洪湖国际重要湿地沉积物磷空间分布特征及释放风险

洪湖国际重要湿地沉积物磷不同空间分布研究发现,洪湖入湖口沉积物TP含量范围为781.31~1955.84 mg·kg^-1,平均值为（1287.21±437.28）mg·kg^-1;湖区沉积物TP含量范围为438.33~1554.04 mg·kg^-1,平均值（718.10±238.15）mg·kg^-1.入湖口沉积物TP含量显著高于湖区沉积物（P<0.05）,养殖围垸沉积物TP含量高于湖面沉积物,但无显著差异（P>0.05）.湖区西北和东北区域沉积物TP含量高于西南区域,四湖总干渠入湖口沉积物TP显著高于螺山干渠入湖口（P<0.05）,四湖总干渠磷输入可能是洪湖沉积物磷主要来源.洪湖不同类型采样点的沉积物磷形态组成存在显著差异,入湖口沉积物磷形态以Fe/Al-P和Ca-P为主,而湖面沉积物以OP和Ca-P为主,空间磷形态组成变化与人类活动影响和水生植物分布有关.通过沉积物Fe/Al-P和OP估算沉积物生物有效磷（BAP）含量,以BAP占TP比例来估算洪湖沉积物磷释放风险,BAP/TP为39.8%~69%,均值为（56.5±7.23）%,存在较高的磷释放风险.OP和BAP与上覆水TP显著相关（P<0.01）,BAP与上覆水正磷酸盐相关性最高,表明上覆水磷浓度可能与沉积物Fe/Al-P和OP向上覆水释放有关.     

贵州草海沉积物磷形态分布及释放风险分析

以草海湖区表层沉积物为研究对象,采用Hupfer改进后的化学连续提取法分析20个采样点沉积物中磷形态特征,通过不同磷吸附释放风险指数评估草海的潜在生态风险,并探讨影响磷形态和吸附释放的因素.结果表明,草海湖区表层沉积物总磷（TP）含量为780.95~1229.42 mg·kg^-1,存在轻度污染;磷形态含量分布表现为NaOH-NRP＞Res-P＞HCl-P＞BD-P＞NaOH-SRP＞NH₄Cl-P,TP与HCl-P、BD-P和NaOH-NRP均呈显著正相关（p＜0.001）.草海沉积物生物有效磷（BAP）含量为486.71~812.86 mg·kg^-1,占TP的59.18%~69.38%,内源磷负荷相对较大.沉积物磷吸附释放相关指数的变化范围分别为：磷吸附平衡浓度（EPC₀）：0.001~0.839 mg·L^-1（明显高于上覆水SRP）;磷吸附指数（PSI）：35.47~159.40 （mg·L）·（100 g·μmol）^-1;磷吸附饱和度（DPS）：3.64%~16.51%;磷释放风险指数（ERI）：3.03%~39.57%.草海沉积物磷释放风险存在显著的空间异质性,以较低释放风险为主,县城-西海码头区域为高释放风险区域.主成分分析（PCA）和冗余分析（RDA）显示：草海湖区表层沉积物各形态磷受理化性质、酶活性影响,其中Zn、Cd、Pb、中性磷酸酶（NP）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、总氮（TN）影响比重较大;Fe_ox、Al_ox,NH₄Cl-P、BD-P和过氧化氢酶（CAT）与草海沉积物磷的吸附释放指数均显著相关.总体来看,草海自身的生态环境和周边的人类活动是显著影响沉积物中磷形态及磷吸附释放的主要因素.     

镜泊湖沉积物各形态磷分布特征及释放贡献

将镜泊湖分为北部湖区、中部湖区、东部湖区、西部湖区、南部湖区共设置23个表层沉积物采样点和10个沉积柱芯采样点,采用The Standards,Measurements and Testing Programme （SMT）法测定沉积物中总磷（TP）、无机磷（IP）、有机磷（OP）、铁/铝结合态磷（NaOH-P）、钙结合态磷（HCl-P）.分析镜泊湖沉积物各形态磷的来源、空间分布特征和对磷释放的贡献.结果表明,镜泊湖湖区沉积物各形态磷有3个主要成分,其中成分1主要代表生活污水和工业废水,主成分2主要代表农业污染,主成分3主要代表碎屑岩、自生磷灰石和含磷矿物质等;镜泊湖沉积物各形态磷的空间分布具有一定的空间差异性,分布特征受镜泊湖水文特征和人类活动影响较大.湖区沉积物各形态磷含量整体而言随深度的增加不同程度的下降;对沉积物不同形态磷的磷释放贡献进行分析,分析表明,镜泊湖各湖区沉积物短时间尺度内以滞留为主,但在长时间尺度下具有一定的释放风险.     

