好氧—厌氧微生物反复耦合处理废水新工艺

该发明公开了一种好氧—厌氧微生物反复耦合处理废水新工艺。采用生物流化床和生物固定床串联的工艺，先在流化床和固定床之间用溢流隔板连接组合起来；后在流化床和固定床中添加两种不同的多孔生物载体，通过在不同层次上的好氧—厌氧反复耦合，从而在实现处理废水中有机物和氮化合物的同时，原位分解剩余污泥。     

固定化微生物技术在废水处理中的研究进展

介绍了固定化微生物的载体和制备方法，综述了固定化微生物技术近年来在废水处理中的应用现状，并提出今后的研究方向和发展前景。     

污泥热水解技术研究进展

热水解可以改善污泥的生物降解性能和脱水性能,提高后续厌氧消化系统中有机物的去除率。本文阐述了热水解对污泥物理特性主要包括流变特性和脱水行为的影响;分析了热水解对污泥中氨氮浓度及对厌氧消化的作用;同时介绍了热水解技术对整个污泥处理系统能量需求的影响。指出：热水解改善了污泥的厌氧消化性能,提高了沼气等再生资源的产量,且厌氧消化产生的沼气量与热水解技术所需的能量基本平衡。     

复合生物曝气工艺处理化纤生产废水

仪征化纤股份有限公司所排生产废水中以乙二醇和对苯二甲酸等有机物为主,有机负荷变化较大。复合生物曝气工艺是将传统的活性污泥法与生物膜法有机结合的高效废水处理工艺。即在普通活性污泥工艺的曝气池中投加各种能提供微生物附着生长表面的载体,利用载体容易截留和附着生物量大的特点,使曝气池中同时存在附着相和悬浮相生物,充分发挥两者的优越性,使之扬长避短,相互补充。由于该工艺兼有活性污泥和生物膜法的工艺特点,反应系统中厌氧和兼性厌氧菌的比例较高,生物膜中丝状微生物的数量和种类较多,且食物链稳定。     

用好氧-厌氧反复耦合固定床生物反应器处理肌苷生产废水

利用由多孔微生物载体构建的好氧-厌氧反复耦合固定床生物反应器进行了高浓度肌苷生产废水处理中试研究。连续84d的运行结果表明，当进水COD为1500-2700mg／L、水力停留时间为22．1h时，出水COD可维持在150mg／L左右，COD去除率达90％～95％。装置运行稳定后，未经沉淀的出水中的固体悬浮物质量浓度小于50mg／L，表明该反应器可避免剩余污泥的产生。中试结果验证了该反应器处理高浓度肌苷废水的可行性和优势，同时为装置放大提供了理论依据。     

好氧／厌氧两用废水处理装置

该专利涉及一种好氧／厌氧两用废水生物处理装置。在厌氧升流式反应器底部设有曝气头和进气管，曝气头通过进气管与气体压缩机相连；压缩机通过阀门和进气管与装有空气或氧气的气体罐或氮气罐连接；反应器顶部的出气管通过管道与沼气柜相连，沼气柜通过管路和阀门与压缩机相连。该实用新型专利在不改变反应器结构的情况下可实现好氧或厌氢两种方式运行,     

产沼气的废水处理装置及该装置所用的自循环厌氧反应器

该发明公开了一种产沼气的废水处理装置及该装置所用的自循环厌氧反应器。该装置由一个新型自循环厌氧反应器和计算机监控系统组成，其核心自循环厌氧反应器由两个上下重叠的厌氧反应区串联组成；两个反应区上部各设置一个气一固一液三相分离器，下部的反应区处于极端的高负荷，上部的反应区处于低负荷，三相分离器可使污泥自行分离沉降返回反应器主体并分别收集沼气，反应器内部能够形成液体自循环，使有机物与颗粒污泥的传质过程得到加强，处理能力得到提高；     

漆酶的固定化技术与应用研究进展

酶固定化技术的应用有效提高了漆酶的稳定性和可重复利用性，为其大规模使用提供了条件。载体材料的选择对固定化漆酶的性能至关重要。本文介绍了当前固定化漆酶的3种载体材料（高分子材料、无机纳米材料、有机-无机杂化材料），总结了固定化漆酶在废水处理、固体废物处理、生物传感器制造等方面的研究进展。指出未来的研究方向应集中于：开发新技术或优化现有工艺以降低漆酶生产成本，研发新的载体材料和固定化方法以提高漆酶的长期活性，利用基因工程提高漆酶的稳定性和回收潜力。     

湿法腈纶废水的生化处理

采用水解酸化—固定化微生物流化床—氧化混凝联合工艺处理湿法腈纶废水.该工艺采用的高效菌微生物固定化技术及新型氧化混凝技术均对湿法腈纶废水有较好的处理效果.实验结果表明:在水解酸化温度为42℃、水解酸化运行周期为20 h的条件下,接种活性污泥和高效菌的SBR的COD去除率为26.0％;在新型氯铁型氧化混凝剂加入量为15 mL/L的条件下,混凝出水COD可降至66 mg/L.水解酸化—固定化微生物流化床—氧化混凝联合工艺的总COD去除率可达89.4％.     

固定化微生物处理工业废水

本文综述了固定化微生物在环境保护方面的应用及发展情况;介绍了固定化微生物作为新型废水处理剂的特点及处理废水的有关技术,并与传统生化法作了比较;指出开发固定化微生物处理工业废水的技术关键;分析了这项新技术的发展前景。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

High Immobilization of NH4+ in Danish Heath Soil Related to Succession,Soil and Nutrients: Implications for Critical Loads of N

During recent decades heathlands havechanged into grasslands in regions with high atmosphericnitrogen deposition. In regions with intermediatedeposition level (e.g., Denmark) changes have been lesspronounced which may be due to delay or decrease inresponse of the ecosystem. The mor layer (O horizon) mayplay an important role for this delay due to high sinkstrength for N. In this study, the capacity for netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization and mineralization wasstudied during short- and long-term incubations (2–36 days)of mor samples from Danish dry inland heaths. High short-term capacity for net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization wasfound to be a general characteristic of Danish heath morlayers both under heather (Calluna vulgaris) andcrowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp nigrum), the latterdominating late stages in heathland succession. The netNH₄ ⁺ immobilization was higher under youngcompared to old or dead vegetation, and higher on lessnutrient poor soils than on extremely nutrient poor soils.The addition of N, P and C stimulated CO₂ productionand net NH₄ ⁺ immobilization, but not net Nmineralization. The immobilization of ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺caused release of dissolved organic N, increased N anddecreased C/N ratio in the microbial biomass, and indicatedgrowth of microorganisms with other metabolic abilitiesthan the indigenous population. No evidence was obtained ofstabilization of immobilized ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ intosoil organic matter during the experiment. On background ofthe results and current knowledge it was concluded that therecognition of the high capacity for net NH₄ ⁺immobilization in mor layers does not allow for a raiseof critical loads for N for northern dry inland heaths.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Selection of Autochthonous Plant Species from SE Spain for Soil Lead Phytoremediation Purposes

Mining activity in SE of Spain, in the west Mediterranean coast, originated more than two millenniums ago. It has generated huge areas affected by heavy metals contamination, especially of lead, which is possibly one of the most important. Investigations related to the selection of autochthonous plant taxa from a typical Spanish Mediterranean area, useful for phytoextraction and phytostabilization purposes in these polluted areas are shown. Under these edaphoclimatic conditions 12 interesting species were considered, from them six taxa were chosen for further studies. Some plant species have been proposed either for phytoextraction or phytostabilization purposes. Recommendations for further research have been discussed.