高效低能耗污水处理装置中生物脱氮技术的研究

采用高效低能耗污水处理装置,针对 Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ 容积负荷在０ ．０５ ～０ ．４６ ｋｇ／ｍ３ ｄ － １ 左右的常规浓度和低浓度的城市生活污水,设置进水流量不同的工况,最终使这两种城市生活污水 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ 的去除率均达到８０ ％ 以上, Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５ 的去除率均达到９０ ％ 以上,出水 Ｎ Ｈ３ Ｎ 达标．此外,在低浓度城市生活污水处理的工况上加上一个回流装置,可使总 Ｎ 的去除率从１０ ％ 提高至５０ ％ 左右     

高效絮凝反应器处理生活污水试验研究

本文采用高效絮凝模拟反应器进一步对实际生活污水进行连续运行处理试验，结果表明，直接絮凝沉淀处理后的出水浊度去除率和ＣＯＤ去除率分别达到９３．４％和７９．２％，可完全达到排放标准。絮凝处理后再经纤维过滤柱过滤处理，可控制出水浊度在１．０ＮＴＵ以下，ＣＯＤ去除率增加５．０￣７．０％，试验结果进一步验证了这种高效絮凝装置具有高效处理效能及实际工程应用推广价值。     

毛发载体生物膜法处理味精离交废水

利用经特定脱脂处理的毛发作载体，经定向培菌挂膜后，对高浓度ＣＯＤ和高硫酸根含量的味精度交废水进行小试和中试研究，表明，在一定供气量和温度条件下，废水ＣＯＤ总去除率可稳定在９６％以上，在供氧不足的兼性条件下或温度较低时，仍有较高去除效果，其对ＳＯ４＾２－的总去除率可达９８％以上，２ｍ＾３／ｈ的中试经历了三个月实际运行，运行结果表明该工艺已具有生产建立生产性装置的技术条件。     

反渗透法处理土霉素结晶母液的研究

土霉素结晶母液经调节ｐＨ值后的水经预滤后进行反渗透处理,可使污染物去除率达９９％以上,排放水ＣＯＤｃｒ１５３ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＢＯＤ１０７ｍｇ／Ｌ水可以回用或达标排放。     

高浓度洗毛废水生物降解的研究

根据高浓度洗毛废水的水质特性,选择、驯化出高效污泥和菌株,并对生物降解该废水时的工艺、污泥量、时间三要素进行了深入的研究．结果表明,对于物化处理彻底的废水, Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺（ 水解／ 好氧工艺） 与好氧工艺处理差异不大;７０ ％ 左右物化效果时, Ｈ／ Ｏ 工艺处理时, Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ 去除率增加;废水在处理过程中成分变化大,后段水可用筛选优势菌的方法处理．实验室流动模型运行结果为：在原水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） １８５４４ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 和设定ｔ Ｈ Ｒ（ 延滞期） 下,混凝后出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） ５３２２ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,水解池出水ρ（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ） ４７６３ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,好氧池出水 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ１９９ ．９ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,总 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ去除率为９８ ．９ ％     

系统评价EM菌液在生活污水处理中的应用效果

采用在生活污水中投加有效微生物群的方法,系统评价了ＥＭ对污水中三类常见污染物去除率的影响。结果表明（１）好氧条件下,ＥＭ显著提高污水ＣＯＤｃｒ去除的适宜加入量为５／１００００－１／１０００,增幅达达１０％;厌氧条件下,ＥＭ对污水ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除没有促进作用。（２）ＥＭ在好氧条件下能显著或极显著提高污水ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ的硝化程度,当ＥＭ加量为５／１０００时效效果最好,增幅达３７．６２％,厌氧条件下,当     

缺氧━好氧固定床生物膜系统处理焦化废水的试验研究

采用内填弹性立体填料的缺氧━好氧固定床生物膜系统处理焦化废水，试验效果良好。当总水力停留时间≥３５．２ｈ，ＣＯＤ和ＮＨ＿３─Ｎ的去除率分别这８２％和９６％以上，出水浓度均达到国家排放标准。     

