热活化过硫酸钠处理水溶液及泥浆系统中1,1,1-三氯乙烷的研究

研究了热活化过硫酸钠技术氧化水溶液及泥浆系统中1,1,1-三氯乙烷(1,1,1-trichloroethane,TCA)的效果.考察了温度、溶液pH值、氯离子及碳酸氢根离子对水溶液中TCA降解过程的影响,并处理了实际TCA污染地下水.结果表明:TCA氧化降解过程符合准一级动力学反应方程,且温度越高TCA降解速率越大,50°C、过硫酸钠/TCA物质的量比=100/1时,TCA在2h内可完全降解;溶液pH值越高TCA去除效率越低,且碱性条件明显地抑制TCA降解;氯离子及碳酸氢根离子均会对反应起到抑制作用,其中碳酸氢根抑制作用强于氯离子;由于实际地下水水质较为复杂,TCA降解速率相对缓慢,7d后去除率达到90%以上.泥浆系统中TCA降解效率受土壤有机质含量影响较大,土壤去除有机质后降解速率明显加快.热活化过硫酸钠技术用于修复TCA污染地下水具有较大潜力,但实际应用过程中应充分考虑场地性质的影响.     

EDDS螯合Fe(Ⅲ)活化过硫酸盐技术对TCE的降解效果

为解决传统Fe(Ⅱ)活化过硫酸盐过程中Fe有效性较低的问题,采用可生物降解的EDDS(乙二胺二琥珀酸)螯合Fe(Ⅲ)活化过硫酸盐处理水溶液中的TCE(三氯乙烯),考察c(过硫酸盐)、c〔Fe(Ⅲ)〕/c(EDDS)〔下称Fe(Ⅲ)/EDDS〕、溶液初始pH以及阴离子浓度对TCE降解效果的影响,并研究体系中产生的活性氧自由基. 结果表明:c(过硫酸盐)为15.0 mmol/L、Fe(Ⅲ)/EDDS为4时,60 min内TCE去除率达99.7%;提高c(过硫酸盐)、Fe(Ⅲ)/EDDS均有利于TCE降解,但超过一定限值后对TCE去除效果增强不明显;溶液初始pH(3~11)越高,TCE去除率越低;加入Cl-、HCO₃-、SO₄2-和NO₃- 4种阴离子均会抑制TCE降解,抑制程度表现为HCO₃->Cl- >SO₄2->NO₃-;自由基清扫试验证实体系中存在SO₄-·、·OH和O₂-·等3种活性氧自由基,·OH对TCE的降解起主导作用. 因此,EDDS螯合Fe(Ⅲ)活化过硫酸盐技术能够产生以·OH为主的活性氧自由基,从而快速高效去除水溶液中TCE,但降解过程受水质参数影响.      

地下水中SO42-和Cl-对Fe0降解TCE的效应研究

文章基于渗透反应墙技术,通过实验室柱实验分析不同浓度的SO42-和Cl-单独作用下Fe0降解TCE的效果.结果表明:在相同Fe0条件下,随SO42-浓度增大,出水口TCE去除率提高,且SO42-在TCE降解反应中由抑制作用逐渐转换为促进作用;此外随Cl-浓度增大,出水口TCE去除率呈下降趋势,且Cl-在TCE降解反应中...     

盐酸羟胺强化Fe(Ⅲ)-EDDS/过硫酸盐处理水溶液中TCE

采用盐酸羟胺（HAH）强化Fe（Ⅲ）-EDDS（乙二胺二琥珀酸）活化过硫酸盐（PS）体系降解水溶液中的三氯乙烯（TCE）.结果表明,Fe（Ⅲ）-EDDS/PS体系中加入HAH能够强化TCE去除效率,TCE降解效率随PS或HAH初始浓度增大而增强,但实验条件下存在最佳投加量.当溶液初始pH值为3~7时,Fe（Ⅲ）-EDDS/PS/HAH降解TCE基本没有影响,但碱性条件会抑制TCE去除,HAH强化工艺能够有效缓解Cl^-（1~100mmol/L）和低浓度HCO₃^-（1~10mmol/L）对TCE降解的抑制作用.与Fe（Ⅲ）-EDDS/PS相似,加入HAH后反应体系中存在SO₄^·-、^·OH和O₂^·-,但降解TCE的主导自由基由^·OH转变为SO₄^·-.     

Fe3O4/CeO2-H2O2非均相类Fenton体系下降解TCE的研究

采用浸渍法成功合成了新型催化剂纳米Fe3O4/CeO_2,并且用Fe3O4/CeO_2-H_2O_2非均相Fenton体系对TCE进行降解研究,考察了初始pH、H_2O_2浓度、温度及催化剂投加量等因素对于TCE降解效率的影响.实验结果表明,Fe3O4/CeO_2-H_2O_2非均相Fenton体系对TCE具有较好的去除效果:在初始pH=3,温度50℃,H_2O_2浓度30 mmol·L-1和Fe3O4/CeO_2投加量0.5 mg·L-1时,TCE去除率高达97.29%.同时实验结果表明pH在2~7范围内对TCE均有降解效果,所以相对于传统Fenton体系,该体系拥有更宽pH应用范围.目标污染物的降解符合一级动力学,反应活化能为30.77 k J·mol-1,表明反应易于进行.     

