大庆水库底栖动物群落调查及生物学评价

对2001-2005年大庆水库的底栖动物进行了生态调查.共观察到4科7属底栖动物,其中:软体动物为1科1属,环节动物为1科2属,水生昆虫为1科3属,甲壳动物为1科1属;底栖动物的密度变化范围为96～880个/平方米;优势种属是前突摇蚊属(Procladicus)和摇蚊属(Chironomus).运用生物学污染指数(BPI-Biology Pollution Index)来评价大庆水库水质,评价结果表明:BPI指数变化范围为0.73～0.82,水质属于β中污染水体,五年之间的水污染程度变化不明显,而且水质逐年有略微好转的倾向;平水期的水质略好于丰水期的水质.     

大庆市红旗水库的底栖动物与水质评价

对大庆市红旗水库2001～2005年的底栖动物进行了调查,并采用生物学污染指数(BPI-Biology Pollution Index)法来评价红旗水库水质.结果表明共计鉴定到5科7属底栖动物,其中有软体动物为2科3属,节肢动物为1科1属,水生昆虫为1科2属,甲壳动物为1科1属;底栖动物的密度变化范围为16～412 个/m2;优势种属是前突摇蚊属(Procladicus)和摇蚊属(Chironomus).BPI指数变化范围为0.52～0.86,红旗水库水质属于β中污染水体.     

大伙房水库底栖动物（1980～1992）群落结构特征及水质生物学评价

1980～1992年对大伙房水库6个站进行了不同季节底栖动物群落特征生态调查。共发现26种底栖动物,隶属于20属,3科。底栖动物密度由1980年的3335个/m2减少到1992年的829个/m2。共发现9种耐污种类,占总数的34.6％,密度占86.5％以上。水质生物学评价结果表明：1、2站动物种类少（10种）,多样性指数低（1.2956）,属α──中污染;5站动物种类多（16种）,多样性指数高（1.4024）,属β──中污染;大伙房水库只受到轻度污染。     

大庆水库浮游植物及水体污染状况评价

本文对1996～2000年间大庆水库浮游植物的监测结果进行了评价。大庆水库共发现浮游植物6门36属，其中属数最多的是硅藻门，共15属占41．7％；其次为绿藻门，共11属占30．6％。大庆水库的Shannon-Weaver多样性指数变化范围1．78-3．15，水质为轻污染到中污染水平。     

辽宁大伙房水库水生生物特征及水质生态学评价

1961～ 2 0 0 0年对大伙房水库 6个站进行了不同季节浮游植物、底栖动物群落特征的生态调查和水化学分析。共发现藻类 8门 ,1 74种 ,底栖动物 3 4种 ,分析了水库水生生物种类组成 ,数量变化和生物演替。水质生态学评价结果表明 :大伙房水库属中富营养化 ,水体只受到轻度污染 ,水质等级为 2级。     

辽宁大伙房水库水生生物演变的探讨

1961～2000年对大伙房水库6个站进行了不同季节浮游植物、底栖动物群落特征的生态调查和水化学分析。共发现藻类8门，174种，底栖动物34种，分析了水库水生生物种类组成，数量变化和生物演替。水质生态学评价结果表明：大伙房水库属中富营养化，水体只受到轻度污染，水质等级为2级。     

黄浦江上游底栖动物的指示生物生态研究

就黄浦江上游水质现状，底栖动物指示种的适用范围及其对污染的指示意义，加以探讨，研究，结果筛选出适应于当前水质状况的底栖动物有颤蚓，水丝蚓，珍珠蚌，钩虾和摇蚊幼虫等指示种，从底栖动物指示种的变化，可预测水质变化的趋势以及季节性的差异。     