复极性固定床电解反应器对活性染料的降解

本文用复极性固定床电解反应器对１６种活性染料的脱色降解进行了试验研究。结果表明：染料脱色率在９９．６％以上,出水上清液ＣＯＤ去除率绝大部分在９０％以上,对活性翠蓝ＫＮ－Ｇ和活性深蓝ＫＭ－ＧＲ的铜去除率分别为９７．０％和９９．７％。     

含酚废水高温生物处理效果的研究

本试验模拟焦化废水部分水质，进水酚约１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤｃｒ约２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，水温维持在６０℃￣６８℃，从焦化废水生物处理厂的活性污泥中分离得到的１２株高温菌用于高温处理试验，结果酚的去除率在１２％￣１００％，ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率在１３％￣９８％，两者的去除率变化如此之大，在于高温菌大多数为芽孢杆菌，是由于它们生活史中的营养细胞和芽胞不断交替演变所致。     

硝基苯废水的厌氧-好氧基本实验与工艺理论分析

根据含硝基苯（ Ｎ Ｂ） 废水的水质特性,利用自然驯化和诱变驯化得到的两株厌氧菌 Ｂａｃｔｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ ｄｉｓｔａｓｏｎｉｓ（ 吉氏拟杆菌） 和 Ｂａｃｔｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ ｍｅｒｄａｅ（ 屎拟杆菌） ,采用厌氧填充床－ 好氧污泥床相结合的 Ａ／ Ｏ 工艺使 Ｎ Ｂ 得到彻底降解．研究表明：利用吸附能力强的活性炭作为厌氧填充床的载体,可以在短期内使高效菌挂膜;在影响填充床厌氧处理效果中,ｔ Ｈ Ｒ和进水ｐ Ｈ 值是主要影响因素,而 Ｎ Ｂ 质量浓度ρ（ Ｎ Ｂ） 和θ／ ℃次之．实验结果表明：进水ρ（ Ｎ Ｂ） 为３００ ～８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ, Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ 值为１ ５００ ～３ ５００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,色度为１００ ～２５０ 倍,经过厌氧填充床控制ｔ Ｈ Ｒ＝ ２４ ｈ ,硝基苯转化率大于９０ ％ , Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 去除率为２０ ％ ～３０ ％ ;在好氧污泥床中继续曝气１２ ｈ ,则总 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 去除率为６０ ％ ～７０ ％ ,色度去除率大于７０ ％ ．连续９０ ｄ 用氯霉素制药厂实际废水处理运行结果亦显示本工艺的可行性．     

一株产耐热纤维素酶菌株的筛选及酶学性质

采用纤维素刚果红平板法从大田蘑菇种植场建堆的稻草样中分离得到了1株能产具有较好温度耐受性和pH稳定性的纤维素酶的放线菌DY3.综合形态、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析,将其初步鉴定为嗜热裂孢菌(Thermobifida fusca).对该菌所产纤维素酶的性质研究表明:最适催化温度为65℃,在70℃保温60 min后仍有75%以上的活力;最适催化pH为7.5,在pH 5.5～10.0之间该酶的稳定性较好,pH 10.0的条件下仍有80%的活力;最适作用底物是羧甲基纤维素钠.研究可为木质纤维素的生物预处理提供一定参考价值.     

Antimicrobial activity of Red Sea corals

Scleractinian corals and alcyonacean soft corals are the two most dominant groups of benthic marine organisms inhabiting the coral reefs of the Gulf of Eilat, northern Red Sea. Antimicrobial assays performed with extracts of six dominant Red Sea stony corals and six dominant soft corals against marine bacteria isolated from the seawater surrounding the corals revealed considerable variability in antimicrobial activity. The results demonstrated that, while the majority (83%) of Red Sea alcyonacean soft corals exhibited appreciable antimicrobial activity against marine bacteria isolated from the seawater surrounding the corals, the stony corals had little or no antimicrobial activity. From the active soft coral species examined, Xenia macrospiculata exhibited the highest and most potent antimicrobial activity. Bioassay-directed fractionation indicated that the antimicrobial activity was due to the presence of a range of compounds of different polarities. One of these antibiotic compounds was isolated and identified as desoxyhavannahine, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 48 μg ml⁻¹ against a marine bacterium. The results of the current study suggest that soft and hard corals have developed different means to combat potential microbial infections. Alcyonacean soft corals use chemical defense through the production of antibiotic compounds to combat microbial attack, whereas stony corals seem to rely on other means.     

