污泥中有机磷酸酯检测的预处理优化

基于“富集（加速溶剂萃取）+净化+检测”的步骤，进行污泥取样量、萃取条件、净化柱类型、淋洗液极性和洗脱液极性的优化.确定了0.2g污泥取样量、130℃萃取温度、1：1（V/V）的丙酮/二氯甲烷混合溶液为萃取剂、氨基柱净化、2：5（V/V）的二氯甲烷/正己烷混合溶液为淋洗液、二氯甲烷为洗脱液，最后用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱对有机磷酸酯进行定性定量检测.结果表明，各物质的基质加标回收率均在60%~120%之间，基质效应也基本控制在±15%.净化方法同样适用于污水样品，用此方法成功测定了北京市某污水处理厂各工艺单元的水相及固相样品，显示出良好的适用性.     

两种工艺对污水再生水中微量有机物的去除效果

以20种微量有机污染物为目标物,针对北京市2个再生水厂的不同工艺,系统地考察了污水再生水中目标化合物的去除效果,并采用重组酵母雌激素活性筛检法(YES法)对再生水中雌激素活性进行评价.结果表明,超滤(UF)+臭氧(O3)氧化处理工艺可有效地去除微量有机污染物,出水中雌二醇当量浓度(EEQ)低于YES法检出范围.A2/O+膜生物反应器(MBR)+反渗透(RO)处理工艺对微量有机污染物有很高的去除能力,出水中可检测出的目标化合物较少.2种工艺均可降低再生水的环境风险,保障其使用安全.     

饮用水中有毒污染物的筛查和健康风险评价

饮用水中含有痕量有机有毒污染物,其中相当一部分并不在水质标准管理范围.应用安捷伦公司解卷积报告软件(DRS)提供的保留时间锁定(RTL)、谱图解卷积(Deconvolution)技术和有毒化合物数据库(HCD),建立了1种可以应用于饮用水中有毒污染物的筛查和健康风险评价的方法.应用此方法对北京市自来水厂进出水中的有毒有机污染物进行了分析,定性筛查到113种有毒有机污染物,并对其中多环芳烃、有机氯农药、挥发性有机物和酚类物质等62种污染物进行了定量分析.结果表明,在有定量分析数据的污染物中,列入标准的有机有毒污染物浓度均未超过国际主要水质标准限值;对未列入水质标准或没有浓度限值的有机有毒污染物,初步进行了健康风险分析和水厂工艺的去除效果评价,发现它们的健康风险基本处于可接受的水平.此外,还定性筛查到当前国际水质标准中没有列入的51种有毒有机物,包括敌敌畏、五氯硝基苯、仲丁威、残杀威、邻苯基苯酚、叔丁基-4-羟基茴香醚、苯胺和腐霉利等,并分析了这些污染物的风险特征,是否存在健康风险需要进一步的研究.     

污水处理厂出水中雌激素活性物质浓度与生态风险水平

再生水在环境和景观水体利用中,由微量有毒有害污染物,特别是内分泌干扰物引起的长期生态风险备受关注. 以再生水生态风险控制为目的,对城市污水处理厂出水(再生水)中雌激素活性物质浓度分布情况进行了研究,归纳了8种雌激素活性物质的出水浓度水平,比较分析了各物质的雌激素活性和生态风险. 结果表明:8种物质的质量浓度分布在ng/L～μg/L,其中ρ(类固醇)最低,为nd～50 ng/L;ρ(酚类)及ρ(酞酸酯类)主要在μg/L水平,个别高达40 μg/L. 雌激素活性分析和生态风险评价结果表明,污水处理厂出水(再生水)中3类雌激素活性物质的雌激素活性和生态风险顺序均为类固醇物质＞酚类物质＞酞酸酯类物质. 城市污水再生处理厂应优先控制乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)、雌酮(E1)和雌三醇(E3)等3种雌激素活性物质.      

基于水华风险控制的再生水景观水体水力停留时间阈值研究

再生水景观利用是解决城市景观用水短缺的有效途径之一。但较高氮磷浓度的再生水进入流动性较差的景观水体中极易发生水华现象。在现有再生水排放标准下,水力停留时间的调控是控制景观水体中微藻生物量的有效手段。根据微藻生长模型和水质动力学模型,提出了基于水力停留时间调控的景观水体水华控制方法及其阈值确定方法。通过计算,得到再生水氮、磷浓度执行GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》A标准(总氮15 mg/L,总磷0.5 mg/L)对应的水力停留时间阈值为2.477 d;执行DB11/890—2012北京市《城镇污水处理厂水污染物排放标准》A(总氮10 mg/L,总磷0.2 mg/L)对应的水力停留时间阈值为5.034 d;执行昆明市地方标准DB5301/T43—2020《城镇污水处理厂主要污染物排放限值》A级(总氮5 mg/L,总磷0.05 mg/L)对应的水力停留时间阈值为21.659 d, B级(总氮10 mg/L,总磷0.3 mg/L)对应的水力停留时间阈值为3.783 d, C级(总氮15 mg/L,总磷0.4 mg/L)对应的水力停留时间阈值为2.811 d;执行91/...     

