目的地居民对旅游影响的认知态度实证研究

旅游地居民对旅游影响的认知态度研究是旅游影响研究的主要内容之一。以浙江乌镇为例．在实地调研的基础上．利用问卷调查方法，分析了乌镇居民对旅游的社会文化影响、环境影响和经济影响的感知程度．以及居民对旅游业发展的态度．归纳总结了乌镇居民对旅游影响的一般认知态度状况．对制定合理的旅游发展政策、改善居民对旅游者的态度和提高居民对旅游业的支持、促进旅游地可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。本文的调查结果进一步证实了以往居民对旅游影响认知态度研究的研究成果。乌镇居民对旅游给当地社区带来的社会、文化和环境效益感知强烈令人鼓舞。这与Liu和Var等诸多学者通过研究发现目的地居民对旅游发展产生的各方效益感知明显是一致的。此外，乌镇居民对旅游经济影响的正面感知一致较强与现有研究成果也是相符的。所有这些证实了旅游地生命周期早期阶段居民更易倾向于正面感知。     

旅游者交通碳足迹空间分布研究

基于生命周期评价理论的碳足迹分析方法成为碳排放计量的重要方法之一。按照旅游业"碳减排"的"计量-减排-补偿"三步走的逻辑主线,其碳排放计量是其节能减排的第一步。旅游作为一种因旅游需求的近似性而引起的旅游者集体性空间移动现象,是一种复杂的空间动态流,具有一定的方向性、流动规模、封闭性、不规则性、时空分布等特点。旅游者交通碳足迹研究将旅游者从客源地-目的地-客源地的中观尺度进行考量,具有显著的旅游产业空间运动特征,不仅可以突破现有不同尺度下碳排放研究的割裂,从点、线、面整体认识旅游者交通碳排放,而且可以更加深入地认识旅游业碳排放的空间影响,同时也可以丰富旅游业碳排放的计量理论与方法。本文以世界自然遗产地张家界旅游线路为研究对象,首先构建了客源地-目的地-客源地为核心的旅游者交通碳足迹分析框架,从旅游者总人数、出行距离、交通方式类型等要素构建旅游者旅游线路交通碳排放计量模型,并提出了消费溯源、边界明确和区域共担三项旅游者交通碳排放计量原则。其次梳理了张家界旅游线路中各客源地的游客人数与比例,客源地到张家界的主要线路安排、交通工具使用、涵盖的旅游目的地等基础内容,最后计算了2010年张家界线路旅游者交通碳足迹并绘制其空间分布图。研究发现,2010年张家界线路的旅游者交通碳足迹为5 442 839.93kg。其中,长沙、韶山、张家界和凤凰组成的黄金旅游线路占78.44%;芙蓉镇、常德、衡山、桂林、怀化、吉首、神农架、宜昌、凯里等周边其他旅游地占14.1%;武汉、天津、北京和上海等国内外重要旅游集散地占7.46%。整体呈现集中于湖南省内核心旅游目的地,辐射周边省份重要旅游目的地,涵盖北京、上海等重要旅游集散地的空间分布格局。     

自然观光地旅游者的风险感知变化及差异分析——以九寨沟自然风景区为例

旅游风险感知就是旅游者在其旅游行为前及过程中对可能发生的负面结果的感知,风险感知目前已成为旅游安全研究中的重要内容。通过构建旅游者风险感知量表,以九寨沟为案例地进行实证研究得出：（1）旅游者感知风险主要分为3个维度：功能障碍型、危机事件型及文化冲突型;（2）旅游者的总体风险感知较小,其中功能障碍型风险较大,其次为危机事件和文化冲突,并且地震等危机事件并未成为旅游者担心的主要风险;（3）不同旅游者的差异主要体现在“花费冤枉钱”、“迷路或与同伴走失”、“语言障碍”等方面,性别、地域、是否经历过灾害、是否买保险、是否带药品等因素对各类风险感知差异没有显著影响。旅游者风险感知研究为完善旅游安全理论提供了参考,并且对旅游地的风险管理提供了依据,具有指导和借鉴意义     

九寨沟风景区游客入游距离特征研究

九寨沟风景区属于长江支流水系的上游，是长江支流源头区以景观资源（尤其是水景观）及生态旅游资源为特色的典型地区，目前旅游业成为当地及同类地区的旅游重要产业。旅游市场是当地旅游发展基础之一。在实地游客抽样调查及旅游区游客登记统计共涉及约2万人统计资料及数据库处理的基础上较系统地研究了九寨沟入游游客的入游距离特征。对九寨沟不同目标市场游客的入游距离特征进行了统计描述，揭示了游客入游距离与年龄、收入、职业、文化、心理收入、旅游态度相关，而与旅游动机相关性不明显，景观偏好可以反映游客的旅游心理特征，并在一定程度上影响入游距离。同时揭示了入游距离感知的距离衰减特征，印证了心理学感知理论中的韦伯理论在距离感知中的体现。还解释了游客的主观假设替代旅游地的旅游距离与入游距离呈线性相关关系。     

