防毒面具滤毒罐的防护机理及选择

滤毒罐是防毒面具的核心部件,直接关系到面具防护性能.根据装填药剂和防护对象的不同分为1#、3#、4#、5#、7#、8#;根据是否有效防护毒烟、毒雾分为1L#、2L#、3L#、4L#、7L#、8L#;根据装药量的质量大小分为滤毒盒(≤200 g)、小型滤毒罐(≤300 g)、中型滤毒罐(300～900 g)和大型滤毒罐(900～1400 g).目前滤毒罐依据其材质的不同分为三大系列:铁罐、铝罐和塑料罐;依据装填工艺的不同可制成防护不同毒剂种类的小型、中型铁罐滤毒罐,可与头盔式面罩、导气管连接使用.小型滤毒罐由于佩戴轻便的要求,采用铝质材料滚压而成,其表面经过钝化处理,     

滤毒罐寿命失效指示器的研究进展

滤毒罐寿命失效指示器能保障有毒有害环境下作业人员的生命安全。为了全面了解滤毒罐寿命失效指示器的研究进展,基于滤毒罐失效指示器的概念、原理和政策,介绍滤毒罐对有机蒸气有效防护时间的评估模型及其应用;通过介绍近年来主动式和被动式2类滤毒罐寿命失效指示器的研究进展,指出被动式比色型寿命失效指示器由于成本低廉是目前研究较为广泛、成熟的技术,而成本仍然是制约主动式寿命失效指示器的主要因素;最后,提出滤毒罐寿命失效指示器在职业防护领域和军事领域的发展趋势和应用前景。     

B类滤毒罐防护磷化氢性能评价探讨

磷化氢是粮食仓储企业使用效果最好的杀虫剂,是一种剧毒的气体熏蒸剂。所以对于从业人员来讲,安全防护就显得格外重要。长期以来粮食仓储企业一直使用自吸过滤式防毒面具(配套选用B类滤毒罐)为首选器材。近期业内对B类滤毒罐防护磷化氢的有效性提出质疑,为此,本文通过性能评价试验,说明B类滤毒罐防护磷化氢是有效的,并从理论上说明B类滤毒罐防护磷化氢是有科学依据的。     

滤毒罐的再生

滤毒罐是过滤式防毒面具的主要部件,它起着吸毒滤尘作用。国产各型号滤毒罐,除防护一氧化碳罐(如红旗-5型等)用霍加拉特催化剂外,其它均用经物理化学处理过的活性炭为吸收剂,具有良好的吸毒性能。由于每种滤毒罐只对一定范围的霉气有防护效果,因此,在使用时,应根据需要和滤毒罐特性正确选用。一般来说,各种滤毒罐的防护时间是有限的,一旦失效,就不能再用。但是,滤毒罐并非只用一次就报废,因多数吸收剂可以处理再使用,但防护能力则随其再生次数的增加而逐渐降低,以至失效。 吸收剂的再生方法,应根据其吸附毒气的物理化学性质而定。总的原则是…     

中华人民共和国国家标准——过滤式防毒面具滤毒罐性能试验方法

1 主题内容与适用范围 本标准规定了过滤式防毒面具滤毒罐(以下简称滤毒罐)的防毒性能、物理性能等试验方法。 本标准适用于过滤式防毒面具滤毒罐性能检测及评价;其他有关产品亦可参照。. 2 引用标准 GB 2890 过滤式防毒面具通用技术条件 GB 7702.10 煤质颗粒活性炭有效防护时间测定总方法     

过滤式防毒面具

防毒面具是预防毒物进入人体呼吸器官的有效防护用具。按防护原理分为过滤式(通过滤毒罐净化空气)、隔离式(自身带供气装置,如氧气、空气呼吸器)两种。选用适合的防毒面具,对减少尘毒危害十分重要。过滤式防毒面具由滤毒罐、橡胶面罩、导气管、帆布背包等组成。 一、滤毒罐 滤毒罐起过滤空气中尘、毒的作用。现国内生产的有铁皮的和塑料皮的两种。罐颈带有螺纹,用以连结导气管。罐底有一进气孔,用橡皮塞塞紧。罐内装填经过特种处理的活性炭等吸附剂和滤层,分为1、2、3、4、5、7六种型号,全国产品标志统一,各型号罐涂有不同颜色。 1.性能(见…     

