低温等离子体法处理甲醛气体

报道用低温等离子体的方法去除甲醛气体，主要考察了电场强度、进口浓度及填料对于甲醛气体去除效率的影响。实验研究结果表明，随着电场强度的增加，进口浓度的降低和在反应器中加有填料都会提高甲醛气体的去除效率。低温等离子体方法去除甲醛气体的机理可分为2部分：电子与污染物分子的直接碰撞和电场产生的活性粒子与污染物分子之间发生的一系列化学反应。     

低温等离子体法去除苯和甲苯废气性能研究

对低温等离子体法去除苯和甲苯废气的性能进行了探讨,在理论分析的基础上进行实验研究。低温等离子体法去除苯和甲苯的机理是放电反应产生的高能电子与苯和甲苯分子发生非弹性碰撞并将能量全部或部分传递给目标分子,使其裂解、激化。被裂解、激化的分子与臭氧、活性基团发生一系列物理、化学反应后生成二氧化碳、一氧化碳和水。实验结果表明,苯和甲苯的去除率随着电场强度的增强而增大,随着气体流速的增大而减小。在较高电场强度下,有钛酸钡填料的反应器比无填料的反应器对苯和甲苯的去除率高得多,苯最高去除率可达92 6%,甲苯可达到96 8%。相同条件下甲苯比苯更容易去除。     

低温等离子体法去除苯和甲苯废气性能研究

对低温等离子体法去除苯和甲苯废气的性能进行了探讨，在理论分析的基础上进行实验研究。低温等离子体法去除苯和甲苯的机理是放电反应产生的高能电子与苯和甲苯分子发生非弹性碰撞并将能量全部或部分传递给目标分子，使其裂解、激化。被裂解、激化的分子与臭氧、活性基团发生一系列物理、化学反应后生成二氧化碳、一氧化碳和水。实验结果表明，苯和甲苯的去除率随着电场强度的增强而增大，随着气体流速的增大而减小。在较高电场强度下，有钛酸钡填料的反应器比无填料的反应器对苯和甲苯的去除率高得多，苯最高去除率可达92．6％，甲苯可达到96．8％。相同条件下甲苯比苯更容易去除。     

低温等离子体联合技术降解甲苯气体的研究

以自制的纳米钛酸钡基介电材料为催化剂,以电工陶瓷拉西环为载体,利用介质阻挡放电产生的低温等离子体对常压下流动态含甲苯的空气进行处理,研究了电场强度、空塔气速、甲苯初始浓度及不同填料情况下甲苯的降解及臭氧产生情况,初步探讨了等离子体联合技术降解甲苯的机制,并进行了产物分析.实验结果表明,甲苯降解率随电场强度的提高而上升,随空塔气速和甲苯初始浓度的增加而降低;随反应器内填料变化,甲苯降解率表现为催化剂填料》普通填料》无填料,其降解率最高可达95%.当电场强度》13.0 kV/cm时,臭氧浓度因受到过量的高能电子攻击而发生分解,表现为臭氧浓度随电场强度的继续增加而降低,故最佳电场强度为13.0 kV/cm.当9.0 kV/cm＜电场强度＜13.0 kV/cm,臭氧产量表现为催化剂填料＞普通填料＞无填料,纳米钛酸钡基介电材料大大增强了臭氧的产量.     

低温对湿地填料内微生物生长分布及处理效能的影响研究

针对人工湿地低温运行效率低、填料层内部结构对微生物生长分布影响不明确等问题,采用最大或然数(MPN)法对典型人工湿地正反级配试验柱中氨化细菌、硝化细菌及反硝化细菌生长分布情况及对污染物去除效果进行检测分析,研究环境温度及湿地填料级配设置对微生物生长的影响。结果表明,低温环境对湿地微生物生长均产生抑制,环境温度为15℃的试验柱各项污染物去除率均高于环境温度为5℃的试验柱,在相同环境温度下,反级配试验柱污染物去除效率优于正级配试验柱。反级配试验柱表层较大孔隙率使得氧气更易进入填料层,因此上层填料中氨化细菌、硝化细菌数均高于同温度下正级配试验柱,而反硝化细菌数量则呈现相反的规律。污染物去除效率受环境温度和反硝化底物浓度共同影响,本研究中环境温度为15℃的反级配试验柱对污染物的去除效率最优,其对COD、氨氮、TN污染物平均去除率可分别为46.18%、45.50%、45.28%。     