珠江水系广州河段水体中有机污染物的GC/ITD/COM联用法分析

本文报导了珠江广州河段水体中有机污染物的GC/ITD/COM联用法全分析。110升水样被XAD-2树脂柱富集,用有机溶剂洗脱,并浓缩至1ml。浓缩的提取液注入GC/ITD,鉴别了272个化合物,14种是美国环保局规定的优先考虑污染物。根据有效碳数计算校正因子,定量了216个化合物,某浓度范围为0.01～46μg/l。文中也提出了31优先考虑有机污染物的候选名单。      

北京某污水处理厂及受纳水体中典型有机磷酸酯的污染特征和风险评估

有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters, OPEs)在环境中普遍存在,对生态系统和人体健康构成潜在的风险.在优化固相萃取(SPE)前处理方法的基上,建立了超高效液相色谱-质谱联用(UPLC-MS/MS)测定水体中8种OPEs的检测方法.实验对比了不同SPE小柱、不同洗脱液和不同洗脱液体积对8种目标化合物的回收率.结果发现,使用ENVI-18柱富集OPEs,用8 mL含25%(体积分数)二氯甲烷的乙腈洗脱,目标化合物加标回收率在92.5%～102.2%.不同基质样品加标回收率为88.5%～116.1%,RSD为1.7%～9.9%.对北京某污水处理厂不同工艺和污水受纳河流水体上下游连续6 d取样检测,污水厂出水中OPEs的浓度范围为85.9～235.4 ng·L~(-1),受纳河流下游的6 d OPEs平均浓度为130.3 ng·L~(-1),高于上游来水中浓度(119.4 ng·L~(-1)),但低于污水处理厂出水平均总浓度(162.5 ng·L~(-1)).结果表明,污水处理厂不能完全去除OPEs,对磷酸三乙酯(TEP)和磷酸三(2-乙基己基)酯(TEHP)存在负去除现象,对其它OPEs的去除率在14.1%～84.9%之间,污水处理厂对总∑OPEs去除率为50.0%.污水处理厂出水中磷酸三苯酯(TPhP)存在中等风险(RQ0.10),其他有机磷酸酯的环境风险较低(RQ0.10),但其长期混合作用对受纳河流生态系统产生的生态危害不容忽视.     

我国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价研究

城镇污水处理厂的运行效果直接影响工业和生活污染源的污染物排放削减控制水平,根据《城镇污水处理厂运营质量评价标准》,从污水处理厂运行、污染物削减、能源消耗和资源利用情况4个方面探讨了全国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价方法,并结合第二次全国污染源普查结果,对全国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效进行了评价.结果表明:2017年全国8 550家城镇污水处理厂环境绩效平均得分为60.6分,有45.4%的城镇污水处理厂等级评价为较差,有50.9%在一般和较好等级范围内,仅有3.6%的城镇污水处理厂为良好和优秀等级.采用活性污泥法处理工艺、设计处理规模大以及位于华北、东北地区的城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效总体表现较好.59.3%、60.8%的城镇污水处理厂分别在污水处理厂运行和污染物削减情况的得分高于全国平均值,52.4%、81.6%的城镇污水处理厂在污水处理能耗和资源再生利用情况的得分均低于全国平均值.研究显示,相较于污水处理厂运行情况、污染物削减情况,全国城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效水平受能源消耗和资源利用情况的影响较大,建议从提高化学需氧量的进水浓度、实施工艺升级改造、加强再生水利用等方面入手,以提升城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效.      

某城市城镇污水处理厂COD排放现状评价分析

基于统计学的方法理论,分析北方某城市11家采用二级处理或二级强化处理工艺的城镇污水处理厂3 a例行监测数据,得到该城市城镇污水处理厂化学需氧量(COD)的排放浓度呈Delta-对数正态分布.在此基础上,借鉴美国水污染物排放限值制订方法,对该城市城镇污水处理厂COD任意一天排放和月均排放情况进行评价分析,得到其任意一天最大值低于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中一级A标准(50 mg·L-1)要求,同时提出了月均排放评价结论,并对相关结论进行了讨论.本研究所探索的方法体系和结论可为相关污染物排放标准的制修订提供参考.     

