高效原油降解菌筛选驯化实验研究

由含油废水原有微生物种群中分离出纯种菌株，通过纯种菌株的单一菌种降解性能实验，混合菌株垢正交性能实验，筛选出7种高效原油降解菌（包括芽孢杆菌属，黄杆菌属，黄单胞菌属，和假单胞菌属），其中芽孢杆菌属降解原油能力最强，对于18．4mg/L的含油废水，降解去除率高达94％－95％，实验还表明，单种菌株降解原油的能力比混合菌株要好。     

一株苯酚降解菌的筛选及其降解性能研究

从本溪市某焦化厂的活性污泥中分离驯化得到一株高效苯酚降解菌C1,初步鉴定为假单胞菌。该菌能在以苯酚为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中生长,且最高可耐受2 000 mg/L的苯酚。对该菌降解性能研究表明,该菌具有较强的苯酚降解能力,在苯酚浓度为400 mg/L、30℃、pH值7.0、摇床转速120 r/min、接种量5%的条件下,培养24 h后苯酚降解率可达99%以上。葡萄糖对该菌体的生长及苯酚降解能力均有一定的影响;低浓度(0.5 g/L)葡萄糖可以提高该菌对苯酚的降解速率。     

紫外诱变对假单胞菌生物特性的影响

室温下,用紫外光对假单胞菌株进行2 min诱变。分别用驯化后紫外诱变和未诱变假单胞菌处理系列浓度(20、100、200、300、400 mg/L)苯酚水样,对比分析其在降解速率、降解时间、微生物呼吸率、酶活性等降解特性方面的差异性。结果表明:假单胞菌经紫外诱变后,对苯酚的耐受性得以提高,去除高浓度苯酚的速率得以提高,处理较高浓度苯酚的能力明显提升。诱变假单胞菌完全降解较高浓度苯酚的时间比未诱变假单胞菌短,诱变假单胞菌对于高浓度苯酚的适应性比未诱变假单胞菌更好。苯酚降解过程中,脱氢酶始终保持着较高的活性,假单胞菌经诱变后其酶活性得以提高。     

油烟污染物降解优势菌的驯化培育及其性能

通过驯化污水厂曝气池中的活性污泥,获得以细菌、真菌为主的降解油烟污染物的优势菌种.驯化21d后,细菌的数量由16000cfu/mL减少到1500cfu/mL,种类由8种减少为2种.真菌包含丝状真菌和酵母状真菌,且数量显著增加.对驯化后的菌种进行形态学、生理学和分子生物学鉴定,结果为芽孢杆菌(Bacillussubtilis)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonasaeraginosa)、青霉菌(Penicillum)和红冬孢酵母菌(Rhodosporidiumtoruloides).在30℃,初始油烟污染物浓度为70.6mg/L条件下,铜绿假单胞菌、芽孢杆菌、青霉菌、红冬孢酵母菌的最大油烟比降解率分别为0.627,0.916,2.102,2.453mg/g菌,优势菌群降解能力最高可达到7mg/g菌.     

苯酚降解菌的分离及降解特性研究

从扬子乙烯集团废水处理系统曝气池中的活性污泥驯化分离得到一株能快速降解苯酚的菌株,初步鉴定其为假单胞菌属菌株。该菌株在5℃-35℃范围内时都可以有效降解并矿化200mg／L的苯酚,最适宜的生长温度为25℃左右;菌株在pH为5～9范围内可以降解200mg／L的苯酚,偏碱性的条件下比酸性条件更适合细菌生长;培养过程中振荡速率大于120r／m时降解速率最大。当苯酚的初始浓度超过1000mg／L时,降解菌的生长受到抑制,不能有效降解苯酚。     

高效石油降解菌的选育及其降解特性研究

从石油化工厂附近的污染土壤中分离到三株石油降解菌w1、w2和w3,经鉴定分别是不动杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属。初步研究了菌株的生长特性与其降解石油能力的关系,并将w1和w2进行紫外诱变得到诱变菌yw1和yw2。对诱变前后的菌株进行石油降解实验,结果表明,诱变前的菌株在原油浓度为4000mg/L培养液中培养10d,原油的降解率分别为74.34%和77.58%。而诱变菌株10d降解率达到了79.9%和87.3%。同时,诱变菌株还大大提高了对高浓度石油的耐受能力。     

三种细菌降解直链烷烃的效果及降解动力学研究

从石油污染土壤中筛选出克雷白氏菌属(Klebsiellasp.,A5)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.,A6)和无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.,A10)3种石油烃降解菌,研究了其对石油烃中不同碳原子数的3种直链烷烃(正十四烷、正十五烷和正十六烷)的降解效果。结果表明:克雷白氏菌属对3种烷烃的降解能力相对较差;假单胞菌属对3种烷烃的降解效果较好,5d的降解率均达到80%以上,且对正十六烷的降解率高达95.9%;无色杆菌属对正十五烷和正十六烷也有较高的降解率,对正十五烷的降解率达80%以上,对正十六烷的降解率达90%以上。选取降解效果最好的假单胞菌属对正十六烷进行降解动力学研究,结果表明:当正十六烷初始含量为100mg/L、200mg/L、400mg/L和800mg/L时,其降解动力学与一级动力学方程拟合效果良好,其降解半衰期为1.79~3.22d;同时,降解过程中菌体浓度的变化显示,环境中的正十六烷含量越低,菌体的对数生长期越短,当正十六烷含量为100mg/L和200mg/L时,A6菌的对数生长期仅持续1d左右就进入稳定期,而当正十六烷含量达到400mg/L以上时,A6菌的对数生长期持续2d后,生长菌群总数处于平坦阶段。     

恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida LY1）共代谢降解苯酚和4-氯苯酚系统的降解动力学研究

对恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida LY1）共代谢降解苯酚和4-氯苯酚（4-CP）系统进行了降解实验和动力学研究.结果表明,恶臭假单胞菌可以有效地降解苯酚,苯酚浓度为50mg·L-1时细菌生长速度最快,4-氯苯酚浓度的增加会对细菌产生一定的抑制作用.同时,用改进的Haldane方程模拟恶臭假单胞菌LY...     

三株驯化细菌苯酚降解率的比较研究

文章对从农药厂、三化厂和焦化厂废水中分离的细菌NYC-1A、SHC-1B和JHC-1C,通过逐步提高苯酚浓度对它们加以驯化,采用模拟SBR工艺对驯化前后三株细菌对含有苯酚的培养液的处理效率进行了比较研究。结果表明：细菌湿重为1g／L,苯酚培养液经处理16h后,JHC—1C的苯酚降解率最高为89．59％;其次为NYC-1A,降解率为77．88％;SHC-1B的降解率最低,降解率为53．31％。驯化后三株细菌处理苯酚培养液3h,NYC-1A降解率最高为76．37％,SHC—1B的降解率为69．29％,JHC—1C的降解率为45．66％。通过本文研究,表明苯酚降解菌经驯化后可有效提高降解苯酚的效率。     

造纸黑液木质素降解微生物的分离和降解特性研究

通过驯化和分离 ,从 119株微生物中筛选出了 6株能在以木质素为唯一碳源的培养基上生长的细菌 ,对它们进行了分类鉴定 ,它们分属于假单胞菌属、黄单胞杆菌属和枝动杆菌属。摇瓶降解实验结果表明 ,这 6株菌能不同程度的降解木质素 ,其中 2号菌经 12d的培养后 ,木质素去除率达到了 2 3 4 % ,具有良好的降解木质素潜力。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.