关于8~#滤毒罐拓宽使用范围及其陈化效应的探讨

1 前言 8~#滤毒罐是我厂1995年研制成功的产品,其主要防护对象为H_2S气体。该滤毒罐对H_2S的高效防护性能及长效寿命,已得到国家劳动保护质量监督检测中心站的检测认证,并得到用户的一致好评。 但随着8~#滤毒罐的使用推广,其单一的防护H_2S的指标已不能够满足广大用户的要求。因为不论是电厂,冶金工业,还是化学工业,其所产生的含硫气体或废气中的硫     

简易防护器材的制作与使用

<正>可以买到的简易防护器材市场上可以买到,能够用于防核武器、化学武器、生物武器的常见简易器材成品,包括防毒面具、防毒衣、防毒手套、防毒口罩、防毒眼镜等。自制简易防护器材的要领及使用方法1.简易滤毒罐准备大号可乐空瓶、滤毒石灰、细铁丝网、纱布、棉花、胶带等材料,以及剪刀、锥子等工具,即可制作简易滤毒罐。     

二氧化氮透过滤毒罐指示剂

高锰酸钾硅胶指示剂用于防二氧化氮滤毒罐失效显示装置中,以确定更换滤毒罐的时机,及时向佩戴防护面具的作业人员报警,从而能保障人员安全。这种指示剂的灵敏度为10PPm,在此浓度下,指示剂只要在10—30分钟内发出明显指示,佩戴防护面具的人员就可有充裕时间描离现场并更换器材。     

一氧化碳滤毒罐的再生方法

我厂生产的MP-5型防毒面具是防一氧化碳的个体专用器材,主要由橡胶面罩、导气管、滤毒罐和面具袋等部分组成。 滤毒罐的构造及 防护原理 一氧化碳滤毒罐外形为金属圆筒,上部有罐颈螺口,可通过导气管与橡胶面罩连接;底部有凹形内螺口,它既是染毒空气的进气口,又是与其他滤毒罐串联使用的连接螺口;罐体表面喷涂白色涂料为其特征标志,并有数条环形突棱。 罐内主要装有两种不同的装填层,上部为霍加拉特剂,它是转化一氧化碳的催化剂;下部为特制的干燥剂,有一定的颗粒度、强度和吸水速率,用于吸收进入滤毒罐染毒空气中的水份。 霍加拉特剂主要由…     

Minimum ignition energy of medicinal powder – Florfenicol and Tilmicosin

This work aims to help improve the electrostatic safety design and explosion prevention of medical facilities. In this study, the minimum ignition energies (MIEs) of Florfenicol, Tilmicosin and mixtures of Florfenicol and Tilmicosin at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 1:4 were measured in a Hartmann apparatus. The results demonstrated that the MIEs for Florfenicol, Tilmicosin and mixtures of Florfenicol and Tilmicosin at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 1:4 are 200, 70, 180, 150, 200 and 110 mJ, respectively. Tilmicosin is more sensitive to static electricity, which is more dangerous than the other two powders examined in this paper. Furthermore, the MIEs of the mixtures are proportional to the Florfenicol content. For all powders, the MIE first decreased with the powder mass and later reached its minimum value. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to investigate the morphological specificity and thermal decomposition of the powders to elucidate the parameters governing the powder explosions further.     

不同给水管材对管壁附着生物膜铅、镉的解吸动力学研究

给水管壁生物膜会吸附水中的重金属元素积累在管壁生物膜中,在受到扰动时释放回到水体,危害饮用水水质安全。试验以上海管网末梢水为实验对象,研究了PVC、铸铁和紫铜等三种管材上生物膜对铅、镉的解吸特性。结果表明,PVC、铸铁和紫铜附着生物膜对铅的解吸容量qe分别为:5.92211μmol·m^-2、128.3051μmol·m^-2和21.1808,解吸速率常数k分别为:0.001060 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1、0.000041 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1和0.000503 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1,对于镉元素三种材质的解吸容量qe分别为:14.71519μmol·m^-2、18.50481μmol·m^-2和2.25225μmol·m^-2;解吸速率常数k分别为:0.000102 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1、0.001070 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1和0.000103 m^2·μmol^-1·min^-1。     

A Comparison of Skin Temperatures and Clothing Microclimate During Moderate Intermittent Exercise in the Cold Between One and Two Layers of Cotton and Polypropylene Underwear

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 kinds of underwear made from hydrophobic and hydrophilic fabrics on the mean skin temperatures and clothing microclimate (temperature, humidity) in participants performing intermittent exercise in cold environmental conditions.