黄柏河流域梯级水库沉积物磷形态特征及磷释放通量分析

为揭示黄柏河流域饮用水源水库的磷负荷特征,采用SMT分级方法对流域内3座梯级水库（玄庙观、天福庙、西北口水库）的沉积物磷形态特征及垂向变化特征进行了分析,并初步估算了沉积物-水界面正磷酸盐释放通量以及各形态磷含量对磷释放的影响.结果发现,沉积物总磷（TP）含量从流域上游至下游水库呈现递减趋势,平均值分别为（8070.0±2251.4）、（2681.2±1709.8）和（2656.6±1599.7）mg·kg^-1,均处于高度污染水平.3座水库中各个采样点磷形态之间的含量主要表现为：HCl-P > OP > NaOH-P.根据Fick第一定律,计算得到流域内3座梯级水库均表现为上覆水正磷酸盐的源,正磷酸盐释放通量从流域上游到下游水库呈现递减趋势,范围为0.0179~0.1825 mg·（m²·d）^-1.正磷酸盐释放通量与表层水体DO和叶绿素呈现正相关,与HCl-P,OP和TP同样表现为显著正相关.     

向家坝库区沉积物磷形态分布及释放风险

采用改进的连续提取法研究了向家坝库区沉积物中有机磷（OP）和无机磷（IP）的各赋存形态及分布特征,讨论了各形态磷的生物可利用性和释放风险.结果表明,向家坝库区沉积物总磷（TP）含量为388.9~616.4 mg·kg^-1,总体处于安全级别.库区沉积物磷形态以惰性碎屑态无机磷（De-P_i）和残渣态有机磷（Re-P_o）为主,两者共占TP质量分数的60%以上,呈上游高下游低的趋势,流域地质背景是主要的影响因素.以可交换态无机磷（Ex-P_i）、铝结合态无机磷（Al-P_i）、铁结合态无机磷（Fe-P_i）、可交换态有机磷（Ex-P_o）、铁铝结合态有机磷（Fe/Al-P_o）之和来估算生物可利用磷（BAP）,BAP/TP来评价沉积物中磷的释放风险,BAP含量为23.0~91.1 mg·kg^-1,BAP/TP为6.2%~17.1%.向家坝水库沉积物磷的释放风险较低.库区沉积物BAP储量为767.68 t,对向家坝水库上覆水磷浓度的潜在贡献为0.148 mg·L^-1,是导致未来库区水质恶化的重要因素 之一,应加强对库区内源磷的释放管理.     

巢湖沉积物中磷蓄积时空变化及人为污染定量评价

研究了巢湖表层沉积物及西部湖心区沉积岩芯中总磷(TP)及NaOH提取态磷(NaOH-P)、HCl提取态磷(HCl-P)、有机磷(OP)含量变化,揭示了沉积物中磷的人为污染贡献量时空变化特征.1850年以来,西部湖心区沉积岩芯中TP呈明显的3段式变化,1850～1950年,TP含量较为稳定;1950～1980年,TP含量逐渐增加;1980年以来,TP含量达到近150年来的最大值,平均为858.3 mg.kg-1.沉积岩芯中NaOH-P及OP含量变化趋势与TP一致,但NaOH-P所占TP质量分数在上述3个阶段中逐渐增加,OP所占TP质量分数相对稳定;沉积岩芯中HCl-P含量较为稳定,所占TP质量分数逐段降低.表层沉积物中NaOH-P与TP含量空间变化规律一致,总体上为西部湖区>东部湖区,北部湖区>南部湖区.采用地球化学方法对沉积物中磷含量"粒度效应"进行矫正,计算得到1850年以来上述3个阶段沉积岩芯中磷的人为污染贡献量平均分别为59.5、118.8、297.9 mg.kg-1;表层沉积物中磷的人为污染贡献量为22.9～2 500.0 mg.kg-1,由西北部湖区向东南部湖区递减,与水体TP质量浓度变化趋势完全一致.人为污染贡献的磷主要以NaOH-P结合态蓄积于巢湖沉积物中.除了农业面源污染之外,通过南淝河输入的来自合肥等城市废水是西部湖区磷污染的主要"贡献者".     