Heavy Metals and Arsenic in Sediments, Mussels and Marine Water from Murano (Venice, Italy)

This paper describes a study of the trace element distribution in sediments, marine water and mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis of the Venetian Lagoon around the Island of Murano, an island with a long tradition of glassmaking. Trace elements analysed include Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Ag and As. Sediments are contaminated with Zn, Cu, Ag, As and Pb, with levels in the <2m fraction that are likely to cause adverse biological effects to marine organisms. The pelite (<63m) is the main carrier of heavy metals at most sites. However, the fine-grained and coarse sand on the southern coast of Murano accounts for a significant proportion of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ag, Ni and Pb. Most trace element concentrations found in soft tissue of mussels appear to be within recommended Italian and international guidelines for shellfish for human consumption, the only exception being relatively high As levels. The bioaccumulation of Ag and Cr is more pronounced in the shell of these organisms. In the marine water of the lagoon, trace elements are more enriched than in other areas of the Mediterranean, with particular reference to the dissolved labile species of Zn, Mn, As, Cu, Ni and Cr.     

Low intensity ultrasound stimulates biological activity of aerobic activated sludge

This work aims to explore a procedure to improve biological wastewater treatment efficiency using low intensity ultrasound. The aerobic activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant was used as the experimental material. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of the activated sludge (AS) was determined to indicate the changes of AS activity stimulated by ultrasound at 35 kHz for 0–40 min with ultrasonic intensities of 0–1.2 W/cm². The highest OUR was observed at the ultrasonic intensity of 0.3 W/cm² and an irradiation period of 10 min; more than 15% increase was achieved immediately after sonication. More significantly, the AS activity stimulated by ultrasound could last 24 h after sonication, and the AS activity achieved its peak value within 8 h after sonication, or nearly 100% higher than the initial level after sonication. Therefore, to improve the wastewater treatment efficiency of bioreactors, ultrasound with an intensity of 0.3 W/cm² could be employed to irradiate a part of the AS in the bioreactor for 10 min every 8 h.     

Effects of carrier-attached biofilm on oxygen transfer efficiency in a moving bed biofilm reactor

Three laboratory-scale moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) with different carrier filling ratios ranging from 40% to 60% were used to study the effects of carrier-attached biofilm on oxygen transfer efficiency. In this study, we evaluated the performance of three MBBRs in degrading chemical oxygen demand and ammonia. The three reactors removed more than 95% of NH ₄ ⁺ -N at an air flow-rate of 60 L·h^–1. The standard oxygen transfer efficiency (αSOTE) of the three reactors was also investigated at air flow-rates ranging from 60 to 100 L·h^–1. These results were compared to αSOTE of wastewater with a clean carrier (no biofilm attached). Results showed that under these process conditions, αSOTE decreased by approximately 70% as compared to αSOTE of wastewater at a different carrier-filling ratio. This indicated that the biofilm attached to the carrier had a negative effect on αSOTE. Mechanism analysis showed that the main inhibiting effects were related to biofilm flocculants and soluble microbial product (SMP). Biofilm flocs could decrease αSOTE by about 20%, and SMP could decrease αSOTE by 30%–50%.     

厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器处理发酵废水的研究

采用新型厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器对发酵废水进行了中试处理研究.试验结果表明,系统总有机负荷最高可达到8.88kg(COD)m-3d-1,系统去除率稳定在88.10%~96.88%,说明反应器处理效率高,抗冲击能力强.反应器结构合理,利于保持丰富、高活性的微生物,反应器厌氧区颗粒污泥TS高达83.9gL-1,VS/TS为56.9%~57.4%,比产甲烷活性为280~350mL(CH4)gvss-1d-1;好氧区固定化微生物TS高达64.03gL-1载体,VS/TS为94.02%~94.30%.反应器各功能区对废水的降解过程分析,说明反应器厌氧区和好氧区一体化结构合理,可将废水逐级降解,从而保证整个系统的处理效果.图8表4参11     