居民感知公平对社区参与旅游发展的影响研究——基于社区认同的视角

居民是社区参与旅游发展的主体,而居民感知公平是决定社区参与旅游发展的重要因素。文章基于社区认同的视角,探讨居民感知公平对社区参与旅游发展的影响及作用机理。研究以山东济南朱家峪古村为例,通过构建结构方程模型,对感知公平、社区认同和社区参与之间的关系进行了实证检验。研究结果表明:1居民感知公平对社区参与旅游发展具有正向影响。当感知到在旅游发展中所享受到的利益分成越公平时,感知到这种分成过程越公平时,感知到人际交流和信息沟通越公平时,社区居民越能积极参与到旅游发展之中。同时,相比较程序公平和互动公平,分配公平更能促进社区居民参与旅游发展的程度,这是由中国现阶段乡村旅游从业人员所处状况所决定的。2居民感知公平对社区认同具有正向影响。当感知到旅游发展中的分配公平、程序公平和互动公平越高时,越会认为自己是旅游社区建设和发展中的一员,且有一种作为成员的自豪感和主人翁意识,越会对社区有一种忠诚感,越会认同自己所属社区的价值理念。此外,相比较分配公平和程序公平,互动公平对社区认同影响最大,这是由中国所处的文化结构和文化背景所决定的。3社区认同正向影响社区参与旅游发展。社区认同的三个维度成员感、忠诚感、相似性均对社区参与旅游发展具有良好的预测作用,其中社区忠诚感的作用最为显著。文章丰富了社区参与旅游发展的相关理论,为增强居民的社区认同感和提高社区参与程度提供了方法指导和决策参考。     

旅游消费的文化畸变与矫治

文化对旅游业的影响日益重要,而来自现代旅游对文化的负面影响因素导致的文化畸变也日益侵蚀着旅游业可持续发展环境。本文阐述了旅游餐饮文化畸变、娱乐文化畸变和地方文化畸变种种现象,在此基础上,探讨了旅游文化畸变的诱因和畸变期等问题,最后针对性地提出了旅游文化畸变的防治措施。     

乡村旅游地居民政府信任对旅游发展支持度的影响——地方依恋的调节效应

乡村旅游发展不仅能够拉动地方经济的增长,也能助推乡村振兴战略的有效实施。探索居民旅游发展支持度的前因变量和形成机制是推动旅游可持续发展的重要因素,并受到国内外学者的普遍关注,尤其在乡村旅游发展引发的多利益主体复杂关系中,居民对政府的信任度是保证乡村旅游有序发展的关键环节,但现有研究中关于旅游地居民政府信任对社区居民旅游发展支持度的影响机制尚缺乏深入的探讨。文章基于社会交换理论,以居民旅游参与度和旅游影响感知为中介、地方依恋为调节,以山东省8个代表性乡村旅游地为案例研究地,量化分析政府信任对社区居民旅游发展支持度的影响机理。实证分析结果表明:政府信任正向显著影响居民旅游发展参与度、旅游感知获益和支持度,负向显著影响旅游感知成本;参与度和旅游感知获益部分中介政府信任与旅游发展支持度的关系;地方依恋对政府信任与参与度之间的关系具有正向调节作用。与已有研究相比,文章从乡村旅游地居民政府信任切入,阐释了居民旅游发展支持度的形成机制,在影响机制探索中强化了社区参与和地方依恋的作用,对深刻理解居民政府信任促进旅游发展支持度的传导机制、激发居民旅游发展支持行为提供了理论解释和实证支持。这意味着,为有效提升社区居民旅游支持度,需要重视社区居民的政府信任度,增强政府与居民良性互动,广泛吸纳社区居民积极参与旅游发展过程,提升社区居民在乡村旅游发展中的获得感,并培育居民对乡村的地方依恋情感,进而发挥乡村旅游助推乡村振兴战略的积极作用。     

2001年以来省域旅游竞争力的时空演化分析

以中国大陆31个省级区域2001～2010年的面板数据为例,通过熵值法确定各项指标的权重,运用变异系数、锡尔系数、重心与标准差椭圆、G指数等分析技术,对各地区各项旅游竞争力以及总体旅游竞争力的空间演化进行分析。结果表明:在当前条件下,旅游市场竞争力是影响旅游竞争力的最主要因素,2001～2010年,中国大陆各省旅游竞争力之间的差距总体上减小,其中东中西三大地带内和地带间的差异也出现缩小趋势。省际旅游竞争力呈现出西北-东南的空间分布格局,其重心总体上向东南发生偏移。G指数分析表明,总体上各项旅游竞争力得到一定程度的提高,旅游竞争力热点区与冷点区都出现扩大的趋势,热点区主要集中在华南与长三角部分省份,冷点区主要分布在北方及西部部分省份。研究旅游竞争力的时空演化,可以发现省域旅游业发展的"软肋",对促进地方旅游业的发展,平衡区域旅游差距具有重要的作用。     