城市新城区公园沟塘沉积物磷释放风险及影响因素分析

以合肥蜀峰湾体育公园5个水塘和3条沟渠为对象,采集表层沉积物及上覆水样,测算不同季节表层沉积物磷平衡浓度（EPC₀）,并解析其对外源碳或氮添加的响应,据此评估沉积物磷释放风险水平,识别主要环境影响因素.结果表明,该城市公园沟塘沉积物磷素污染处于轻-中度污染水平,总磷（TP）含量为209.28~713.51 mg·kg^-1,生物有效磷含量占TP的质量分数为18.51%~36.21%;环境背景情形下水塘沉积物EPC₀变化范围为0.012~0.142 mg·L^-1（均值0.057 mg·L^-1）,沟渠EPC₀变化范围为0.036~0.156 mg·L^-1（均值0.078 mg·L^-1）;外源碳的添加导致水塘1、3和沟渠1的EPC₀值升高（其中水塘3上升约47.5%）,提高了沉积物磷释放风险,其余沟塘沉积物EPC₀值则出现下降（特别是水塘5下降约58.6%）,意味着磷释放风险水平下降;而在外源氮添加情形下,所有沟塘沉积物EPC₀值都出现了不同程度的下降（沟渠1、2的夏季情形除外）,特别是水塘2表现尤为显著（下降约51.6%）,表明沟塘沉积物磷吸收存在氮限制性;根据偏最小二乘回归分析（PLSR）结果,氮、磷对水塘和沟渠沉积物的EPC₀值影响存在差异.     

太湖沉积物磷形态及pH值对磷释放的影响

对太湖不同营养水平和不同特征的 4 种沉积物的总磷、磷形态、粒径组成、化学组成进行了分析,模拟研究了不同 pH 值对上覆水体中总溶解性磷和溶解性活性磷含量的影响.结果表明,太湖沉积物样品总磷含量在 336.1～3408.01mg/kg,属于中富营养化到极富营养化水平.pH 值是影响磷释放的重要因素,碱性条件下,促进NaOH-P 的释放;酸性条件下,促进 HCl-P的释放.严重富营养化湖区沉积物的磷主要由无机磷组成,其中主要是 NaOH-P,该区中 pH值增加会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加,而 pH值下降对磷释放量的影响较小.中富营养化湖区沉积物的无机磷组成中,部分湖区 NaOH-P 含量高,部分湖区 HCl-P 含量高,所以该区中 pH 值变化对沉积物磷释放的影响,由于 NaOH-P 和HCl-P 含量不同而存在差异,NaOH-P含量较高,pH值增加会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加;HCl-P 含量较高,pH值下降会导致磷释放量的大幅度增加.     

大亚湾沉积物磷的形态特征及其潜在可释放性

为了认知沉积物磷释放对海湾磷负荷的影响,本文以SMT分级方法分析了大亚湾表层沉积物中磷的形态结构,探讨了沉积物磷的释放潜力的时空性差异及其影响因素。结果表明,大亚湾沉积物中总磷（TP）的平均含量为429.65×10-6,无机磷（IP）、有机磷（OP）的平均含量分别为286.57×10-6和143.08×10-6,IP占TP的67.83%;IP以酸提取态磷（HCl-P）为主,HCl-P的平均含量为237.10×10-6,碱提取态磷（NaOH-P）的平均含量为56.13×10-6;生物有效磷（OP+NaOH-P）占到总磷的45.63%。大亚湾沉积物磷具有较高的释放潜力,并呈现出夏季高于冬季,近岸区域高于湾中心及湾口的变化规律。相关性分析表明,沉积物粒径、氧化还原电位及有机质含量（尤其是浮游藻类的自生有机质）对沉积物磷的释放潜力有较大影响。     

桑沟湾养殖水域表层沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附特征

在室内模拟扰动条件下,研究了桑沟湾养殖水域表层沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附动力学及其吸附等温线,探讨了磷酸盐的吸附-解吸平衡质量浓度以及沉积物的源汇角色.结果表明,沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附主要发生在0～0.5 h,吸附平衡时间约为6 h,吸附动力学方程符合修正的Elovich模型,回归方程为： Q =85.536+35.512 ln t （r²=0.960 2）;低浓度条件下沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附等温线呈线性,线性方程为： Q =265.04 c _e-7.46（ Ｒ ²=0.965）,高浓度条件下沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型（ Ｒ ²=0.989）;沉积物中本底吸附态磷为7.46 μg/g,对磷的最大吸附量 Ｑ _max为769.23 μg/g;沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附-解吸平衡质量浓度EPC₀为0.028 mg/L,结合该区域水体磷酸盐含量情况,初步推断该区域的沉积物大多数时间充当的是磷源的角色.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.