水解+滴滤床工艺在城镇污水处理厂的应用

贵州省遵义市龙坑污水处理厂处理规模为30 000m3/d.采用水解+滴滤床污水处理工艺,现已建成投产.建设投资少,运行费用低,处理效果稳定,出水达到GB18918-2002(城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>一级B标准.     

北京市地下水中高危害污染物筛选

地下水污染物对用水安全和人民健康造成了巨大的威胁.为开展地下水中高危害污染物筛选,改进了传统的危害评价方法,构建了涵盖毒理学优先指数法（Tox Pi）,吸收、分布、代谢、排泄（ADME）性质评估法和二模网络分析法的污染物危害评估-筛选-表征综合体系,针对北京市地下水中非靶检测到的234种疏水性有机污染物（HOCs）开展危害评估和毒害污染物筛选.利用Tox Pi方法筛选出危害潜力排名前20的污染物,在此基础上耦合其ADME性质进一步识别出17种高优先级HOCs,并通过二模网络分析,系统表征了这17种高优先级HOCs作用的基因分子靶点,通过关联性和加权平均度分析最终得到10种高危害的HOCs,并揭示其毒作用类型多集中于内分泌干扰效应、致癌效应以及遗传毒性.研究结果可为我国区域地下水污染物的防治提供技术支撑.     

Treatment of tunnel wash waters - experiments with organic sorbent materials. Part I: Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nonpolar oil

Tunnel wash waters characterize all waters that run off after washing procedures of tunnels are performed. These waters represent a wide spectrum of organic and inorganic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxic metals. Removal of such contaminants from water runoff was investigated using laboratory tests after washing procedure was performed on two road tunnels in eastern Norway (Hanekleiv and Bragernes). Due to diverse character of both, treatment media and treated wash waters, the whole investigation was divided into two separate laboratory experiments. The treatment efficiencies were established based on the levels of concentrations and reductions of the measured contaminants in the effluents released from the tested media. In the first part of the article, the contents of nonpolar oil (NPO), 16 individual PAHs, and total PAHs (∑PAH16) are described. This part revealed that the combination of two organic sorbent materials provided the highest treatment efficiency for wash waters released from the road tunnel and from electrostatic filters. The greatest reduction levels reached 97.6% for NPO, 97.2% for benzo[a]pyrene, and 96.5% for the total PAHs. In the second part of the article, the concentrations and the removal rates of toxic metals are reported     

利用化学分析和生物测试方法比较研究污染土壤中芳烃受体效应物质的积累

长期使用污水或再生水灌溉的潜在生态风险已经引起普遍关注,但是少有研究持久性有机有毒物质在土壤中积累所产生的慢性毒性.采用7-乙氧基-异吩唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)方法测试了北京郊区某再生水灌溉土壤中的芳烃受体效应物质,并用2,3,7,8-TCDD标定出相应的二英毒性当量(TEQ_bio).同时利用化学分析得到的土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,根据文献报道毒性当量因子(TEF)换算成二英的毒性当量(TEQ_PAHs).分析生物测试的结果,发现灌溉土壤中芳烃受体     

Treatment of tunnel wash waters-experiments with organic sorbent materials.PartⅠ:Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nonpolar oil

Tunnel wash waters characterize all waters that run off after washing procedures of tunnels are performed.These waters represent a wide spectrum of organic and inorganic pollutants,such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and toxic metals.Removal of such contaminants from water runoff was investigated using laboratory tests after washing procedure was performed on two road tunnels in eastern Norway(Hanekleiv and Bragernes).Due to diverse character of both,treatment media and treated wash waters, the...     

A toxicity-based method for evaluating safety of reclaimed water for environmental reuses

A large quantity of toxic chemical pollutants possibly remains in reclaimed water due to the limited removal efficiency in traditional reclamation processes. It is not enough to guarantee the safety of reclaimed water using conventional water quality criteria. An integrated assessment method based on toxicity test is necessary to vividly depict the safety of reclaimed water for reuse. A toxicity test battery consisting of lethality, genotoxicity and endocrine disrupting effect was designed to screen the multiple biological effects of residual toxic chemicals in reclaimed water. The toxicity results of reclaimed water were converted into the equivalent concentrations of the corresponding positive reference substances（EQC）. Simultaneously, the predicted no-effect concentration（PNEC） of each positive reference substance was obtained by analyzing the species sensitivity distribution（SSD） of toxicity data. An index ＂toxicity score＂ was proposed and valued as 1, 2, 3, or 4 depending on the ratio of the corresponding EQC to PNEC. For vividly ranking the safety of reclaimed water, an integrated assessment index ＂toxicity rank＂ was proposed, which was classified into A, B, C, or D rank with A being the safest. The proposed method was proved to be effective in evaluating reclaimed water samples in case studies.     