One or 2 layers of cotton underwear (C1, C2) with a 2-piece long-sleeved shirt and long-legged trousers, and 1 or 2 layers of polypropylene underwear (P1, P2) with a 2-piece long-sleeved shirt and long-legged trousers were used as experimental underwear. In addition, the participants wore a 2-piece ski suit as 100% polyester clothing including 100% polyester padding. Ten young adult females volunteered as participants. The experiments were performed in a climatic chamber at an ambient temperature (T_a) of 0°C and an air velocity of 0.26 m s^?1.

The major findings are summarized as follows: (a) Although the clothing microclimate humidity was not different within the ski suit of outer clothing between C1 and P1, it was significantly higher in P2 than in C2; (b) Clothing microclimate temperature inside the ski suit did not differ between C1 and P1, whereas it was significantly higher in P2 than in C2; (c) The thermal gradient between innermost and outermost of clothing microclimate at back level did not show any difference between C1 and P1, but it was significantly higher in C2 than in P2. These results are discussed in terms of thermal physiology and clothing sciences.     

消防射水与自然冷却下玻璃纤维对灾后混凝土性能影响

本文对火灾后消防射水对玻璃纤维改性混凝土(GF-1)剩余抗压强度的影响进行了研究。分析了GF-1在不同温度、不同冷却方式条件下抗压强度的变化规律,并利用ORIGIN7.5软件拟合了高温作用后GF-1剩余抗压强度与温度之间的关系。研究得出:在两种冷却条件下,二种配比的HPC在高温后剩余抗压强度均呈持续降低,消防射水冷却条件下HPC的剩余抗压强度降低速率大;加热到900℃时,消防射水冷却条件下HPC的剩余抗压强度最低;消防射水对高温作用后GF-1的剩余强度影响很大,射水冷却后GF-1剩余强度明显低于自然冷却的剩余强度;且随着破坏温度升高,经消防射水冷却的GF-1剩余抗压强度呈衰减状态,;GF-1在射水冷却下强度变化没有NC-1快速,与自然冷却条件下的强度变化相比,也呈现出不同的衰减规律;并建立了自然冷却条件下及消防射水冷却条件下GF-1剩余强度与火场温度之间的多阶多项式拟合式。     

Fire-Extinguishing Effectiveness of 1-Bromo-3,3,3-Trifluoropropene/Inert Gaseous Mixture Evaluated by Cup Burner Method

1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene with low extinguishing concentration has been identified, but it has high boiling points and is not suitable replacements for halon 1301. However, mixtures of 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene in an inert gas could produce fire-extinguishing agents with many of the desirable properties of halon 1301. To study binary fire suppressants, one has to determine the extinguishing concentration of the 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene/inert gas mixtures. In this study, a method based on cup-burner was used to estimate the extinguishing concentration of 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene/inert gas mixtures. A mechanism for mixing 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene with inert gas before applying to fire was proposed. The results show that addition of small amount of 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene in inert gas reduces the extinguishing concentration of inert gas considerably, and 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene/inert gas mixture suppressant shows strong synergistic interactions at low mole concentration of 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene.     

