）下的热载荷加载需求,开展基于热传导的热载荷加载方法研究,并完成适用于高g值环境的热控装置硬件布局优化设计。提出基于分段包络思想的产品响应温度梯度分布效应模拟方法及实现,减少过试验考核。结果 利用该热控装置完成了热–离心综合环境功能验证试验,设置最大加速度为92g,保载时间为3 min,最高加热温度为150℃,最大温升速率为3℃/min,3温区控制,升温过程中,温度误差优于±1.5℃。结论 该热–离心综合环境试验用热控装置可用于飞行器产品热–离心综合环境试验的考核。     

高原高寒地域中重型车辆蓄电池加热起动辅助装置研究

目的解决中重型车辆装备在高原高寒环境下蓄电池充放电性能降低,起动电量供应不足的问题。方法采用燃油空气加热器对车用铅酸蓄电池进行加热,同时运用专用保温箱进行保温,保持蓄电池内部温度在正常工作范围,确保其在低温环境下的充放电性能。结果使用蓄电池加热和保温装置,可将蓄电池电解液温度升至常温。在-25℃环境条件下,可以提高蓄电池放电量65%左右;在-41℃环境条件下,可以提高蓄电池放电量110%左右。结论蓄电池加热和保温装置可以有效提高其低温环境下充放电性能,使车用蓄电池在低温环境中可以有效提供发动机起动及各种起动辅助装置用电,为高原高寒地域中重型车辆的起动与运行提供有效保障。     

某型液体火箭动力系统低温环境适应性要求验证试验与结果分析

目的验证动力系统低温环境适应性要求。方法开展低温试验,模拟火箭运载平台在某使用条件下的环境状态,测量火箭运载平台在各典型测点表面温度数据,将实际温度数据及温度变化情况与关键部组件的使用要求进行对比,分析局部实际温度条件是否满足内部关键部组件的使用要求。结果获得低温条件下关注部位温度数据及温度变化情况。结论通过进行低温条件下的试验,验证了此型火箭在一定低温条件下,重点关注部位的温度能够满足产品设计使用技术要求。此结果为此型火箭动力系统低温环境条件下的使用提供了依据。     

The study of wintertime heat preservation measures constructed wetland in northern China subsurface flow

人工湿地作为一种造价较省,运行成本低的污水处理技术,目前已经得到了广泛的应用.但是在北方地区,人工湿地受到冬季气候影响,无法正常运行,降低了它的使用效率.试验针对北方冬季低温环境下,人工湿地无法正常运行的问题,对3种不同的保温措施进行历时两年的对比试验,通过对TP、TN、NH4＋-N和COD等4种主要污染物和人工湿地出水水温的跟踪监测,检验了不同保温措施的效果.试验结果表明：在冬季,使用薄膜法保温措施的处理系统中,COD、TN和NH4＋-N的去除率分别为30%～45%、40%～60%和35%～60%,比温棚法和冰封法的出水中污染物去除率高10%～20%.TP在出水中含量波动较大,去除率为19%～70%,伴有磷释放现象,但是在薄膜保温下TP的去除效果也要好于温棚和冰封.经过SPSS16.0分析,薄膜保温的人工湿地出水水质与冰封和温棚法相比具有显著性差异.在对人工湿地曝气槽和出水口的污水水温进行监测发现,利用薄膜保温的人工湿地出水口水温高于冰封和温棚的水温,进一步证明薄膜保温可以有效提高人工湿地内的温度,为人工湿地正常运行提供了保证.而且薄膜保温措施的操作简便、造价低,适合推广应用.     

航空用碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料低温环境下弯曲性能变化研究

目的研究航空用碳纤维增强中温固化环氧脂基复合材料单向层压板在低温环境下不同试验方式弯曲性能的变化规律。方法通过改变压头半径、跨厚比、以及压头与试样之间有无塑料薄膜衬垫等试验方式,研究-50℃低温环境下不同试验方法弯曲性能的变化规律。结果低温环境下,不同的试验方式对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料弯曲性能测试数据的影响有所不同。当使用塑料薄膜衬垫时,会显著降低试样上表面压头部位的应力集中,在低温环境下试样弯曲性能变化最低;当压头半径减小时,低温环境对试样弯曲性能影响最显著。结论如需测量温度对试样弯曲性能的影响,建议选择压头半径较小,无塑料薄膜衬垫,跨厚比L/h为32:1的试验方案。     

Wind and sky as compass cues in desert ant navigation

While integrating their foraging and homing paths, desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis, depend on external compass cues. Whereas recent research in bees and ants has focused nearly exclusively on the polarization compass, two other compass systems—the sun compass and the wind (anemo) compass—as well as the mutual interactions of all these compass systems have received little attention. In this study, we show that of the two visual compass systems, it is only the polarization compass that invariably outcompetes the wind compass, while the sun compass does so only under certain conditions. If the ants are experimentally deprived of their polarization compass system, but have access simultaneously to both their sun compass and their wind compass, they steer intermediate courses. The intermediate courses shift the more towards the wind compass course, the higher the elevation of the sun is in the sky.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.