Bioassay: A useful tool for evaluating reclaimed water safety

Wastewater reclamation and reuse has been proved to be an effective way to relieve the fresh water crisis. However, toxic contaminants remaining in reclaimed water could lead to potential risk for reuse, and the conventional water quality standards have difficulty guaranteeing the safety of reclaimed water. Bioassays can vividly reflect the integrated biological effects of multiple toxic substances in water as a whole, and could be a powerful tool for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water. Therefore, in this study, the advantages and disadvantages of using bioassays for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water were compared with those of conventional water quality standards. Although bioassays have been widely used to describe the toxic effects of reclaimed water and treatment efficiency of reclamation techniques, a single bioassay cannot reflect the complex toxicity of reclaimed water, and a battery of bioassays involving multiple biological effects or in vitro tests with specific toxicity mechanisms would be recommended. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the safety of reclaimed water based on bioassay results, various methods including potential toxicology, the toxicity unit classification system, and a potential eco-toxic effects probe are summarized as well. Especially, some integrated ranking methods based on a bioassay battery involving multiple toxicity effects are recommended as useful tools for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water, which will benefit the promotion and guarantee the rapid development of the reclamation and reuse of wastewater.     

A synthetical methodology for identifying priority pollutants in reclaimed water based on meta-analysis

Wastewater reclamation and reuse is an increasing global project, while the reclamation treatment on wastewater does not completely remove all pollutants in water. The residual pollutants in reclaimed water would cause potential risk on human health and ecosystem safety during the long-term use. It is impossible to analyze and control all pollutants one by one in practice, therefore, identification and control of priority pollutants will be efficient strategy to ensure the safe use of reclaimed ...     

城市污水再生处理中微量有机污染物控制的关键难题与解决思路

城市污水中的一些微量有机污染物（TOrCs）具有浓度低、风险高和去除难等特点,是污水再生处理研究的热点,但其控制面临"四难"问题.首先,TOrCs浓度低,其化学检测面临结构定性难和浓度定量误差大等问题;其次,TOrCs的风险评价结果受评价物种、毒性终点等影响,优先控制TOrCs种类及浓度限值确定难;再次,TOrCs占总有机碳比例小于0.01%,其处理过程面临选择性弱和效率低难题;此外,城市污水中污染物组分复杂变化大,TOrCs处理工艺运行面临调控难及时、处理效率评价和管理困难等问题.针对以上难题,本文提出利用TOrCs非靶向筛查和"指纹图谱"克服TOrCs浓度检测和处理效率评价难题的新思路,发展去除能力标准、处理技术标准和替代性指标体系支撑TOrCs处理技术开发和工艺运行管理的新体系,指导TOrCs风险控制.     

沈阳市典型城市河流优先控制污染物筛选及生态环境风险评估

细河和蒲河接纳了沈阳市工业废水的排放,水体中有毒、有害污染物不容忽视.为了明确河流中优先控制污染物,评价实际暴露水平下优先控制污染物对该水系生态环境的风险,选择细河和蒲河表层水为研究对象,开展了平水期、丰水期和枯水期的采样及有机污染物的检测分析;通过改进的潜在危害指数法对水体中检出的52种有机污染物打分排序,筛选了优先控制污染物;将效应评价外推法与商值法结合评价了优先控制污染物的生态环境风险.结果表明:52种有机污染物在细河中检出的平均质量浓度范围为9.20×10-6~1.37×10-1 mg/L,在蒲河中检出的平均质量浓度范围为4.30×10-6~3.03×10-2 mg/L.细河或蒲河中这些污染物的危害指数总分值（R）在22分以上的分别有12和13种,其中,PAEs（酞酸酯类）占6种,苯酚类污染物占4种.在细河中,DBP（邻苯二甲酸二丁酯）、苯酚、对甲基苯酚、2,4-二甲基苯酚和2,4,6-三甲基苯酚的R_q（风险商）>1,表明这些污染物存在较大的生态环境风险;在蒲河中,DBP、DEHP[邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯]和苯酚的R_q>1,表明这些污染物存在较高生态环境风险水平.研究显示,在细河、蒲河中PAEs和苯酚类有机物为优先控制污染物,其中部分优先控制污染物具有较高的生态环境风险,可为该流域有毒、有害物污染控制方案的制定提供参考和指导.