宁波东钱湖大型底栖动物群落动态及水质生物学评价

2009年4月—2010年1月,对东钱湖大型底栖动物群落结构及空间分布格局进行了季度调查,并对其环境状况进行生物学评价.共记录底栖动物3门4纲28属30种,其中寡毛类5种、水生昆虫18种、软体动物7种.底栖动物密度、生物量和群落周年次级生产量分别为1 233 m-2、8.0 g/m2(以湿质量计)和35.3 g/(m2.a)(P/B系数法估算),单因素方差分析显示,秋、冬季显著高于春、夏季.东钱湖底栖动物优势种为红裸须摇蚊、长跗摇蚊、菱跗摇蚊和霍甫水丝蚓,红裸须摇蚊为冬季单一优势种.依据底栖动物密度的多维序列分析,可将东钱湖分为4个湖区.基于GIS平台,运用克里格插值法,构建动物参数及BI(Hilsenhoff生物指数)的空间分布格局,显示东钱湖底栖动物群落具有较强的空间异质性:摇蚊幼虫多分布在谷子湖及中部湖区,而软体动物主要聚集在中部偏西南及北部湖区.BI评价结果表明,东钱湖的整体水质为中度污染(BI为7.58),其在时空上有较大差异.其中,2009年4、7、9月为轻度污染(BI为6.66～7.33),2009年11月—2010年1月为中度污染(BI为8.32～8.39);在空间尺度上,中部及北湖偏东部湖区污染较轻,其次为谷子湖及五里塘湖区,南湖偏南部湖区污染较重.      

梁子湖水生生物多样性及水质评价研究

2012年8-12月对梁子湖进行了浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物及水质调查,共发现浮游植物7门94属184种,以绿藻种类最多,共107种,其次依次为硅藻36种,蓝藻24种,裸藻9种,隐藻3种,甲藻4种,金藻1种;浮游动物128种,其中原生动物60种,轮虫33种,桡足类18种,枝角类17种;底栖动物22种,以苏氏尾鳃蚓、长足摇蚊、羽摇蚊、铜锈环棱螺为常见种。根据Shannon-Wiener多样性指数评价方法,2012年8-12月梁子湖浮游植物生物多样性指数值在2-3之间,水质为中度污染状态。根据综合营养状态指数评价方法,梁子湖水质冬季较好,为中营养状态;夏秋季节水质较差,为轻度富营养状态,局部达到中度富营养化状态。     

永定河底栖动物生物完整性指数构建与健康评价

构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数是河流健康评价与河流修复的重要步骤.根据2017年4月永定河流域23个采样点的大型底栖动物生物监测数据,基于监测点水质状况与栖息地质量综合评估指数得分,选择潮白河水系大型底栖动物类群相似且人为干扰较小的5个监测点作为参照区域,构建永定河B-IBI（大型底栖动物生物完整性指数）.通过对大型底栖动物33个生物参数的分布范围检验、判别能力分析和Spearman相关性检验,最终确定永定河B-IBI由总分类单元数、蜉蝣目（E）-襀翅目（P）-毛翅目（T）个体相对丰度、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、摇蚊科个体相对丰度、敏感类群分类单元数、科级耐污指数（family biotic index,FBI值）等6个核心参数构成.采用生物完整性研究中常用的比值法和三分法构建的B-IBI评价得分体系.结果表明,两种方法计算出的B-IBI均具有较高的判别能力,均能较好地判别参照水体和受损水体的健康状况,二者具有较高的相关性和一致性（R>0.90）.永定河河流健康评价结果表明,洋河、桑干河和永定河干流监测点B-IBI平均得分分别为1.97、1.86和1.78,妫水河B-IBI平均值为2.48,23个采样点中有16个处于较差状态,7个处于一般状态.相关性分析表明,B-IBI指数与栖息地质量综合评估指数得分、ρ（DO）呈显著正相关,与ρ（NH₄+）、浊度、电导率呈显著负相关,表明B-IBI指数对于栖息地人为干扰和水质污染均具有较强的指示作用.研究显示,永定河大型底栖动物生物完整性基本丧失,全流域底栖动物群落呈现全面退化趋势,识别影响大型底栖动物群落的关键要素、恢复永定河河流生态系统结构和功能研究亟待开展.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.