基于集成全相关技术的水环境治理装备设计

针对现有水环境治理装备设计开发技术存在的不足,提出了一种融合全相关技术与CAD、CAE、CAM、CAPP技术的集成一体化装备系统设计开发方案,并给出了这种集成全相关技术的初步实现方法,而且进行了射流曝气器的设计应用。这种方法有望实现水环境治理装备系统完整、可靠的设计,并缩短了设计开发周期。     

Applications of the deep-shaft activated sludge process in wastewater treatment

The deep-shaft activated sludge process is a unique modification of the activated sludge system. The main objective of this system is to increase the amount of dissolved oxygen available for biological activity. This can be achieved by increasing the rate of oxygen transfer from the gas phase to the liquid phase. The deep-shaft configuration increases the partial pressure of oxygen, thereby causing a high saturation concentration in the reactor. In the deep-shaft process, owing to high oxygen availability, a higher organic loading can be accommodated with a comparatively low air supply. This reduces the energy and area requirements and lowers the overall cost of treatment. This technology has been successfully applied for the high-rate treatment of strongly polluted wastewater, as well as for the treatment of wastewater containing toxic or slowly biodegradable pollutants. This paper presents different applications of the deep-shaft activated sludge process, along with their relative performances.     

快速制作环境质量多媒体声像报告的方法

介绍了由普通环境质量报告快速制作成声像报告的主要过程，并介绍了如何利用Powerpoint软件与其他常用软件的配合来综合多媒体技术快速制作环境质量声像的报告，对相关软件使用的关键步骤给予了详细说明，并根据经验提出了编制的注意事项。     

A Sampling Protocol for Composting,Recycling, and Re-use of Municipal Solid Waste

Abstract

This article reports on development of a protocol for characterizing municipal solid waste (MSW). This protocol is similar to that recommended by the American Society for Testing and Materials but includes a distinction between pure and mixed loads of MSW. Thirteen component categories were used with a focus on material feed stock for composting, recycling, and reuse. The required number of samples was determined to achieve a 80%, 90%, and 95% statistical accuracy for characterizing MSW categories at 1% and 2% sampling error. This study found that a maximum of 25 randomly collected samples of 200 pounds will reflect each component category of mixed load MSW with at least a 95% confidence level and 2% error. This protocol was successfully tested in Monongalia County, West Virginia, to provide a “snapshot” MSW characterization during early summer.     

水中毒物对硝化反应毒性的快速检测

本文描述了一种利用硝化细菌快速、灵敏的检测急性毒物的方法 ,该方法将ATU作为亚硝酸细菌的选择性抑制剂 ,通过测定硝化细菌的耗氧速率来反映毒物毒性作用的大小 ,同时测定毒物的EC50 值。将本方法应用于底泥毒性检测中 ,与传统方法相比结果一致。     

Vapor pressure response to denaturant and water in E10 blends

On December 16, 1993, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released the final rule on reformulated gasoline (RFG). This rule will affect the composition of as much as 45% of the gasoline used in the United States by the summer of 1995. The acceptance of any gasoline component lies in its ability to contribute to the RFG program's environmental goals. This study was conducted to determine the effect of water and ethanol denaturant on gasoline Reid vapor pressure (RVP) for which little quantitative data are available. This paper addresses two new areas where environmental goals may be achieved while maintaining the use of ethanol-blended gasolines within ozone nonattainment areas.     

Fine Paniculate Removal and S02 Absorption with a Two Stage Wet Scrubber

This paper includes results from pilot plant studies and early field demonstration units and a discussion of the application of the limestone wet scrubbing process to a low sulfur syb-butuminous coal. This latter application required the development of a hybrid two stage scrubber to enable collection of the fine particulate matter as well as removal of a significant amount of the sulfur dioxide.     

Studies on cadmium toxicity in plants: a review

This review emphasises cadmium toxicity on plants with regards to ecological, physiological and biochemical aspects. Cadmium toxicity in plants and problems concerning tolerance and ecological performance are discussed briefly. Efforts have been made to compare the relative sensitivity of various plant groups including micro-and macro-flora. This review may help in interdisciplinary studies to assess the ecological significance of metal stress.     

中国环境科学进展

本文详细论述了我国环境科学的20年进展及今后的展望,介绍了我国环境科学开拓创业阶段的概况,成长阶段所取得的成果,全面发展阶段的进展。内容丰富,详实,观点明确,对环境科学工作者有极大地启发。     

拟除虫菊酯类农药废水处理技术研究进展

拟除虫菊酯类农药废水COD浓度高、毒性大、污染物成分复杂、较难生物降解。通过系统阐述目前国内外各种针对拟除虫菊酯类农药废水处理技术的最新研究动态,分析了各种方法的优缺点,并对此类农药废水处理技术的发展方向进行了展望,可为此类废水处理工艺选择和工程设计提供有益参考。     