吸附联合低温等离子体法去除甲苯废气

对介质阻挡放电条件下产生的低温等离子体联合吸附去除低浓度甲苯废气进行了实验研究。考察了反应器内分别填充分子筛、陶瓷环和混合填料时,甲苯的吸附效果;比较了各种填充条件下,低温等离子体对甲苯的去除效果和副产物臭氧的产生量;并对填充混合填料时不同外加电压、不同操作条件下,吸附联合低温等离子体去除甲苯的过程进行系统的研究。结果表明,外加电压相同,混合填料对甲苯的去除率最高,大于97%,依次是分子筛、陶瓷环、无填充;同时混合填料的臭氧浓度小于其他填料;当电压为18 kV时,混合填料可获得较高的甲苯去除率,同时产生的臭氧副产物最少。     

蜂窝状ZSM-5沸石协同低温等离子体净化含硫恶臭气体

采用蜂窝状ZSM-5沸石协同低温等离子体净化5种典型含硫恶臭气体,通过沸石硅铝比、锰改性、放电电压参数的优化探究最佳工艺参数与处理效果。结果表明：降低硅铝比、锰改性利于提升蜂窝状ZSM-5沸石对含硫恶臭气体的整体吸附效率,增大硅铝比、适当增加锰负载量、提高放电电压则利于提升蜂窝状ZSM-5沸石协同低温等离子体对含硫恶臭气体的去除效率,其提升机制可能与沸石比表面积、外表面积和Mn³⁺负载催化有关。在硅铝比为70(摩尔比)、锰负载量为10%(质量分数)、7.5 kV的条件下,锰改性蜂窝状ZSM-5沸石协同低温等离子体对含硫恶臭气体的去除效率均大于95%,比输入能量仅为2.3 J/L。     

非平衡等离子体技术对有害气体污染物的降解研究进展

由于非平衡等离子体化学过程在增强氧化能力、促进分子离解以及加速化学反应等方面具有很高的效率 ,因此 ,近年来利用非平衡等离子技术对气体污染物的破坏分解研究受到了广泛的关注。本文简述了非平衡等离子体技术对气体污染物的降解原理 ,综述了国内外利用这一技术破坏各种气体污染物的最新进展 ,讨论了放电功率、停留时间、催化剂、化合物结构等因素对放电反应效率的影响 ,并展望了其应用前景     

潜流湿地对典型选控性有机污染物去除的预测

建立潜流湿地有机污染物迁移转化模型,采用多孔介质模型描述潜流湿地的水力特性,并引入Monod方程相耦合,实现对湿地系统内部流场及水质浓度的同时模拟。通过实验,校核模型参数,并验证模型。结果表明,该模型能较好模拟潜流湿地中有机污染物的去除效果;计算条件下,在不同基质填料的潜流湿地中都会出现滞水区和快速通道,影响水力效率与污染物去除效果;预测了不同填料系统中7种典型选控性有机污染物的去除效果,其处理效率:苯胺苯酚二甲苯甲苯苯硝基苯氯苯,可通过优选填料提高吸附量和延长停留时间来提高选控性有机物的处理效果。     

非平衡等离子体技术对有害气体污染物的降解研究进展

由于非平衡等离子体化学过程在增强氧化能力，促进分子离解以及加速化学反应等方面具有很高的效率，因此，近年来利用非平衡等离子技术对气体污染物的破坏分解研究受到了广泛的关注，本文简述了非平衡等离子体技术对气体污染物的降解原理，综述了国内外利用这一技术破坏各种气体污染物的最新进展，讨论了放电功率，停留时间，催化剂，化合物结构等因素对放电反应效率的影响，并展望了其应用前景。     

臭氧/紫外联合降解甲醛的试验研究

在臭氧单独作用、紫外光单独作用和UV/O₃ 3种条件下分别对甲醛进行降解试验，研究表明,臭氧和紫外在降解甲醛的试验中存在明显的协同促进作用。单独臭氧对甲醛降解效果并不显著。紫外单独作用时，对甲醛几乎没有降解作用。在UV/O₃条件下，甲醛的降解率大大提高，特别是在高浓度臭氧条件下，降解率高达63％。臭氧浓度增大，降解率增大；紫外光强度增大，降解效果提高；气体流量增大，降解率下降；湿度增大，降解率提高。对甲醛降解试验进行动力学研究，结果表明，光照强度和臭氧浓度增大，一级反应速率增大，提高臭氧浓度要比加强紫外强度更能促进甲醛的降解。     