Relationships of biological and taxonomic characteristics to chemically mediated bioactivity in Mediterranean littoral sponges

The aim of this study was to detect relationships of bioactive properties (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral antimitotic and cytotoxic activities) of Mediterranean littoral sponges with some of their biological characteristics (growth habits, presence of symbiotic or epibiotic organisms, structural defences) and their systematic position. Antimitotic and cytotoxic activities were present in 80.6% and 73.6% of the species respectively, 42.2% of the species showed antibacterial activity, 29.8% were antiviral and 22.5% were antifungal. Only antiviral and antifungal activities were significantly dependent on taxonomical order, being especially important in the Axinellida. Antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial activities predominated in erect forms, and were poorly represented in encrusting forms, which, however, included a higher percentage of cytotoxic and antimitotic species. Nevertheless, only antiviral activity was significantly related to growth habit. All types of activities were significantly dependent on sponge skeletal features: the highest percentages of species with cytotoxic activity were found among horny and siliceous sponges. Also, antiviral and antibacterial activities were better represented in horny sponges. Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities were dependent on the presence/absence of epibionts and seemed to be more efficient as antifouling defences than antimitotic and cytotoxic activities. Only cytotoxic activity was significantly more wide-spread in species harbouring cyanophyceae. Correspondence analysis revealed that cytotoxic and antimitotic activities were both related to encrusting forms, a siliceous skeleton, occasional epibiosis and the presence of cyanophyceae. Antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral activities were mainly related to erect or globular form, siliceous and horny skeleton and habitual (species-specific) epibiosis.     

悬浮填料生物膜工艺的研究进展

悬浮填料生物膜工艺又称为移动床生物膜反应器工艺，是上世纪90年代初迅猛发展起来的一种新型水处理工艺．它既可以作为独立的生物处理系统，也能够与活性污泥法组合以增加后者的处理效能，还可以作为中高浓度工业废水的生物预处理手段．本文总结了悬浮填料生物膜工艺的流体力学、生化动力学规律、悬浮填料的开发现状，探讨了此工艺在市政生活污水、工业废水、低污染物浓度的水处理领域的研究和应用进展．进一步开发高效、廉价的功能型悬浮填料，提高填料的有效比表面积，优化与确定工艺和运行参数，将推动悬浮填料生物膜工艺在我国的全面应用．图3表1参64     

油桐尺蠖病毒杀虫剂的药效分析

油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒（BsSNPV）是一种高致病力的病毒株，生物测定nPIB（LC50）=1．657×104mL．经过全国7个省20多个单位联合试验，生物统计结果表明：BsSNPV防治第1代油桐尺蠖虫口下降率为97．2％；防治第2代油桐尺蠖虫口下降宰为93．97％；F测验其t值为0．184，小于理论t0．05（29）＝2．045．优于敌百虫、DDVP、辛硫磷和BT等农药是一种杀虫效果稳定、使用安全、经济有效的生物杀虫剂．     

Factors affecting the flux of arsenic through the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Radiotracer experiments were designed to study the effects of certain environmental and biological factors on arsenic accumulation and elimination processes in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Arsenic (as arsenate) uptake increased with increasing arsenic concentration in the water; however, the response was not proportional, indicating that accumulation was partially suppressed at higher external arsenic concentrations. In general, approximately 80% of the ⁷⁴As taken up was associated with the soft parts, with small mussels concentrating ⁷⁴As to a greater degree than larger individuals. The highest ⁷⁴As concentrations were recorded in the byssus and the digestive gland. Increased temperature enhanced both arsenic uptake and loss. Mussels in sea water at 19 S accumulated approximately three times more ⁷⁴As than those held at 38 S. Arsenic loss was much less affected by salinity, with only a tendency for greater arsenic retention noted at lower salinities. Studies carried out in the laboratory and in situ revealed that arsenic turnover was significantly more rapid in actively growing individuals living under natural conditions. Arsenic-74 loss from the in situ group was essentially biphasic, with biological half-times of approximately 3 and 32 days for the fast and slow compartments, respectively. The active secretion of arsenic in the byssal threads contributed to the total elimination of the element from the mussels.