人工湿地系统处理污水新模式的探讨

本文简述了污水处理方法的概况，全面论述了人工湿地系统这一处理污水新模式的发展、工艺、基本原理。提出了设计的一般过程，结合实例说明了该系统投资省、运行费用低以及良好效果。通过总结该系统的一般特征，展示了该系统在处理污水方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

The domino effect in climate change

This paper provides a concise summary of the natural and the anthropogenic greenhouse effect and the major causes for climate change. This summary may be particularly accessible for readers who are not familiar with natural sciences. Building on these explanations, we develop a simplifying atmospheric model that demonstrates a widely unknown aspect of global warming: the greenhouse effect enhances its own causes and, as a repercussion, induces a further global warming. This effect, referred to as domino effect, is based on the additional production of heat in the atmosphere, happening substantively while heat passes our atmosphere on its way to outer space. On the basis of our considerations, in principle, technological efficiency improvements appear to be an attractive measure for mitigating global warming.     

石煤渣生产工业窑炉保温材料的工艺研究

以石煤渣为主要原料研制的工业窑炉保温材料，具有较高的耐压强度和较低的导热率。分析研究了保温材料在烧成工艺过程中的物理化学变化，同时通过试验确定了干燥和烧成过程的工艺参数，为石煤渣治理和综合利用开辟了一种新的途径。     

Effect of Dust Concentration Upon the Gas-Flow Capacity of a Cyclonic Collector

The flow rate through an industrial gas-cleaning cyclone at a fixed pressure drop is greater when the incoming gas is dusty than when it is clean. This observation by Briggs for a single cyclone tube was extended to multiple tubes, and ike results compared to observations by Soo and Trezek that the fraction factor for turbulent flow in a pipe is less for dusty gas than for clean. Empirical considerations indicated tJtat both of these observations should be connected with a rather large reduction in gas viscosity due to the dust. This predicted viscosity decrease was later observed. A physical theory accounting for viscosity reduction by a dust cloud is proposed. This effect also offers a means for increasing the heat, transfer coefficient in gas heat exchangers.     

多相光催化氧化的理论与实践发展

光催化剂是一项刚刚兴起的新型现代水处理技术，能广泛地利用天然能源，对多种有机物有明显降解效果，因而具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述近年来光峰化氧化有机污染物的研究进展。着重在半导体催化氧化的机理，有机物降解规律，催化剂的研究等方面进行论述，并对目前在光催化氧化技术发展中存在的问题及今后的方向提出一些看法。     

Separation of PCBs and PAHs in sediment samples using silica gel fractionation chromatography

The aim of this research is to develop a silica gel fractionation procedure for sediment sample extracts, which separates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into two groups, while simultaneously eliminating most interfering substances for subsequent instrumental analysis. This is achieved by optimizing the fraction cut-off volume of eluting solvent and the deactivation level of the silica gel. Using fully activated silica gel and cutting off PCB collection after passing 60-65 ml eluting solvent (pentane or hexane) through the column resulted in satisfactory separation of PCBs and PAHs. This procedure tends to have a higher reliability for PCBs and PAHs with higher molecular mass. This approach deviates only slightly from the standard methods of the USEPA, and it is less expensive due to reduced sample pre-treatment time and solvent consumption.     

Further analysis and PMF application to the chemical composition data of IPCAJ's Kashima SPM study

The Industrial Pollution Control Association of Japan (IPCAJ) has conducted an air quality study. A brief summary has already appeared in previous papers. This set of data was not sufficiently analysed. This study attempts to examine the performance of the Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF), a recently introduced technique in this field, on this multiple-site Kashima data set. The source apportionment study using the PMF model conducted for the Kashima data set identified six factors for each fine and coarse fraction. This result also seems to be appropriate, because spatial distribution and seasonal variation of the contributions for each emission source category could be explained reasonably. The PMF can analyse a data set that may be extracted from different populations, and it seems to be a powerful tool available for these kinds of complicated data sets.     

氨氮在线自动监测仪的现状与问题

氨氮在线自动监测仪已在国内水质自动监测系统中得到广泛应用。现在该仪器的生产厂家生产日趋成熟、相关标准逐步出台、仪器性能基本达标。但在实际应用过程中，该仪器仍有许多问题需要进一步认识与改进。因此从方法选择、干扰排除、国家标准、比对、质量控制等方面，分析了该仪器存在的问题，并提出了相关建议。     

Loch fleet: liming to restore a brown trout fishery

This project has been successful in meeting its objectives in terms of demonstrating that catchment liming techniques can restore acidified waters to conditions suitable for fish populations for relatively long periods. This improvement in conditions has extended to the inlet stream, which provides vital fish spawning and nursery areas, which are difficult to treat effectively be other means in remote locations. The project has also provided an assessment of the effectiveness of differing rates and modes of lime application, which suggest that only quite restricted parts of a catchment require treatment. This not only maximizes the cost-effectiveness of the treatments, but also helps to minimize any side-effects on, for example, moorland vegetation. The biological monitoring programme at Loch Fleet has also provided an assessment of the overall ecological consequences of adding limestone to naturally acidic and calcium-deficient ecosystems.