膜吸收法净化低浓度甲醛和氨气

基于膜吸收技术自制双层平板式膜吸收器，搭建净化低浓度甲醛和氨气污染模拟系统，考察不同膜结构参数、进气流量、吸收剂流量等因素对其净化效果的影响。结果表明，聚偏氟乙烯PVDF对低浓度甲醛和氨气的净化效率高于聚四氟乙烯PTFE。对同一材质膜，随着膜孔隙率的增大，甲醛和氨气的净化率呈上升趋势。随着进气流量的增加。甲醛和氨气的净化效率降低；而吸收剂流量对其净化效率影响不大。对于所有实验条件，平均膜孔径为0．22μm的PVDF4#在进气流量ug=120L／h时，甲醛和氨气的净化效率最高，分别达94．7％和96．3％。     

Effect of formaldehyde on Cu(II) removal from synthetic complexed solutions by ion exchange

The effect of formaldehyde (HCHO) on the ion exchange of Cu(II) from an equimolar EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, H(4)L) solution with a strong-base Amberlite IRA-400 resin was studied. Experiments were conducted as a function of the initial concentration of Cu(II) (0.5-10 mM), solution pH (1.0-6.0), HCHO concentration (0-6 vol%), and temperature (15-35 degrees C). It was shown that the amount of exchange of Cu(II), which exists in the form of complexed anions CuL(2-), increased with increasing solution pH and reached a plateau at an equilibrium pH (pH(e)) of 3.5. However, the amount of exchange decreased with increasing HCHO concentration up to 3 vol% but then slightly decreased with a further increase in HCHO concentration. Such effect of added HCHO was determined by the following two factors: the competitive exchange of HCOO(-) anions and the enhanced exchange of Cu(I) in the form of complexed anions CuL(3-). The exchange isotherm obtained at a fixed pH(e) could be well described by the Langmuir equation. The isosteric enthalpy change for the present ion exchange process was also evaluated and discussed.     

Oxidative decomposition of formaldehyde by metal oxides at room temperature

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is still a major indoor air pollutant in Japanese air-tight houses and is the subject of numerous complaints regarding health disorders. Authors have developed a passive-type air-cleaning material and an air cleaner using manganese oxide (77% MnO₂) as an active component and successfully reduced indoor HCHO concentrations in newly built multi-family houses. In this study, the reactivity between manganese oxide and HCHO was discussed. We tested the removal efficiencies of several metal oxides for HCHO in a static reaction vessel and found manganese oxide could react with HCHO and release carbon dioxide even at room temperature. The reactivity and mechanisms were discussed for the proposed chemical reactions. A mass balance study proved that a major product through the heterogeneous reaction between manganese oxide and HCHO was carbon dioxide. Harmful by-products (HCOOH and CO) were not found.     

Effects of formaldehyde-enriched mists on Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco and Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm

The atmosphere in some areas is polluted with formaldehyde (HCHO); however, little is known about effects of HCHO on plants at concentrations resembling those in polluted areas. The effects of simulated fogwater enriched with HCHO on seedlings of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco (Douglas fir) and pendants of Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. were assessed. Plants were treated with HCHO-enriched fog (target concentrations of 100, 500, and 1000 microm) during five 4-night mist sessions. Growth and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction rate) for lichens and growth and timing of bud-break for Douglas fir were monitored. Nitrogenase activity was lowest in lichens treated at the highest HCHO concentration after all but the first mist session, and it declined significantly with increasing HCHO concentration after the final mist session (R(2) = 0.60, p = 0.02). However, differences in nitrogenase activity among treatments were generally not statistically significant (most p values from ANOVAs were >/= 0.20). Formaldehyde did not affect growth of the lichens. Budbreak of Douglas firs was slightly delayed and height growth was slightly depressed with increasing HCHO concentration, although effects were not statistically significant.     