三氯乙烯在不同土壤中的吸附特性及其影响因素研究

吸附作用是影响三氯乙烯(TCE)在土壤环境中迁移、归趋的主要过程.采用有机碳含量不同的2种天然土壤以及用H2O2去除低聚合"软碳"和高温灼烧去除全部有机碳后所得到的4种土壤为吸附剂,考察了有机碳含量及组成、矿物质、TCE初始浓度、溶液pH、土壤含水率、离子强度等因素对吸附TCE的影响.结果表明,TCE在6种土壤上的吸附等温线呈非线性,随有机碳含量增加,土壤对TCE的吸附量增加;但矿物质的吸附贡献率却减小.土壤对TCE的吸附是土壤中有机碳和矿物质的共同作用,以有机碳为主,但矿物质的作用不可忽略;且TCE初始浓度越高,矿物质的贡献率相对越低.土壤中"软碳"的吸附等温线线性较好;而"硬碳"的吸附等温线为非线性.此外,增大离子强度对吸附具有促进作用,而pH和含水率对吸附几乎没有影响.     

预加入柠檬酸螯合亚铁对过硫酸盐降解土壤中农药的影响

螯合亚铁活化过硫酸盐可高效氧化降解土壤中有机污染物,但由于土壤组分的竞争效应,通常情况下修复药剂的利用效率较低. 本研究选取柠檬酸螯合亚铁(Fe2+-CA)为模型活化剂,考察了活化剂预加入对其活化过硫酸盐(PS)氧化降解不同土壤中农药、多环芳烃的影响. 结果表明:Fe2+-CA的预加入影响了柠檬酸螯合亚铁活化过硫酸盐体系(简称“Fe2+-CA/PS体系”)对土壤中莠去津的降解效果,土壤中莠去津的降解率与活化剂预加入时间的关系呈倒U型趋势线,其中在活化剂预加入约5 min时,莠去津的去除率(73.6%)达最大值,相比修复药剂直接加入体系的效果增加了17%. 相关测试表征显示,在活化剂预加入5 min的情况下硫酸根自由基的贡献增大,降低了土壤有机质对氧化剂的消耗,提高了过硫酸钠的有效利用率,促进了土壤中污染物的降解. 柠檬酸螯合亚铁预加入约5 min时促进Fe2+-CA/PS体系降解土壤中污染物的效应适用于不同过硫酸钠常用浓度、不同类型土壤和不同有机污染物(包括农药和多环芳烃),但促进效果通常与过硫酸盐用量、土壤类型、污染物种类有关. 莠去津污染土壤修复扩大规模试验证实,活化剂预加入5 min使Fe2+-CA/PS体系对含水率为饱和持水量80%的土壤中莠去津的降解效果提高了47%. 研究显示,Fe2+-CA预加入约5 min时对Fe2+-CA/PS体系降解土壤中有机污染物的促进效果最好.      

过硫酸钠原位修复三氯乙烯污染土壤的模拟研究

以过硫酸钠(Na₂S₂O₈)为氧化剂,柠檬酸(CA)螯合Fe(Ⅱ)溶液作为活化剂,建立箱体模型模拟场地三氯乙烯(TCE)污染土壤的原位化学氧化修复.结果表明,经CA螯合Fe(Ⅱ)活化的Na₂S₂O₈能较好的修复TCE污染土壤,持续氧化27 d后TCE浓度降到10 mg·kg^-1以下;采用抽出氧化、循环再用的方式,地下水TCE浓度到45 d时降到21.4 μg·L^-1.同时,氧化过程中过硫酸钠会产生SO₄^2-,使土壤和地下水的pH降低;土壤有机质含量下降约10.1%.     

无机盐离子对负载型催化剂Co_3O_4/N-GO降解偶氮染料AO7的影响

将Co3O4负载到氧化石墨烯上制备了新型复合催化剂Co3O4/N-GO,采用XRD、FTIR和HRTEM表征测试,并考察了无机盐离子(Cl-、HCO-3、H2PO-4、NO-3)对催化降解AO7的影响。表征测试结果显示Co3O4成功的负载到氧化石墨烯上。无机盐离子影响实验结果表明:Cl-和NO-3对催化降解反应具有抑制作用,且Cl-抑制作用更强;H2PO-4则起到了一定的促进降解作用,HCO-3对AO7的降解反应起到先促进后抑制的作用。     

热,碱和Fe_3O_4激活过硫酸钠降解二恶烷的对比研究

研究对比了热,碱和Fe_3O_4 3种方法激活过硫酸钠对二恶烷的降解情况.结果表明,加碱且反应液p H值不超过12h,过硫酸钠对二恶烷的降解受到了抑制.加热可以有效激活过硫酸钠降解二恶烷,在40℃、过硫酸钠与二恶烷的物质的量比为20:1的条件下,反应48h时二恶烷的降解率达98%,降解反应的准一级反应速率常数为68.1×10-6h-1.非均相体系中,Fe_3O_4也可显著激活过硫酸钠降解二恶烷,过硫酸钠与二恶烷的物质的量比为80:1,Fe_3O_4与混合溶液固液比仅为1:100时,二恶烷降解的准一级反应速率常数为61.1×10-6h-1,接近上述加热激活的水平.Fe_3O_4激活过硫酸根降解二恶烷时,由于过硫酸根优先与二恶烷反应而不是Fe_3O_4发生反应,因此在二恶烷降解完成之前溶解态Fe产生量低、Fe_3O_4消耗少.该研究结果反映出应用Fe_3O_4激活过硫酸盐的方法修复有机污染地下水的较大潜力.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.