雾霾会促进公众绿色投资意愿么?——基于SEM的实证研究

当下雾霾天气愈发严重,全国各省市相继推出一系列雾霾治理政策,绿色债券、绿色基金等一系列绿色金融产品涌现,一方面政策大力支持环保企业发展,另一方面投资者对于绿色金融市场的参与热情并不高,因此研究雾霾相关政策如何引导公众参与绿色投资具有重要的政策意义。本文根据雾霾污染程度及政策力度两个指标,将中国省级区域划分为高、中、低雾霾敏感区,基于"风险感知-态度-行为"理论框架,设计里克特5级量表,对高、中敏感区人群按照雾霾风险感知、风险偏好和绿色投资意愿三个潜变量构建结构方程模型,并以低敏感区投资者的绿色投资意愿进行对照分析,共收集有效问卷517份,利用SPSS和AMOS等软件进行数据测算以及模型拟合,研究雾霾风险对公众绿色投资意愿的长期影响。结果表明:对于高、中敏感区投资者来说,绿色投资意愿与纯粹的风险偏好之间没有直接关系,但在风险偏好与雾霾风险感知两个因素的相互作用下,公众绿色投资意愿与雾霾风险感知呈现显著的正相关;对照分析表明,低雾霾敏感区与高、中敏感区的绿色投资意愿同样强烈。公众的绿色投资意愿的表现为:公众投资者期望提高绿色金融产品的环境信息披露水平,愿意接受低于常规收益的雾霾治理类投资产品,并看好环保类股票的投资价值。这表明充分披露雾霾天气情况,提高绿色金融产品标的资产的环境信息披露水平以及加强监管等,都有利于促进公众的绿色投资意愿,且该意愿在全国范围内没有显著差异,因此引导各地区绿色投资的协调发展具有良好前景。同时投资者对绿色投资不存在先入为主的风险水平判断,在合理的引导下,绿色产业可能获得平等或更多的融资机会。政府应加大支持力度支持有资质的企业发行绿色债券及绿色股票;金融机构应有针对性地推出环保类投资理财产品,丰富绿色投资市场的产品种类,为环保项目提供资金支持,让公众投资者拥有更多参与绿色投资的机会。     

石林风景名胜区对乡村经济发展的影响

石林风景名胜区始建于20世纪30年代,旅游开发经历了居民游览、服务中心城市的接待观光型到区域支柱产业的转型。经济体制深刻地影响了石林旅游业,旅游产品延续了计划经济体制下形成接待观光游览型,形成以门票收入为主体的旅游经济收入格局,对不同层次的经济发展带来不同的影响。石林旅游业对县级经济收入、产业结构、财政、税收有积极影响,近5年石林旅游业占当地GDP的9%～11%,占第三产业产值的27.9% ～33%、财政收入的10.8%～0.1%,但对农业生产、农村居民就业和家庭收入的带动力弱,有明显的“距离衰减效应”。获得旅游效益的居民限于风景区旅游中心的村寨,约占风景区人口的15%,中心旅游区的第三产业就业人员比例比其它地区高7%～35%。中心区农民参与旅游业方式的调查表明,居民参与旅游业的方式被动：耕地被征用后,或被风景名胜区管理部门雇佣、或成个体工商户、或被外来企业雇佣,就业领域局限于餐饮服务、环卫和绿化、民族工艺品制作与销售、照相、旅游交通、导游等。风景区农村的基础建设、产业结构、就业领域与风景区功能和旅游业目标的协调存在距离。促进风景名胜区旅游业对所在地的“三农”发展的协调值得思考和解决。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

A general approach to transform a lake model for one radionuclide (radiocesium) to another (radiostrontium) and critical model tests using data for four Ural lakes contaminated by the fallout from the Kyshtym accident in 1957

This paper presents results of a model test carried out within the framework of the COMETES project (EU). The aim of the work was to change the structure of the MOIRA lake model for radiocesium so that it can be applied more generally for, in principle, all types of radionuclides and heavy metals. This general lake model is used within the MOIRA decision support system (DSS; MOIRA and COMETES are acronyms for EU-projects). The model is based on a set of differential equations and a specific modelling structure. It incorporates all important fluxes to, from and within lakes in a general manner. Yet the model is driven by a minimum of variables accessible from standard maps and monitoring programs. The model can be separated into two parts, a general part with equations applicable for all types of water pollutants and a substance-specific part. This model has previously been validated for 137Cs from many lakes covering a wide domain and yielded excellent predictive power. The alterations discussed in this work are meant to be general and radiostrontium is used as a typical element. Radiostrontium is known to be more mobile than radiocesium and all abiotic parts of the model handling fixation and mobility have been altered. The new model for 90Sr has been critically tested using data from four lakes heavily contaminated with 90Sr from the Kyshtym accident in the Southern Urals, Russia, using empirical data from a period from 1958 to 1995 for 90Sr in fish (here goldfish), water and sediments.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Dynamics of Restoration Processes in the Idle Solonetz Ecosystems in the Southern Transural Region

The initial period of idleness in the solonetz ecosystems of the southern Transural Region is characterized by a significant variability of their soil–plant communities, which is determined by natural periodicity and general direction of the process of ecosystem restoration. Selective consumption of salinizing ions by the plants growing on idle land activates the development of desalinization processes.