Rainwater formaldehyde: concentration,deposition and photochemical formation

Formaldehyde (HCHO) concentrations were measured in 116 rain samples in Wilmington, NC from June 1996 to February 1998. Concentrations ranged from below the detection limit of 10 nM, to 13 μM, in the range of HCHO levels reported at other locations worldwide. The volume-weighted annual average rainwater formaldehyde concentration was 3.3±0.3 μM and comprised approximately 3% of the measured dissolved organic carbon. Using the volume weighted average HCHO concentration and annual precipitation of 1.4 m, an annual formaldehyde deposition of 4.6 mmol m⁻² yr⁻¹ was determined. Rainwater is a significant source of formaldehyde to surface waters and may contribute as much as 30 times the resident amount found in natural waters of southeastern North Carolina during the summer. Formaldehyde concentrations did not correlate with precipitation volume suggesting continuous supply during rain events. Evidence is presented which indicates part of this supply may be from direct photochemical production in the aqueous phase. Formaldehyde levels exhibited a distinct seasonal oscillation, with higher concentrations during the summer. This pattern is similar to that observed with other rainwater parameters at this site including pH, nitrate, and ammonium, and is most likely the result of increased photochemical production, as well as biogenic and anthropogenic emissions during summer months. The concentration of formaldehyde in both winter El Nino rains and summer tropical rains was less than half its concentration in non-El Nino or non-tropical events, suggesting significant terrestrial input. Formaldehyde was correlated with hydrogen peroxide and non-sea-salt sulfate deposition suggesting a relationship between HCHO, H₂O₂, S(VI) within the troposphere.     

脉冲电晕反应器结构对乙硫醇消除效果的影响

研究了脉冲电晕等离子体反应器结构的变化对乙硫醇消除效果的影响规律。结果表明，在反应器内设置折流板，可以增加气流的湍动程度，有利于活性粒子与污染物的充分接触，从而提高消除率。高压电极间距对电晕区范围及消毒效果有较大影响，间距较小将导致各电极产生的电场相互干扰明显，消除率减小；而电极间距过大，虽然电极间电场分布相互干扰小，但是反应器内可排布的电极数减少，总电晕区减少，消除率也减小。根据实验结果，电极间距设置为50 mm比较合理。另外，在相同的电场强度和脉冲频率下，毛刺形高压电极比线电极结构能耗低，能量利用率高。     

Removal of formaldehyde from indoor air by passive type air-cleaning materials

We have developed a board-like air-cleaning material consisting of activated carbon particles and manganese oxides, by which HCHO gas is decomposed into carbon dioxide even at room temperature. In this study, we investigated removal efficiencies of the air-cleaning board in a passive mode using a kinetic approach. First-order removal rate constant, k, corresponding to air change rate was characterized for the board as a function of the ratio of applied board area to space volume, S/V, and was found directly proportional to S/V with a slope of 25 at 25°C. The performance of the board was evaluated in a full-size laboratory with a constant gas generation. The board suppressed the increase of indoor HCHO concentration and the time course fitted to a theoretical curve. Then, field tests of the air-cleaning board were conducted in newly constructed multi-family houses in Japan from May 1998 to January 1999. The board not only reduced indoor HCHO concentration from 0.21 to 0.04 ppm for more than 7 months, but also enhanced the loss of HCHO gas from building materials in apartments.     

Scavenging of atmospheric formaldehyde by wet precipitation

Despite the great importance that formaldehyde has in atmospheric photochemistry, few studies have been reported on rain water. In this paper, concentrations of HCHO in rain fractions within rain events are presented. Two sampling sites were chosen: one at Mexico City, a great polluted urban area, and the second at Rancho Viejo, a forested area under the meteorological influence of the city. The results show a general decrease during the early portion of the rain event. This seems to indicate that below-cloud scavenging is the most important mechanism while, from the small variations observed in the latter portion of the rainfall, it is possible to assume within-cloud scavenging as the predominant mechanism. Using the HCHO concentrations in rain water, the mixing ratios were estimated for the two sampling sites. The values were 0.68 ppb and 0.44 ppb at Mexico City and Rancho Viejo, respectively. Measurements at ground level in Mexico City gave a mean HCHO concentration in air of 24 ppb, much higher than the estimated mixing ratio. The high levels of HCHO found in ambient air and in rain water reflect anthropogenic emissions as the potential atmospheric sources.