Comparative assessment of the explosion characteristics of alcohol–air mixtures

Explosion characteristics of five alcohol–air (ethanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol and 3-pentanol) mixtures were experimentally conducted in an isochoric chamber over wide ranges of initial temperature and pressure. The effect of temperature and pressure on the different explosion behaviors among these alcohols with various structures were investigated. Results show that the peak explosion pressure is increased with the decrease of temperature and increase of pressure. Maximum rate of pressure rise is insensitive to the temperature variation while it significantly increases with the increase of initial pressure. Among the 1-, 2-, and 3-pentanol–air mixtures, 1-pentanol has the highest values in peak explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise and 2-pentanol gives the lowest values at the initial pressure of 0.1 MPa. These differences tend to be decreased with the increase of initial pressure. Among the three primary alcohol–air (ethanol, 1-butanol and 1-pentanol) mixtures, a similar explosion behavior is presented at the lean mixture side because of the combined effect of adiabtic temperature and flame propagation speed. At the rich mixture side, 1-pentanol gives the highest values in peak explosion pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise and ethanol gives the lowest values. This phenomenon can be interpretated from the combining influence of heat release and heat loss, since the flame speeds of ethanol-, 1-butanol-, 1-pentanol–air mixtures are close at rich mixture side.     

好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附酸性红B的试验研究

为了考察灭活好氧颗粒污泥(Aembic cranular Siudge,AGS)生物吸附偶氮染料酸性红B(Acid Red B,ARR)的能力,对初始pH值、吸附剂用量、ARB初始浓度以及NaCl浓度等条件对生物吸附的影响进行了批式试验.结果表明,初始pH值是影响ARB生物吸附的最苇要因素,最佳pH值为2.0.平衡吸附量随ARB初始浓度的增加而增加,随吸附荆浓度和NaCl浓度的增加而减少.通过傅立叶红外光谱分析得出AGS上的化学官能团(如胺基、羧基和羟基等)是吸附酸性红B的活性位置.研究表明,灭活ACS可以作为一种低成本的生物吸附剂来去除偶氮染料ARB及类似染料.     

基于绝热火焰温度混合气体爆炸下限的预测

准确地预测可燃混合气体的爆炸极限,对防止工业生产中时有发生的混合气体爆炸事故有着重大的意义。通过采用Gaseq软件计算CH4,C3H8,C2H4,C3H6,CH3OCH3和CO的绝热火焰温度(CAFT),分析初始温度对甲烷和丙烷混合气体(体积比1∶1)爆炸下限(LEL)的影响。结果表明:随着初始温度的升高,临界火焰温度基本不变,而LEL线性下降。使用计算绝热火焰温度法对不同比例的二元混合气体(体积比1∶1,3∶1,1∶3)以及三元混合气体(体积比1∶1∶1)的LEL进行预测,在选取的35组不同组份的混合气体中,LEL的预测值与文献值的平均绝对误差为0.081 8,平均相对误差为0.02。     

时间因素对钻屑瓦斯解吸指标K1值测定的影响分析

针对时间因素对钻屑瓦斯解吸指标K1测定结果的影响,采用恒温瓦斯放散试验深入分析钻屑瓦斯解吸指标K1测定理论的准确性,总结因时间因素导致K1值测定误差所带来的现场问题。研究结果表明:K1值的测定误差与时间关系密切,测定启动时间越晚,误差越大;测定启动时间由第1 min延后至第2 min,绝对误差和相对误差最大值分别增加0.081 cm3/(g·min1/2)和2.20%;高瓦斯压力条件矿井或煤层的局部高瓦斯压力区域、构造煤发育区的钻屑瓦斯解吸指标K1值测定结果偏低,测定误差偏大。研究结果可为煤与瓦斯突出预测水平的提升提供技术支撑。     

煤氧化-热解进程的增失重阶段与动力学三因子分析

为分析煤氧化-热解进程的增失重阶段与动力学三因子,根据同一氧体积分数、5种不同升温速率下煤氧化-热解的TG-DTG曲线,探讨了煤氧化-热解进程经历的增失重阶段,基于Popescu法计算了不同阶段的动力学三因子。结果表明实验煤样的氧化-热解进程可分为失水失重、氧化增重、燃烧失重和燃尽恒重4个阶段。失水失重、氧化增重和燃烧失重阶段的反应机理分别为Mample单行法则、三维扩散模型和相边界反应的收缩球体模型;活化能分别为54.128 kJ·mol-1、152.252 kJ·mol-1和134.458 kJ·mol-1;指前因子的自然对数分别为16.832 s-1、32.597 s-1和18.365 s-1。